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摘要: 近年来, 微塑料污染成为全球关注的热点问题。在农田生态系统中地膜覆盖、灌溉用水、有机肥施用等措施在提升作物产量的同时, 都会导致塑料残留。因耕作和紫外线辐射, 残留塑料逐步破碎降解, 形成微塑料(直径<5 mm), 进入土壤、作物与食物链系统, 威胁生态系统健康。本文系统总结了农田微塑料的来源、丰度、迁移特点和检测方法, 重点关注了微塑料在农田生态系统中对作物生长发育、微生物活性、土壤养分循环及温室气体排放等方面的影响。微塑料对作物-土壤-微生物系统产生的主要影响为: 1)微塑料含有的毒性添加剂(即增塑剂)与携带的有害物质(如有机污染物、重金属和病原体)随塑料颗粒在土壤中迁移, 可改变土壤理化性质, 并为微生物提供新生态栖息地, 对作物生长、土壤酶和微生物活性造成影响; 2)微塑料含有大量碳(通常约为90%), 影响其他元素(如氮和磷)循环, 进而影响微生物活性。土壤性质改变也间接影响CO2、N2O和CH4形成。由于聚合物类型、大小、形状和浓度的高度可变性, 微塑料对作物生产和土壤生物地球化学过程的影响及其机制有待深入探究。本文还展望了未来农田生态系统微塑料的研究方向和重点。Abstract: Microplastics (MPs) pollution has attracted global attention in recent years. Despite the remarkable benefits arising from the production of plastic for film mulching, irrigation, and organic fertilizer application, there are increasing concerns associated with the vast amount of plastic entering the agroecosystems and its subsequent potential environmental problems. More specifically, MPs (particles<5 mm in size), typically formed from the disintegration of larger plastic debris by tillage and UV radiation, accumulate in agroecosystems and eventually enter the food chain, threatening human and animal health. On the basis of the current evidence, we summarized the source, abundance, mitigation, and detection methods of MPs in agroecosystems. We evaluated the potential ecological risks of MPs to crop growth, microbial activity, soil nutrient cycling, and greenhouse gas emissions. It is found that MPs could either directly or indirectly impact the plant-soil-microbe interactions once incorporated into soil, through the following mechanisms: First, owing to their chemical inertia and structural characteristics, MPs have been recognized as carriers of hazardous substances (e.g., organic pollutants, heavy metals, and pathogens), in addition to their toxic additives (i.e., plasticizers). After making contact with the soil, the migration of plastic particles likely facilitates the transport of sorbed contaminants and contributes to a great ecological risk for crop growth, enzyme activity, and microbial activity. MPs could also alter soil physicochemical properties, that is, they may change the soil aggregation stability, bulk density, and water holding capacity, resulting in diverse effects on microbial functions and plant growth. MPs could also serve as a novel ecological habitat for microorganisms living at the soil-plastic interface (i.e., microplastic spheres), allowing the formation of unique microbial communities. The second mechanism involves the fact that MPs are particles that contain a high carbon content, typically around 90%, making them relatively unique in relation to other pollutants as they can drive diverse consequences for other element cycles (e.g., nitrogen and phosphorus). Direct effects are likely to be minimal because MPs contain mostly negligible amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus. However, alterations in soil structure and physicochemical properties would be expected to change microbial processes, including the nitrogen and phosphorus related enzymes, since soil properties indirectly control soil oxygen availability, which in turn influences CO2, N2O, and CH4 formation. Due to the high degree of variability in polymer type, size, shape, and concentration, the impacts of MPs on soil biogeochemical processes and their underlying mechanisms remain unclear, and further detailed research is therefore needed. Thus, we propose some research priorities regarding the future challenges of MPs in agroecosystems.
