Combined return of rice straw and organic fertilizer to yellow-mud paddy soil to improve the rice productivity and substitute chemical fertilizers
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摘要: 作物秸秆和畜禽粪肥是有机肥资源的主要组成。研究等氮施肥下稻秸-有机肥联合还田对南方黄泥田水稻产能、化肥替代与养分吸收利用的影响, 可为南方丘陵稻田改土培肥、增产提质增效提供依据。基于连续4年田间定位试验, 设置6个处理, 有机物料联合还田氮素投入分别占农田总氮投入的0 (RO0)、20% (RO20)、40% (RO40)、60% (RO60)、80% (RO80)与100% (RO100), 其中RO20、RO40、RO60、RO80和RO100处理稻秸干物量(kg∙hm−2)投入分别为750、1500、2250、3000和3750, 氮素不足部分有机肥补足, 分析了水稻产量、养分吸收利用以及肥力因子变化。结果表明, 连续4年, RO20、RO40、RO60与RO80处理的水稻籽粒平均产量较RO0增幅8.4%~13.9%(P<0.05), 但随着有机物料配施比重的提高, 产量增幅呈下降趋势, RO100处理与RO0产量基本持平。在产量组成因子中, 配施有机物料处理的有效穗增加最为明显。RO20和RO40处理的水稻效益分别较RO0增加2204元∙hm−2和527元∙hm−2。除RO100处理外, 其他有机物料联合还田处理的水稻地上部植株氮、磷和钾养分吸收量较RO0分别显著增加8.5%~14.9%、8.5%~14.8%和8.6%~16.9% (P<0.05), 均以RO20处理最高; 有机物料联合还田处理的氮素回收率较RO0提高6.5~11.4个百分点, 其中RO20显著高于RO80和RO100处理(P<0.05)。有机物料联合还田不同程度提高了籽粒钙、镁、锌含量, 但降低了铁含量。此外, 有机物料联合还田提高了土壤pH、有机质、全氮、有效磷、速效钾含量以及微生物量碳、氮及脲酶活性, 降低了土壤容重。综上, 连续4年, 稻秸-有机肥联合还田提高了黄泥田产能与养分利用水平, 有机物料联合还田可替代化肥。综合考虑水稻增产效应、化肥减施、效益与肥力提升效果, 等氮施肥下, 稻秸-有机肥联合还田, 以替代20%化肥效果最佳, 其次为替代40%化肥效果较好。Abstract: Crop straw and livestock manure, the main components of organic fertilizer resources, play important roles in the improvement of soil fertility and reduction of chemical fertilizer. To provide a basis for improving the soil fertility, crop yield and benefits of rice in a southern hilly area, various amounts of combined rice straw and organic fertilizer were returned to yellow-mud paddy soils under uniform total N input conditions and the effects on the rice production capacity, chemical fertilizer substitution, and plant nutrient uptake were studied. The field experiment was conducted in a yellow-mud paddy field in Minqin County, Fujian Province over four consecutive years. The experiment involved six treatments with uniform total N input but varying percentages of replacing N from a mix of rice straw and organic fertilizer (RO); that was, 0 (RO0, CK), 20% (RO20), 40% (RO40), 60% (RO60), 80% (RO80), and 100% (RO100) of N input. The dry amounts of rice straw applied in treatments of RO20, RO40, RO60, RO80, and RO100 were 750 kg∙hm−2, 1500 kg∙hm−2, 2250 kg∙hm−2, 3000 kg∙hm−2, and 3750 kg∙hm−2, respectively; and the shortage of N was supplied by organic ferilizer. The variations in rice yield, nutrient uptake, and soil fertility factors were analyzed. As a result, the 4-year average yield of rice grains of RO20, RO40, RO60, and RO80 treatments significantly increased by 8.4%–13.9% relative to the yield of CK (P<0.05). However, the increasement of yield tended to decline with the increased application rates of organic materials, as the rice yield of RO100 was comparable to that of CK. Among the yield components, the effective spike significantincreased by RO treatments. The benefits of rice of RO20 and RO40 treatments were 2204 ¥∙hm−2 and 527 ¥∙hm−2 higher than that of CK, respectively. The uptake of N, P and K by rice plants under various RO treatments significantly increased by 8.5%−14.9%, 8.5%−14.8% and 8.6%−16.9%, respectively, compared with CK, except for RO100 treatment. The recovery rate change of N in all RO treatments increased by 6.5−11.4 percentage points, with the differences between RO20 and RO80 or RO100 were statistically significant (P<0.05). Although the contents of Ca, Mg and Zn in rice grains increased, the content of Fe decreased following the return of organic materials. The RO treatments increased soil pH and the contents of organic matter, total N, available P, available K, microbial biomass C, microbial biomass N and urease activity; but decreased the soil bulk density. In conclusion, the combined return of rice straw and organic fertilizer to yellow-mud paddy soil for 4 consecutive years improved rice productivity and fertilizer uptake. In this study, the combination of organic materials can completely replace the chemical fertilizers. Based on the rice yield, reduction of chemical fertilizer use, and improvement of farmer earnings and soil fertility, RO20 treatment was considered as the best fertilization regime, followed by RO40 treatment.
