生物有机肥与化肥配施对稻田氨挥发的影响

张靖; 朱潇; 沈健林; 李勇; 王娟; 吴金水

doi:10.12357/cjea.20210355

生物有机肥与化肥配施对稻田氨挥发的影响

doi: 10.12357/cjea.20210355

张靖^{1, 3,},
朱潇^{1, 3},
沈健林^{1, 2},
李勇^{1, 2},
王娟^{1, 2, ,},
吴金水^{1, 2, 3}

1.
中国科学院亚热带农业生态研究所/中国科学院亚热带农业生态过程重点实验室　长沙　410125
2.
中国科学院长沙农业环境观测研究站　长沙　410125
3.
中国科学院大学　北京　100049

基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFC0213302)、国家自然科学基金项目(41771336)和湖南省重点研发项目(2020NK2011)资助

详细信息

作者简介:
张靖, 主要研究方向为土壤碳氮循环。E-mail: secr0090@163.com

通讯作者:
王娟, 主要研究方向为土壤生态与农业环境。E-mail: wangjuan@isa.ac.cn

中图分类号: S144.1; X171.3
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-06-09
- 录用日期: 2021-10-15
- 网络出版日期: 2021-11-17
- 刊出日期: 2022-01-08

Effects of combined application of microbial organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer on ammonia volatilization in a paddy field with double rice cropping

ZHANG Jing^{1, 3
,},
ZHU Xiao^{1, 3},
SHEN Jianlin^{1, 2},
LI Yong^{1, 2},
WANG Juan^{1, 2
, ,},
WU Jinshui^{1, 2, 3}

1.
Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences / Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Regions, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
2.
Changsha Research Station for Agricultural and Environmental Monitoring, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
3.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

Funds: This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Project of China (2018YFC0213302), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41771336) and Key Research and Development Project of Hunan Province (2020NK2011).