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Key words:
- Microplastics /
- Agroecosystems /
- Crops /
- Microorganisms /
- Soil nutrient cycle
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表 1 微塑料污染对作物生长的影响
Table 1. The impact of microplastics pollution on crop growth
微塑料 Microplastics 作物
Crop指标
Index效应
Effect地点
Location参考文献
Reference种类
Type形状
Shape大小
Size浓度
ConcentrationPE / 125 μm 1%, 5%, 10%, 20% (w/w) 小麦
Wheat微塑料剂量依赖性
Dose-dependent impact of microplastics− 英国威尔士格温内思郡
Gwynedd, Wales, England[65] HDPE 颗粒 Pellets <2 mm 0.1%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 1% (w/w) 小麦
Wheat种子萌发、生物量
Seedling emergence, biomass= 澳大利亚新南威尔士州
New South Wales, Australia[50] 颗粒 Pellets 102.6 μm 0.1% (w/w) 多年生黑麦草
Perennial ryegrass地上部生物量(干重)、叶绿素a和
叶绿素b含量
Shoot biomass (dry weight),
chlorophyll a and b contents= 北爱尔兰韦斯特兰
Westland, Northern Ireland[66] 颗粒 Pellets 102.6 μm 0.1% (w/w) 多年生黑麦草
Perennial ryegrass根系生物量、叶绿素a与叶绿素b
含量的比值
Dry biomass of roots, chlorophyll a/b+ 北爱尔兰韦斯特兰
Westland, Northern Ireland[66] PVC / 125 μm 1%, 5%, 10%, 20% (w/w) 小麦
Wheat微塑料剂量依赖性
Dose-dependent impact of microplastics− 英国威尔士格温内思郡
Gwynedd, Wales, England[65] 颗粒 Pellets <2 mm 0.01%, 0.1%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 1% (w/w) 小麦
Wheat种子萌发、生物量
Seedling emergence, biomass= 澳大利亚新南威尔士州
New South Wales, Australia[50] 薄膜 Films L: 0.5 mm;
W: 0.5 mm;
T: 0.008 mm/ 水稻
Rice生物量、分蘖数
Biomass, tillers number− 中国海南省海口市
Haikou City, Hainan, China[67] PS 颗粒 Pellets 87 nm 10 mg∙L−1 小麦
Wheat叶片Cd和丙二醛含量、超氧化物歧化酶活性
Cd and malondialdehyde contents, and superoxide dismutase activity in leaves− / [68] 颗粒 Pellets 87 nm 10 mg∙L−1 小麦
Wheat过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶活性
Catalase and peroxidase activies= / [68] 颗粒 Pellets 87 nm 10 mg∙L−1 小麦
WheatCd胁迫下叶片中长寿自由基的形
成、碳水化合物和氨基酸代谢、种
子萌发
Formation of long-lived radicals in leaves after exposure to Cd, carbohydrate and amino acid
metabolisms, seedling emergence+ / [68] PLA 颗粒 Pellets 65.6 μm 0.1% (w/w) 多年生黑麦草
Perennial ryegrass发芽率、株高
Germination percentage, plant height− 北爱尔兰韦斯特兰
Westland, Northern Ireland[66] 颗粒 Pellets 65.6 μm 0.1% (w/w) 多年生黑麦草
Perennial ryegrass地上部生物量(干重)、叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量
Shoot biomass (dry weight), contents of chlorophyll a and b= 北爱尔兰韦斯特兰
Westland, Northern Ireland[66] 颗粒 Pellets 65.6 μm 0.1% (w/w) 多年生黑麦草
Perennial ryegrass叶绿素a与叶绿素b含量的比值
Chlorophyll a/b+ 北爱尔兰韦斯特兰
Westland, Northern Ireland[66] 颗粒 Pellets 100~154 μm 0, 0.1%, 1%, 10% (w/w) 玉米
Maize生物量、叶片叶绿素含量
Biomass, chlorophyll content of leaves− 中国青岛即墨区