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图 1 不同稻秸-有机肥联合还田处理下水稻分蘖期分蘖数(a)和株高(b)的变化(第4年)
各处理简称见表1。Abbreviations for each treatment are shown in Table 1.
Figure 1. Changes of tillering number (a) and plant height (b) of rice plant at tillering stage under different treatments of combined returning of rice straw and organic fertilizer in the fourth year of experiment
表 1 不同处理稻秸-有机肥联合还田下氮磷钾养分每年投入量
Table 1. Annual input of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of different treatments of combined returning of rice straw and organic fertilizer
kg∙hm−2 处理 Treatment N P2O5 K2O RO0 135.0 54.0 94.5 RO20 135.0(27.0) 61.1(17.9) 114.1(38.5) RO40 135.0(54.0) 68.2(35.8) 133.4(76.7) RO60 135.0(81.0) 75.3(53.7) 152.8(115.0) RO80 135.0(108.0) 82.4(71.6) 172.2(153.3) RO100 135.0(135.0) 89.5(89.5) 191.6(191.6) 括号外数据为养分总投入, 括号内数据为稻秸-有机肥联合还田养分投入量。The data outside the parentheses are total nutrient input, the data in the parentheses are nutrients input from rice straw and organic fertilizer.
RO0: 100% of chemical fertilizer; RO20: 20% of combined organic material and 80% of chemical fertilizer; RO40: 40% of combined organic material and 60% of chemical fertilizer; RO60: 60% of combined organic material and 40% of chemical fertilizer; RO80: 80% of combined organic material and 20% of chemical fertilizer; RO100: 100% of combined organic material.
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表 2 不同稻秸-有机肥联合还田处理下水稻产量
Table 2. Rice yield under different treatments of combined returning of rice straw and organic fertilizer
处理
Treatment有效穗
Effective panicle
(×104∙hm−2)每穗实粒数
Filled grains number
per panicle千粒重
1000-grain
weight (g)第4年
In the fourth year4年平均
Four years average籽粒产量
Grain yield
(kg∙hm−2)稻秸产量
Straw yield
(kg∙hm−2)籽粒产量
Grain yield
(kg∙hm−2)稻秸产量
Straw yield
(kg∙hm−2)RO0 98.84±14.52b 185.5±10.2a 27.33±0.58a 5863±673c 4139±233b 6403±429b 3650±194c RO20 134.40±6.40a 206.8±22.0a 26.72±0.91a 6576±713a 5585±110a 7295±435a 4290±135a RO40 123.02±13.03a 218.6±38.1a 27.74±0.64a 6580±953a 5654±1224a 6974±434a 4151±261ab RO60 118.04±10.52ab 186.7±18.4a 27.40±0.51a 6287±808ab 4970±554ab 7017±582a 4025±202b RO80 114.49±15.14ab 224.3±5.2a 27.27±0.20a 6163±919bc 5059±1006ab 6944±481a 3967±231b RO100 101.69±2.46b 210.4±36.8a 26.69±0.54a 5783±584c 4645±1570ab 6493±345b 3406±278d 有效穗、每穗实粒数与千粒重为第4年观测值。同列数据后不同小写字母表示不同处理间在P<0.05水平差异显著。各处理简称见表1。The data of effective panicle, filled grains number per panicle and 1000-grain weight were the fourth year values. Values followed by different lowercase letters in a column are significantly different at P<0.05 level. Abbreviation for each treatment is shown in Table 1.
