Successful experience and policy inspirations of organic agriculture in the Unite States from the perspective of green development of agriculture
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摘要: 发展有机农业有利于恢复生态平衡, 是提升农产品质量安全、实现我国农业绿色发展以及全面推进乡村振兴战略的重要方式之一。美国自20世纪40年代开始发展有机农业, 如今已在生产销售、贸易互动、认证管理、补贴与科研等各方面取得了一定的成效。其主要经验包括一方面坚持以农业法案的完善为核心, 构筑农业可持续发展的法理基础; 通过财政补贴的方式实施有机农业援助项目, 降低有机转换成本, 鼓励农户从事有机农业。另一方面, 不断创新有机技术理论, 提高有机科研水平; 积极推动有机标准国际认证认可, 打造全球第一的市场规模, 提升有机农业国际化水平。尽管如此, 美国有机农业在国家农业布局中仍属小众化产业, 有机农地面积和农场数量占全国的比例较低, 在各州的分布也不均衡, 西部、中西部和东北部有机农业发展明显优于南部。同时, 有机农产品进出口贸易结构也存在一定的失衡。本文认为出现以上问题的主要原因是美国有机农业经营成本较高、有机农产品竞争优势不强以及技术支持与财政投入力度有限等。基于此, 对我国有机农业的高质量发展提出以下建议: 培育新型有机农业经营主体, 拓宽有机产品营销渠道; 树立顶层设计理念, 构建精准的政策支持体系; 推进有机农业立法, 加强科研投入与技术创新; 健全有机认证制度, 积极推进国际认证认可。Abstract: The development of organic agriculture is conducive to restoring the ecological balance; it is also important in improving the quality and safety of agricultural products, realizing the green development of agriculture, and comprehensively promoting rural revitalization in China. To achieve the overall sustainable development of agriculture, the United States began organic agriculture development in the 1940s. After more than 80 years, some progress has been made, notably in six areas: production, market sales, trade interaction, standard certification management, financial subsidies, and scientific research. The main experience of United States organic agriculture includes improving agricultural legislation to build the legal basis of sustainable agricultural development, implementing organic agriculture assistance projects through financial subsidies to reduce production costs during organic conversion, and encouraging farmers to choose organic agriculture. In addition, innovations in organic technology and improvements in organic scientific research are critical to the industry. At the same time, the international certification and recognition of organic standards have been actively promoted, the world’s first market scale has been created, and the internationalization level of organic agriculture has been improved. However, organic agriculture in the United States is still a small industry under the national agricultural layout, especially regarding the area of organic agricultural land. Moreover, the number of organic farms accounts for a low proportion in the whole country, and their distribution in various states is uneven. For instance, the scale of organic farmland and the number of organic farms in the West, Midwest, and Northeast are clearly better than those in the South. Meanwhile, there is also an imbalance in the import and export trade structures of organic agricultural products. Therefore, under the data analysis and literature review, this paper believes that there are three main reasons for the above problems in the United States: the high operating cost of organic agriculture, the weak competitive advantage of organic agricultural products, and the limited technical support and financial investment. Based on these outcomes, the following suggestions are put forward for the high-quality development of organic agriculture in China: first, cultivating new organic agriculture business organizations and broadening the marketing channels of organic products; second, establishing the top-level design concept and building an accurate policy support system; third, promoting organic agriculture legislation, strengthening scientific research investment and technological innovation, and improving the organic certification system and promoting international certification and accreditation actively.
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图 1 美国有机农地面积与有机农场数量变化(1992—2019年)
1996年、1998年和1999年数据缺失。Data for 1996, 1998 and 1999 are missing. Source: USDA,
https://www.nass.usda.gov/Surveys/Guide_to_NASS_Surveys/Organic_Production/index.php; FiBL,https://statistics.fibl.org/world.html. Figure 1. Changes in the area of organic land and number of organic agricultural farms in the United States from 1992 to 2019
图 2 美国有机市场规模与进出口总额变化(2000—2019年)
Source: USDA,
https://www.nass.usda.gov/Surveys/Guide_to_NASS_Surveys/Organic_Production/index.php; FiBL,https://statistics.fibl.org/world.html. Figure 2. Changes in the size of organic market and total import and export amount in the United States from 2000 to 2019
图 3 美国有机农地面积与农场数量比例变化(1992—2019年)
1996、1998、1999年数据缺失。Data for 1996, 1998 and 1999 are missing. Source: 1) the same as Fig.1; and 2) Economics, Statistics and Market Information System
https://usda.library.cornell.edu/concern/publications/5712m6524?locale=en&page=2#release-items .Figure 3. Proportional change in the area of organic land and number of organic agricultural farms in the United States from 1992 to 2019
表 1 2002—2018年美国《农业法案》对有机农业的预算支出
Table 1. Budget expenditure of organic agriculture in Agricultural Bills of United States of America from 2002 to 2018
×104 $ 项目
Program法案发布时间 Bill year 2002 2008 2014 2018 有机农业研究和推广计划 Organic Agriculture Research and Extension Initiative 1500 7800 10 000 14 500 有机认证成本分摊计划 Organic Certification Cost Share Program 500 2200 6500 3650 有机生产和市场数据收集计划 Organic Production Market and Data Initiatives 500 1000 1000 有机倡议 Organic Initiative 8 8 14 有机转换计划 Organic Transitions Program 1600 3000 合计 (不包括有机倡议) Total (Excluding Organic Initiative) 2000 10 500 19 100 22 150 Source: National Sustainable Agriculture Coalition https://sustainableagriculture.net/publications/grassrootsguide/farm-bill-programs-and-grants/. 