Jimo District, Qingdao, China[69] PET 颗粒 Pellets <2 mm 0.1%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 1% (w/w) 小麦
Wheat种子萌发、生物量
Seedling emergence, biomass= 澳大利亚新南威尔士州
New South Wales, Australia[50] “+”表示添加微塑料具有正效应; “−”表示添加微塑料具有负效应; “=”表示添加微塑料无效应; “/”表示文献中无该栏信息。“L”表示长度; “W”表示宽度; “T”表示厚度; 未标字母为粒径。PE: 聚乙烯; HDPE: 高密度聚乙烯; PVC: 聚氯乙烯; PS: 聚苯乙烯; PLA: 聚乳酸; PET: 聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯。“+” “−” and “=” mean microplastics addition has a positive, negative, and no effect, respectively. “/” means no information in the literature. “L”: length; “W”: width; “T”: thickness; unmarked letters mean particle size. PE: polyethylene; HDPE: high-density polyethylene; PVC: polyvinyl chloride; PS: polystyrene; PLA: polylactic acid; PET: polyethylene terephthalate. 表 2 微塑料污染对土壤微生物的影响
Table 2. The impact of microplastics pollution on soil microorganisms
微塑料 Microplastics 微生物
Microorganisms指标
Index效应
Effect地点
Location参考文献
Reference种类
Type形状
Shape大小
Size浓度
ConcentrationPE / 125 μm 1%, 5%, 10%, 20% (w/w) 微生物
Microbial生物量、碳利用效率
Biomass, carbon utilization efficiency+ 英国威尔士格温内思郡
Gwynedd, Wales, England[65] 颗粒 Pellets 678 μm 1%, 5% (w/w) 细菌
Bacteria丰富度、多样性
Richness, diversity− 中国浙江省临安市
Lin’an, Zhejiang, China[74] 颗粒 Pellets 0.15~0.20 mm 2.12 g∙kg−1 (2000分子量)
2.12 g∙kg−1(2000 molecular weight)细菌、真菌
Bacteria, fungi丰富度
Richness− / [78] 颗粒 Pellets 0.15~0.20 mm 2.12 g∙kg−1 (>100 000分子量) 2.12 g∙kg−1 (> 100 000 molecular weight) 细菌、真菌
Bacteria, fungi丰富度
Richness+ / [78] LDPE 薄膜 Films L: 2 mm
W: 2 mm
T: 0.01 mm0.076 g∙kg−1 细菌
Bacteria群落α多样性
Community alpha diversity= 中国北京大学
Peking University, China[76] 薄膜 Films L: 2 mm
W: 2 mm
T: 0.01 mm0.076 g∙kg−1 细菌
Bacteria相似性
Similarity− 中国北京大学
Peking University, China[81] 薄膜 Films L: 2 mm
W: 2 mm
T: 0.01 mm0.076 g∙kg−1 细菌
Bacteria群落周转率(群落演替)
Turnover rate of bacterial community (community succession)+ 中国北京大学
Peking University, China[81] 颗粒 Pellets 200~630 μm 1% (w/w) 微生物
Microbial活性、群落组成、微生物量氮
Activity, community
composition, microbial biomass nitrogen= 德国克莱夫
Kleve, Germany[80] 颗粒 Pellets 200~630 μm 1% (w/w) 微生物
Microbial微生物量碳
Microbial biomass carbon− 德国克莱夫
Kleve, Germany[80] 颗粒 Pellets 678 μm 1%, 5% ( (w/w) 细菌
Bacteria固氮
Nitrogen fixation+ 中国浙江省临安市
Lin’an, Zhejiang, China[74] HDPE 颗粒 Pellets <2 mm 0.1%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 1% (w/w) 微生物
Microbial群落多样性
Community diversity= 澳大利亚新南威尔士州
New South Wales, Australia[50] PVC 颗粒 Pellets 18 μm 5% (w/w) 细菌
Bacteria丰富度、多样性
Richness, diversity− 中国浙江省临安市