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表 3 不同稻秸-有机肥联合还田处理下水稻施肥经济效益(4年平均)
Table 3. Rice benefits under different fertilization treatments of combined returning of rice straw and organic fertilizer (4-year average)
处理
Treatment产值
Output value (¥∙hm−2)肥料成本
Fertilizer cost (¥∙hm−2)施肥效益
Fertilization benefit (¥∙hm−2)RO0 20 490 1539 18 951 RO20 23 344 2189 21 155 RO40 22 317 2839 19 478 RO60 22 454 3488 18 966 RO80 22 221 4138 18 083 RO100 20 778 4788 15 990 籽粒价格为3.2元∙kg−1, 尿素价格为2.2元∙kg−1, 过磷酸钙价格为0.9元∙kg−1, 氯化钾价格为3.1元∙kg−1, 有机肥价格为0.7元∙kg−1。效益仅计肥料成本。各处理简称见表1。The prices of grain, urea, superphosphate, potassium chloride, organic fertilizer are 3.2 ¥∙kg−1, 2.2 ¥∙kg−1, 0.9 ¥∙kg−1, 3.1 ¥∙kg−1 and 0.7 ¥∙kg−1. Only fertilizer cost was calculated. Abbreviation for each treatment is shown in Table 1.
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表 4 不同稻秸-有机肥联合还田处理下水稻植株氮素养分吸收量及回收率变化(4年平均)
Table 4. N uptake and recovery efficiency change of rice under different treatments of combined returning of rice straw and organic fertilizer (4-year average)
处理
Treatment籽粒吸收量
Grain uptake (kg∙hm−2)稻秸吸收量
Straw uptake (kg∙hm−2)吸收总量
Total uptake (kg∙hm−2)回收率变化
Recovery rate change (%)RO0 75.37±5.05b 27.91±1.48c 103.28±4.70c — RO20 85.87±5.11a 32.80±1.03a 118.67±4.08a 11.4±3.0a RO40 82.09±5.10a 31.74±2.00ab 113.83±5.25ab 7.8±3.9ab RO60 82.60±6.85a 30.77±1.54b 113.37±6.61ab 7.5±4.9ab RO80 81.73±5.66a 30.33±1.76b 112.06±3.90b 6.5±2.9b RO100 76.43±4.07b 26.04±2.13d 102.47±2.59c −0.6±1.9c 同列数据后不同小写字母表示不同处理间在P<0.05水平差异显著。各处理简称见表1。Values followed by different lowercase letters in a column are significantly different at P<0.05 level. Abbreviation for each treatment is shown in Table 1.
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表 5 不同稻秸-有机肥联合还田处理下水稻植株磷、钾养分累积量(4年平均)
Table 5. P and K uptake of rice under different treatments of combined returning of rice straw and organic fertilizer (4-year average)
kg∙hm−2 处理
TreatmentP K 籽粒吸收量
Grain uptake稻秸吸收量
Straw uptake吸收总量
Total uptake籽粒吸收量
Grain uptake稻秸吸收量
Straw uptake吸收总量
Total uptakeRO0 16.59±1.11b 5.34±0.28c 21.93±1.04c 18.21±1.22b 92.63±4.91c 110.84±4.60c RO20 18.90±1.13a 6.28±0.20a 25.18±0.93a 20.75±1.24a 108.86±3.43a 129.61±2.20a RO40 18.07±1.12a 6.07±0.38ab 24.15±1.14ab 19.84±1.23a 105.33±6.63ab 125.17±6.60ab RO60 18.18±1.51a 5.89±0.30b 24.07±1.46b 19.96±1.66a 102.13±5.13b 122.09±4.95b RO80 17.99±1.25a 5.81±0.34b 23.80±0.91b 19.75±1.37a 100.66±5.85b 120.41±4.49b RO100 16.83±0.90b 4.98±0.41d 21.81±0.60d 18.47±0.98b 86.43±7.06d 104.90±6.27d 同列数据后不同小写字母表示不同处理间在P<0.05水平差异显著。各处理简称见表1。Values followed by different lowercase letters in a column are significantly different at P<0.05 level. Abbreviation for each treatment is shown in Table 1.