More Information

Corresponding author: E-mail: wangjuan@isa.ac.cn

摘要

摘要: 氨挥发是农田氮素损失的重要途径之一, 氨排放到大气中后与酸性气体反应形成二次气溶胶, 对空气质量有重要影响。本文研究了生物有机肥与化肥配施对稻田氨挥发的效果及主要机制, 旨在探索有效的稻田氨减排措施。本研究选取湖南省长沙县典型双季稻稻田, 开展为期两年4个稻季的田间试验, 设置不施氮肥(CK)、常规氮肥表施(CON)、生物有机肥替代40%氮肥+化肥表施(CB)、氮肥减量30%+生物有机肥替代40%减量氮肥+化肥深施(RBD) 4种施肥处理, 观测不同施肥处理下氨挥发动态及相关影响因素。两年的田间定位试验结果表明, 相同施氮量下, 采用生物有机肥与化肥配施显著降低了氨挥发(P<0.05), 且产量差异不显著。深施减氮结合生物有机肥与化肥配施, 氨挥发较CB处理进一步显著减少(P<0.05); 除2019年晚稻季外, 其余3个稻季CB处理与CON处理间水稻籽粒产量差异不显著。早、晚稻季, CB和RBD氨挥发累积量较CON处理分别降低25.2%~35.6%和63.2%~70.9% (P<0.05)。田面水铵态氮浓度与稻田氨挥发通量在各处理表现一致的变化趋势, 且呈现显著正相关(P<0.05), 表明施用生物有机肥及化学氮肥深施均可有效降低田面水铵态氮浓度, 从而减少氨挥发。综合两年的试验, 生物有机肥替代化肥结合深施减氮可减少稻田氨挥发达60%, 且不降低水稻产量, 可有效实现稻田氮肥减量、氨挥发减排。
- 氨挥发 /
- 氮循环 /
- 生物有机肥 /
- 深施 /
- 水稻
Abstract: Ammonia (NH₃) volatilization is one of the significant causes of nitrogen (N) loss in farmland. When NH₃ is released into the atmosphere, it reacts with acid gases to form secondary aerosols, which has a critical impact on air quality. This study aimed to simultaneously evaluate the effects and identify key mechanisms of combined applications of microbial organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer on reducing ammonia volatilization in paddy fields. A two-year field experiment was conducted in a typical double-cropping rice field in Changsha County, Hunan Province. There were four fertilization treatments: no nitrogen fertilizer (CK), surface application of chemical nitrogen fertilizer (CON), a substitution of 40% chemical fertilizers with microbial organic fertilizers and surface application of chemical fertilizer (CB), and 30% reduction of chemical fertilizer with a substitution of 40% chemical fertilizers with microbial organic fertilizers and deep application of chemical fertilizer (RBD). NH₃ volatilization was measured using the intermittent closed chamber ventilation method in a two-year rice growing period (2019−2020), and the ammonium-N (NH₄⁺-N) and nitrate-N (NO₃⁻-N) concentrations in the surface water were also measured. The results showed that under the same nitrogen application rate, NH₃ volatilization was significantly (P<0.05) reduced in CB treatment compared to CON treatment, and the rice grain yield for CB treatment was not significantly different from that for CON treatment in all the four rice seasons. NH₃ volatilization was lowest in RBD treatment compared to CON and CB treatments. The differences in rice grain yield between CON and RBD treatments was significant (P<0.05) for the late-rice season in 2019, while the differences were not significant for the remaining three seasons. In the early-rice season, the average cumulative NH₃ volatilization losses of CON, CB, and RBD were 33.1 kg(N)∙hm⁻², 24.8 kg(N)∙hm⁻² and 12.2 kg(N)∙hm⁻², respectively. The NH₃volatilization losses of CB and RBD decreased by 25.2% and 63.2%, respectively, compared to CON. In the late-rice season, the average cumulative NH₃ volatilization losses of CON, CB, and RBD treatments were 50.4 kg(N)∙hm⁻², 32.4 kg(N)∙hm⁻² and 14.7 kg(N)∙hm⁻², respectively. The NH₃ volatilization losses of CB and RBD decreased by 35.6% and 70.9%, respectively, compared to CON. The magnitude of NH₄⁺-N concentrations in the surface water showed the same trend with the NH₃ volatilization across the treatments in the rice seasons. Furthermore, there were significantly (P<0.01) positive correlations between these two parameters, which indicated that application of microbial organic fertilizer as well as deep application of chemical nitrogen fertilizer played a role in reducing NH₄⁺-N concentrations in the surface water, and thus, reduced NH₃ volatilization. Based on the two-year field experiment conducted here, this study revealed that microbial organic fertilizer combined with deep application of nitrogen-reduced fertilizer can reduce ammonia volatilization by 60%, while maintaining rice yields. Thus, in conclusion, microbial organic fertilizers combined with deep applications of reduced nitrogen fertilizer can effectively reduce the application rate of nitrogen fertilizer and mitigate ammonia volatilization in double-cropping paddy fields.
- Ammonia emissions /
- Nitrogen cycle /
- Microbial-organic fertilizer /
- Deep application /
- Rice

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图 1 试验期(2019—2020年)研究区平均气温与降雨量

Figure 1. Monthly average temperature and precipitation from 2019 to 2020 in the stuey area

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图 2 2019年和2020年不同施肥处理下双季稻稻田氨挥发的动态变化

2019E、2019L、2020E、2020L分别为2019年早稻季、2019年晚稻季、2020年早稻季和2020年晚稻季; 箭头代表氮肥施用; 各处理说明详见表1。2019E, 2019L, 2020E, 2020L at the upper left corner mean the early-season rice of 2019, the late-season rice of 2019, the early-season rice of 2020, and the late-season rice of 2020, respectively. The arrows denote the N fertilizer application. The description of each treatment is shown in the table 1.