Lin’an, Zhejiang, China[74] 颗粒 Pellets 18 μm 1% (w/w) 细菌
Bacteria丰富度、多样性
Richness, diversity= 中国浙江省临安市
Lin’an, Zhejiang, China[74] 颗粒 Pellets <2 mm 0.01%, 0.1%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 1% (w/w) 微生物
Microbial群落多样性
Community diversity= 澳大利亚新南威尔士州
New South Wales, Australia[50] / 125 μm 1%, 5%, 10%, 20% (w/w) 微生物
Microbial生物量、碳利用效率
Biomass, carbon utilization efficiency+ 英国威尔士格温内思郡
Gwynedd, Wales, England[65] 颗粒 Pellets 18 μm 1%, 5% (w/w) 细菌
Bacteria固氮
Nitrogen fixation+ 中国浙江省临安市
Lin’an, Zhejiang, China[74] PP 颗粒 Pellets 200~630 μm 1% (w/w) 微生物
Microbial活性、群落组成
Activity, community
composition= 德国克莱夫
Kleve, Germany[80] 颗粒 Pellets 200~630 μm 1% (w/w) 微生物
Microbial生物量、微生物量碳、微生物量氮
Biomass, microbial biomass carbon, microbial biomass nitrogen− 德国克莱夫
Kleve, Germany[80] 颗粒 Pellets <250 μm 28% (w/w) 微生物
Microbial呼吸
Respiration+ 中国陕西省安塞县
Ansai, Shaanxi, China[82] PLA 颗粒 Pellets 20~50 μm 2% (w/w) 细菌
Bacteria群落多样性和组成以及相关生态系统功能和过程
Community diversity and composition, and related ecosystem functions and processes= 中国江苏省南京市
Nanjing, Jiangsu, China[79] 颗粒 Pellets 20~50 μm 2% (w/w) 厚壁菌
Firmicutes生物量
Biomass− 中国江苏省南京市
Nanjing, Jiangsu, China[79] PET 颗粒 Pellets <2 mm 0.1%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 1% (w/w) 微生物
Microbial群落多样性
Community diversity= 澳大利亚新南威尔士州
New South Wales, Australia[50] “+”表示添加微塑料具有正效应; “−”表示添加微塑料具有负效应; “=”表示添加微塑料无效应; “/”表示文献中无该栏信息。“L”表示长度; “W”表示宽度; “T”表示厚度; 未标字母为粒径。PE: 聚乙烯; LDPE: 低密度聚乙烯; HDPE: 高密度聚乙烯; PVC: 聚氯乙烯; PP: 聚丙烯; PLA: 聚乳酸; PET: 聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯。“+” “−” and “=” means microplastics addition has a positive, negative, and no effect, respectively. “/” means there is no information in the literature. “L”: length; “W”: width; “T”: thickness; unmarked letters mean particle size. PE: polyethylene; LDPE: low-density polyethylene; HDPE: high-density polyethylene; PVC: polyvinyl chloride; PP: polypropylene; PLA: polylactic acid; PET: polyethylene terephthalate. 表 3 微塑料污染对土壤酶活性的影响
Table 3. The impact of microplastics pollution on soil enzyme activities
微塑料 Microplastics 土壤
Soil指标
Index效应
Effect地点
Location参考文献
Reference种类
Type形状
Shape大小
Size浓度
ConcentrationPE 颗粒 Pellets 678 μm 1%, 5% (w/w) 壤土
Loamy soilURE, ACP + 中国浙江省临安市
Lin’an, Zhejiang, China[74] 颗粒 Pellets 678 μm 1%, 5% (w/w) 壤土
Loamy soilFDAse − 中国浙江省临安市
Lin’an, Zhejiang, China[74] LDPE 薄膜 Films L: 2 mm
W: 2 mm
T: 0.01 mm0.076 g∙kg−1 褐土
Cinnamon soilURE, CAT + 中国北京大学
Peking University, China[76] 薄膜 Films L: 2 mm
W: 2 mm
T: 0.01 mm0.076 g∙kg−1 褐土
Cinnamon soilInvertase = 中国北京大学