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表 6 不同稻秸-有机肥联合还田处理下水稻籽粒中、微量元素含量(第4年)
Table 6. Contents of intermediate and trace elements under different treatments of combined returning of rice straw and organic fertilizer (the fourth year)
mg∙kg−1 处理 Treatment Ca Mg Fe Zn RO0 541.82±11.05c 667.84±24.04b 68.25±10.45a 54.71±3.50a RO20 594.21±8.98b 700.88±11.12ab 45.87±2.12b 67.22±6.97a RO40 622.05±49.65ab 756.69±36.00a 45.86±5.33b 67.49±13.00a RO60 612.25±30.39ab 721.44±27.50ab 51.36±4.16b 55.40±14.42a RO80 621.10±28.87ab 730.42±27.6a 54.55±2.19b 61.41±13.02a RO100 655.79±19.71a 759.55±43.05a 52.40±1.22b 68.53±26.78a 同列数据后不同小写字母表示不同处理间在P<0.05水平差异显著。各处理简称见表1。Values followed by different lowercase letters are significantly different at P<0.05 level. Abbreviation for each treatment is shown in Table 1.
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表 7 不同稻秸-有机肥联合还田处理下土壤理化特性(第4年)
Table 7. Soil chemicophysical properties under different treatments of combined returning of rice straw and organic fertilizer (the fourth year)
处理
TreatmentpH 有机质
Organic matter (g∙kg−1)全氮
Total N (g∙kg−1)碱解氮
Available N (mg∙kg−1)有效磷
Available P (mg∙kg−1)速效钾
Available K (mg∙kg−1)容重
Bulk density (g∙cm−3)RO0 5.09±0.19b 26.02±0.67c 1.37±0.14b 103.4±21.0a 10.8±3.4b 28.6±7.1d 1.28±0.02a RO20 5.14±0.06b 31.02±1.45ab 1.48±0.43b 101.0±8.7a 12.8±8.0b 65.3±18.9cd 1.20±0.05bc RO40 5.23±0.14ab 30.53±1.60b 1.41±0.44b 102.5±6.4a 20.2±6.4ab 96.0±42.9bc 1.19±0.02bc RO60 5.33±0.05ab 32.55±1.93ab 1.55±0.44b 112.8±13.7a 20.0±7.2ab 110.0±38.9ab 1.22±0.01b RO80 5.33±0.11ab 35.23±5.85a 1.83±0.38a 111.9±8.4a 23.9±6.3a 115.9±34.0ab 1.17±0.01cd RO100 5.43±0.15a 31.42±2.00ab 1.80±0.25a 114.3±18.6a 19.1±8.5ab 141.3±27.9a 1.14±0.01d 同列数据后不同小写字母表示不同处理间在P<0.05水平差异显著。各处理简称见表1。Values followed by different lowercase letters are significantly different at P<0.05 level. Abbreviation for each treatment is shown in Table 1.
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表 8 不同稻秸-有机肥联合还田处理下土壤生化特性(第4年)
Table 8. Soil biochemical properties under different treatments of combined returning of rice straw and organic fertilizer (the fourth year)
处理
Treatment微生物量碳
Microbial biomass C
content (mg∙kg−1)微生物量氮
Microbial biomass N
content (mg∙kg−1)脲酶
Urease activity
[mg(NH3-N)∙kg−1∙(24 h)−1]酸性磷酸酶
Acid phosphatase activity
[mg(P2O5)∙(100 g)−1∙(24 h)−1]转化酶
Invertase activity
[mL(0.1 mol∙L−1Na2S2O3)∙g−1]RO0 611.0±93.6a 70.6±11.8b 12.33±0.45b 424.26±9.23a 1.64±0.23a RO20 699.6±60.9a 70.9±8.0b 15.47±2.62a 447.81±44.75a 1.26±0.43ab RO40 677.3±107.8a 80.3±4.4ab 14.74±1.95ab 423.71±33.76a 1.03±0.29bc RO60 678.0±52.7a 81.6±15.9ab 13.96±2.07ab 463.87±4.44a 1.13±0.29abc RO80 642.8±25.3a 84.7±7.0ab 14.25±0.77ab 427.16±31.89a 0.68±0.16c RO100 644.9±95.7a 90.5±9.4a 14.83±0.77ab 442.47±30.09a 1.20±0.59abc 同列数据后不同小写字母表示不同处理间在P<0.05水平差异显著。各处理简称见表1。Values followed by different lowercase letters are significantly different at P<0.05 level. Abbreviation for each treatment is shown in Table 1.
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