Figure 2. Dynamics of NH₃ fluxes under different fertilizer treatments from the double rice paddy field in 2019 and 2020

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图 3 2019年和2020年不同施肥处理下双季稻稻田氨挥发累积排放量(A)及其占施氮量的比例(B)

同一稻季不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。2019E、2019L、2020E和2020L分别指2019年早稻季、2019年晚稻季、2020年早稻季和2020年晚稻季。各处理说明详见表1。Different lowercase letters for the same rice season indicate significant differences among treatments at P<0.05 level according to Duncan’s multiple range test. 2019E, 2019L, 2020E and 2020L mean the early-rice season of 2019, the late-rice season of 2019, the early-rice season of 2020, and the late-rice season of 2020, respectively. The description of each treatment is shown in the table 1.

Figure 3. Cumulative ammonia volatilization (A) and percentage of applied nitrogen (B) under different fertilizer treatments in the double rice paddy fields in 2019 and 2020

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图 4 2019年和2020年不同施肥处理双季稻稻田田面水铵态氮浓度的动态变化

Figure 4. Dynamics of NH₄⁺-N concentration in surface water under different fertilizer treatments of the double rice paddy fields in 2019 and 2020

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图 5 2019年和2020年不同施肥处理水稻籽粒产量(A)及氮肥偏生产力(B)

Figure 5. Grain yields (A) and partial factor productivities from applied nitrogen (B) under different fertilizer treatments in 2019 and 2020

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表 1 各处理的生物有机肥和化肥氮肥的施用情况

Table 1. Application rates and methods of microbial organic fertilizer and chemical fertilier of each treatment kg(N)∙hm⁻²　

稻季 Rice season	处理 Treatment	基肥 Basal fertilization		化肥追肥 Topdressing of chemical fertilizer	施肥次数 Times of fertilization	化肥施用方法 Application method of chemical fertilizer	基追比 Base to top ratio
稻季 Rice season	处理 Treatment	化肥 Chemical fertilizer	生物有机肥 Microbial organic fertilizer	化肥追肥 Topdressing of chemical fertilizer	施肥次数 Times of fertilization	化肥施用方法 Application method of chemical fertilizer	基追比 Base to top ratio
早稻 Early-season rice	CK	0	0	0	0	—	0
	CON	112.5	0	37.5	2	表施 Surface application	3∶1
	CB	45	60	45	2	表施 Surface application	1∶1
	RBD	63	42	0	1	深施 Deep application	1∶0
晚稻 Late-season rice	CK	0	0	0	0	—	0
	CON	135	0	45	2	表施 Surface application	3∶1
	CB	54	72	54	2	表施 Surface application	1∶1
	RBD	75.6	50.4	0	1	深施 Deep application	1∶0
CK、CON、CB、RBD 分别表示不施氮肥、常规施肥、40% 生物有机肥与化肥配施、深施减氮结合 40% 生物有机肥配施化肥。 CK, CON, CB, RBD are treatments of no nitrogen application, conventional chemical nitrogen fertilizer (urea) top dressing, conventional chemical nitrogen ferilizer with 40% microbial fertilizer replacement top dressing, conventional with 30% reduction and 40% microbial fertilizer replacement and chemical nitrogen fertilizer deep dressing.

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表 2 不同施肥处理的双季稻稻田氨挥发通量与田面水铵态氮浓度的相关系数

Table 2. Correlation coefficients between NH₃ flux and NH₄⁺-N concentration in surface water of double rice paddy fields under different fertilizer treatments in 2019 and 2020 (n=35)

处理 Treatment	2019早稻季 Early-season rice of 2019	2019晚稻季 Late-season rice of 2019	2020早稻季 Early-season rice of 2020	2020晚稻季 Late-season rice of 2020
CON	0.895^**	0.878^**	0.942^**	0.919^**
CB	0.806^**	0.897^**	0.803^**	0.904^**
RBD	0.828^**	0.907^**	0.953^**	0.936^**
表示在P<0.01水平上差异显著。各处理说明详见表1。 means significant difference at P<0.01 level. The description of each treatment is shown in the table 1.

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