Peking University, China[76] PVC 颗粒 Pellets 678 μm 1%, 5% (w/w) 壤土
Loamy soilURE, ACP + 中国浙江省临安市
Lin’an, Zhejiang, China[74] 颗粒 Pellets 678 μm 1%, 5% (w/w) 壤土
Loamy soilFDAse − 中国浙江省临安市
Lin’an, Zhejiang, China[74] PP 颗粒 Pellets <250 μm 28% (w/w) 黄土
LoessURE = 中国陕西省安塞县
Ansai, Shaanxi, China[82] 颗粒 Pellets <250 μm 7%, 28% (w/w) 黄土
LoessAP + 中国陕西省安塞县
Ansai, Shaanxi, China[82] 颗粒 Pellets <250 μm 28% (w/w) 黄土
LoessGLU + 中国陕西省安塞县
Ansai, Shaanxi, China[82] 颗粒 Pellets <180 μm 7%, 28% (w/w) 黄土
LoessPO − 中国陕西省安塞县
Ansai, Shaanxi, China[86] 颗粒 Pellets <180 μm 7%, 28% (w/w) 黄土
LoessFDAse + 中国陕西省安塞县
Ansai, Shaanxi, China[86] PLA 颗粒 Pellets 20~50 μm 2% (w/w) / URE, CAT, GLU = 中国江苏省南京市
Nanjing, Jiangsu, China[79] “+”表示添加微塑料具有正效应; “−”表示添加微塑料具有负效应; “=”表示添加微塑料无效应; “/”表示文献中无该栏信息。“L”表示长度; “W”表示宽度; “T”表示厚度; 未标字母为粒径。PE: 聚乙烯; LDPE: 低密度聚乙烯; PVC: 聚氯乙烯; PP: 聚丙烯; PLA: 聚乳酸。URE: 脲酶; ACP: 酸性磷酸酶; FDAse: 荧光素二乙酸酯水解酶; CAT: 过氧化氢酶; Invertase: 转化酶(蔗糖酶); AP: 磷酸酶; GLU: β-葡萄糖苷酶; PO: 酚氧化酶。“+” “−” and “=” mean microplastics addition has a positive, negative, and no effect, respectively. “/” means there is no information in the literature. “L”: length; “W”: width; “T”: thickness; unmarked letters mean particle size. PE: polyethylene; LDPE: low-density polyethylene; PVC: polyvinyl chloride; PP: polypropylene; PLA: polylactic acid. URE: urease; ACP: acid phosphatase; FDAse: fluorescein diacetate hydrolase; CAT: catalase; Invertase: invertase (sucrase); AP: phosphatase; GLU: β-glucosidase; PO: phenol oxidase. 表 4 微塑料污染对土壤养分循环的影响
Table 4. The impact of microplastics pollution on soil nutrient cycling
微塑料 Microplastics 土壤
Soil指标
Index效应
Effect地点
Location参考文献
Reference种类
Type形状
Shape大小
Size浓度
ConcentrationPE 地膜
Mulching film<13 μm, <150 μm 5% (w/w) 黏土
ClayDOC = 中国天津市北辰区
Beichen District, Tianjin, China[73] 地膜
Mulching film<13 μm, <150 μm 5% (w/w) 黏土
Clay有机化合物
Organic compound+ 中国天津市北辰区
Beichen District, Tianjin, China[73] 地膜
Mulching film<150 μm 5% (w/w) 黏土
ClayCO2日通量
Daily flux of CO2+ 中国天津市北辰区
Beichen District, Tianjin, China[73] 地膜
Mulching film<150 μm 5% (w/w) 黏土
ClayCH4累积吸收
Cumulative uptake of CH4− 中国天津市北辰区
Beichen District, Tianjin, China[73] 地膜
Mulching film<13 μm, <150 μm 5% (w/w) 黏土
ClayGHGs, N2O − 中国天津市北辰区
Beichen District, Tianjin, China[73] LDPE 颗粒
Pellets200~630 μm 1% (w/w) 砂质黏壤土
Sandy clay loamDOC, DON, Nmin = 德国克莱夫
Kleve, Germany[80] 颗粒
Pellets25.3±8.4 μm 3% (w/w) 人工土壤(石英砂75%、
高岭石黏土20%、泥炭藓5%)
Artificial soil (quartz sand 75%,
kaolinite clay 20%, sphagnum peat 5%)CO2日通量
Daily flux of CO2+ / [99] 颗粒
