Effects of biological fumigation combined with microbial agents on fungi community structure in continuous watermelon cropping soil
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摘要: 土壤微生物区系变化引起的土传病害一直是制约西瓜产业健康发展的重要因素, 为揭示土壤真菌群落对生物熏蒸及配施微生物菌剂的响应机制, 本研究在连续种植两年的西瓜田设置生物熏蒸(R)、生物熏蒸配施微生物菌剂(RB)和空白对照(CK)处理, 于西瓜初花期采集土样, 采用Illumina HiSeq高通量测序技术, 分析生物熏蒸及配施微生物菌剂对连作西瓜土壤真菌群落组成和多样性的影响及其与土壤环境因子间的相关性。结果表明: 与CK相比, R和RB处理均提高了土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、全氮及有机质含量, 降低了土壤pH; Alpha多样性指数显示, R和RB处理显著降低了土壤真菌群落丰富度和多样性, 表现为R<RB<CK。3个处理的西瓜连作土壤样本共获得794个OTU, 其中含有一些未知真菌; 在已知的真菌群落中, 子囊菌门、担子菌门和被孢霉门为3个主要菌门, 其相对丰度占总丰度的95.14%~96.17%; R处理增加了土壤中子囊菌门和担子菌门的相对丰度, RB处理提高了子囊菌门的相对丰度, 显著降低了担子菌门的相对丰度; R和RB处理均显著提高了土壤中毛壳菌科和小囊菌科相对丰度, 此外, RB处理显著增加了从赤壳科真菌相对丰度, 并降低了柔膜菌科真菌相对丰度。聚类分析表明, RB处理与CK的真菌群落结构相似。RDA分析可知, 有机质、全氮、速效钾和pH是驱动土壤真菌群落结构变化的关键因子。综上所述, 生物熏蒸配施微生物菌剂不仅能够提高土壤质量, 相比于单独生物熏蒸, 还可提高土壤真菌群落丰度和多样性, 调节西瓜连作土壤真菌群落结构向有益方向发展。Abstract: The soil-borne disease caused by changes in soil microbial flora is an important factor restricting the healthy development of the watermelon industry. We examined the responses of soil fungal communities to biological fumigation combined with microbial agents by setting up different treatments, namely a control (CK), biological fumigation (R), and biological fumigation combined with microbial agents (RB) in a two-year continuous cropping watermelon field. On the basis of soil chemical property analysis and Illumina HiSeq high-throughput sequencing technology, the changes in the composition and diversity of soil fungal communities and their relationships with soil environmental factors were examined. The results showed that compared with CK, both R and RB increased the content of available nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, total nitrogen, and organic matter in soil, while reducing soil pH. Moreover, the total nitrogen content was significantly (P<0.05) higher in R treatment compared to the other treatments. The alpha indexes of fungal community showed that R and RB treatments significantly decreased the abundance and diversity of soil fungal community and were in the order of R<RB<CK. When compared with CK, the ACE indexes of R and RB decreased by 4.86% and 3.15% and the Shannon index decreased by 12.65% and 10.88%, respectively, while the Chao1 and Simpson index showed no significant difference, it also decreased by varying degrees. A total of 794 operational taxonomic units were obtained from three watermelon soil samples, which included some unidentified or unknown fungi. In the identified fungal communities, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Mortierellomycota were the dominant fungi phylums, contributing to 95.14%–96.17% of the total abundance, with Ascomycota displaying the highest relative abundance. The relative abundance of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota increased under R treatment, while RB treatment promoted an increase in the relative abundance of Ascomycota and a significant decrease in the relative abundance of Basidiomycota. At the family level, Chaetomiaceae was the dominant fungi, and R and RB treatments significantly increased the relative abundances of Chaetomiaceae and Microascaceae. In addition, RB treatment generated a significantly increased relative abundance of Nectriaceae and reduced relative abundance of Helotiaceae. Cluster analysis showed that the fungal community structures of RB and CK were significantly different from that of R treatment, while the differences between RB and CK were small. RDA analysis showed that there was a correlation between soil chemical properties and soil fungal abundance after bio-fumigation combined with microbial agents; moreover, soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available potassium, and pH were the important driving factors for the changes in soil fungal community structure. In conclusion, biological fumigation combined with microbial agents can improve soil quality, and compared with biological fumigation alone, it can also improve the abundance and diversity of soil fungal communities, as well as adjust the structure of the soil fungal community in a beneficial manner. This study provides effective measures for alleviating or overcoming the obstacles associated with watermelon continuous cropping and an important theoretical basis for a healthy and sustainable development of the watermelon industry.
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图 6 不同处理土壤真菌群落与土壤环境因子的关联分析
CK: 对照; R: 生物熏蒸; RB: 生物熏蒸配施微生物菌剂; AN: 碱解氮; AP: 有效磷; AK: 速效钾; TN: 全氮; OM: 有机质。CK: control; R: biological fumigation; RB: biological fumigation combined with microbial agents; AN: available nitrogen; AP: available phosphorus; AK: available potassium; TN: total nitrogen; OM: organic matter.
Figure 6. Redundancy analysis for fungal groups and soil environmental factors under different treatments
表 1 不同处理土壤化学性质分析
Table 1. Analysis of chemical properties of soil under different treatments
处理
TreatmentpH 碱解氮
Available N (mg∙kg−1)有效磷
Available P (mg∙kg−1)速效钾
Available K (mg∙kg−1)全氮
Total N (g∙kg−1)有机质
Organic matter (g∙kg−1)R 8.41±0.09a 71.26±8.91a 31.02±12.53a 285.23±16.78a 1.03±0.06a 17.51±0.67a RB 8.41±0.12a 81.36±17.84a 24.14±1.82a 257.73±18.71a 0.99±0.05ab 16.84±0.13a CK 8.48±0.03a 68.29±1.03a 21.79±5.67a 220.60±51.66a 0.89±0.03b 16.02±3.50a CK: 对照; R: 生物熏蒸; RB: 生物熏蒸配施微生物菌剂。同列不同字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。CK: control; R: biological fumigation; RB: bi
ological fumigation combined with microbial agents. Different lowercase letters in the same column mean significant differences among treatments at P<0.05 level.表 2 不同处理土壤真菌群落丰度和多样性指数
Table 2. Abundance and diversity indexes of soil fungal communities of different treatments
处理
Treatment丰度指数 Abundance index 多样性指数 Diversity index 覆盖率
Coverage (%)ACE Chao1 Simpson Shannon R 702.11±14.48b 712.95±24.88a 0.89±0.03a 5.22±0.29b 99.81±0.01a RB 714.72±8.81ab 728.01±19.04a 0.89±0.03a 5.32±0.19b 99.80±0.02a CK 737.94±18.49a 739.44±20.06a 0.94±0.02a 5.97±0.37a 99.81±0.02a CK: 对照; R: 生物熏蒸; RB: 生物熏蒸配施微生物菌剂。同列不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。CK: control; R: biological fumigation; RB: biological fumigation combined with microbial agents. Different lowercase letters in the same column mean significant differences among treatments at P<0.05 level. -
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