Pellets25.3±8.4 μm 0.2%, 3% (w/w) 人工土壤(石英砂75%、
高岭石黏土20%、泥炭藓5%)
Artificial soil (quartz sand 75%,
kaolinite clay 20%, sphagnum peat 5%)CH4,N2O = / [99] HDPE 颗粒
Pellets102.6 μm 0.1% (w/w) 砂质黏壤土
Sandy clay loamSOM = 北爱尔兰韦斯特兰
Westland, Northern Ireland[66] PVC 薄膜
FilmsL: 0.5 mm; W: 0.5 mm; T: 0.008 mm / 红壤土
Laterite soilSOC, TOC, SOM − 中国海南省海口市
Haikou, Hainan, China[67] PP 颗粒
Pellets<180 μm 7%, 28% (w/w) 黄土
LoessDOM, TDN, DON, TDP, DOP + 中国陕西省安塞县
Ansai, Shaanxi, China[95] 颗粒
Pellets200~630 μm 1% (w/w) 砂质黏壤土
Sandy clay loamDOC, DON, Nmin = 德国克莱夫
Kleve, Germany[80] 颗粒
Pellets<180 μm 28% (w/w) 黄土 Loess DOC + 中国陕西省安塞县
Ansai, Shaanxi, China[95] 颗粒
Pellets<180 μm 7% (w/w) 黄土 Loess DOC = 中国陕西省安塞县
Ansai, Shaanxi, China[95] 颗粒
Pellets<180 μm 7%, 28% (w/w) 黄土
LoessNH4+, NO3−, PO43− = 中国陕西省安塞县
Ansai, Shaanxi, China[95] PLA 颗粒
Pellets65.6 μm 0.1% (w/w) 砂质黏壤土
Sandy clay loamSOM = 北爱尔兰韦斯特兰
Westland, Northern Ireland[66] 颗粒
Pellets20~50 μm 2% (w/w) / DOC, TDN, NH4+, NO3−, NO2−, IP = 中国江苏省南京市
Nanjing, Jiangsu, China[79] 颗粒
Pellets20~50 μm 2% (w/w)+水稻秸秆 Rice straw (2%) / DOC − 中国江苏省南京市
Nanjing, Jiangsu, China[79] 颗粒
Pellets2~50 μm 2% (w/w)+水稻秸秆 Rice straw (2%) / TDN, NH4+, NO3−, NO2−, IP = 中国江苏省南京市
Nanjing, Jiangsu, China[79] PET 颗粒
Pellets56.3±12.8 μm 0.2%, 0.4% (w/w) 人工土壤(石英砂75%、
高岭石黏土20%、泥炭藓5%)
Artificial soil (quartz sand 75%,
kaolinite clay 20%, sphagnum peat 5%)CH4, N2O = / [99] “+”表示添加微塑料具有正效应; “−”表示添加微塑料具有负效应; “=”表示添加微塑料无效应; “/”表示文献中无该栏信息。“L”表示长度; “W”表示宽度; “T”表示厚度; 未标字母为粒径。PE: 聚乙烯; LDPE: 低密度聚乙烯; HDPE: 高密度聚乙烯; PVC: 聚氯乙烯; PP: 聚丙烯; PLA: 聚乳酸; PET: 聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯。DOC: 可溶性有机碳; GHGs: 温室气体; DON: 可溶性有机氮; Nmin: 无机氮; SOM: 土壤有机质; SOC: 土壤有机碳; TOC: 总有机碳; DOM: 可溶性有机质; TDN: 总可溶性氮; TDP: 总可溶性磷; DOP: 可溶性有机磷; IP: 无机磷。“+” “−” and “=” mean microplastics addition has a positive, negative, and no effect, respectively. “/” means no information in the literature. “L”: length; “W”: width; “T”: thickness; unmarked letters mean particle size. PE: polyethylene; LDPE: low-density polyethylene; HDPE: high-density polyethylene; PVC: polyvinyl chloride; PP: polypropylene; PLA: polylactic acid; PET: polyethylene terephthalate. DOC: dissolved organic carbon; GHGs: greenhouse gases; DON: dissolved organic nitrogen; Nmin: inorganic nitrogen; SOM: soil organic matter; SOC: soil organic carbon; TOC: total organic carbon; DOM: dissolved organic matter; TDN: total dissolved nitrogen; TDP: total dissolved phosphorus; DOP: dissolved organic phosphorus; IP: inorganic phosphorus. -
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