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表 2 2019年美国各州有机农业的分布与销售概况
Table 2. Distribution and sales of organic agriculture in states of the United States in 2019
地区
Region州
State有机农
场数量
Organic
farms
①占农场总数
比例
Proportion in
total local
farms (%)有机农地
面积
Organic farmland
area (hm2)
②占农地总
面积比例
Proportion in total
agricultural land
area (%)有机农场
平均规模
Average size of
organic farms
(hm2)
③=②/①有机商品
销售额
Sales of certified
organically commodities
(×104 $)人均有机商品
消费额
Per capita
consumption of
organic commodity ($)西部
West
(8/13)加利福尼亚 California 3012 4.31 390 626 1.61 130 359 692 91.03 华盛顿 Washington 745 2.09 45 296 0.31 61 88 597 116.35 俄勒冈 Oregon 456 1.23 79 337 0.50 174 45 441 107.74 爱达荷 Idaho 240 0.98 73 140 0.64 305 20 597 115.25 科罗拉多 Colorado 238 0.61 67 785 0.21 285 18 412 31.97 蒙大拿 Montana 208 0.78 143 956 0.25 692 6547 61.25 夏威夷 Hawaii 129 1.77 1 129 0.10 9 1728 12.21 新墨西哥 New Mexico 101 0.41 15 801 0.40 156 7077 33.75 西部合计 Total 5352 1.68 958 395 0.41 179 579 276 73.94 中西部
Midwest
(11/12)威斯康星 Wisconsin 1364 2.10 101 552 0.71 74 26 892 46.19 俄亥俄 Ohio 785 1.01 45 292 0.33 58 11 700 10.01 艾奥瓦 Iowa 779 0.91 54 103 0.18 69 14 460 45.83 明尼苏达 Minnesota 635 0.93 69 998 0.27 110 11 361 20.14 印第安纳 Indiana 595 1.06 — — — 18 095 26.88 密歇根 Michigan 541 1.15 49 474 0.50 91 23 096 23.13 密苏里 Missouri 355 0.37 20 708 0.08 58 11 388 18.56 伊利诺伊 Illinois 258 0.36 24 560 0.09 95 7270 5.74 内布拉斯加 Nebraska 238 0.52 93 819 0.21 394 18 463 95.45 北达科他 North Dakota 117 0.45 45 933 0.12 393 2660 34.90 堪萨斯 Kansas 110 0.19 34 665 0.08 315 6905 23.70 中西部合计 Total 5845 0.81 569 708 0.18 97 153 731 22.50 东北部
Northeast
(5/9)纽约 New York 1321 3.96 130 746 1.89 99 29 842 15.34 宾夕法尼亚 Pennsylvania 1048 1.99 43 524 0.60 42 74 176 57.94 佛蒙特 Vermont 655 9.63 82 152 6.85 125 15 974 256.00 缅因 Maine 456 6.00 22 363 1.72 49 6382 47.48 马萨诸塞 Massachusetts 133 1.85 3306 0.66 25 3290 4.73 东北部合计 Total 3844 3.00 289 211 1.54 75 134 249 23.96 南部
South
(7/17)北卡罗来纳 North Carolina 347 0.75 17 296 0.21 50 39 677 37.83 德克萨斯 Texas 233 0.94 99 677 0.08 428 42 430 14.63 肯塔基 Kentucky 185 0.25 7891 0.06 43 3846 8.61 弗吉尼亚 Virginia 163 0.38 11 472 0.15 70 6279 7.36 佛罗里达 Florida 126 0.27 7249 0.07 58 5646 2.63 马里兰 Maryland 121 0.98 6959 0.35 58 5008 8.28 佐治亚 Georgia 102 0.25 2881 0.03 28 5221 4.92 南部合计 Total 1544 0.25 179 673 0.07 116 124 804 9.99 Source: NASS 2020 Organic Survey https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/AgCensus/2017/Online_Resources/Organics/organics_1_001%20_001.pdf .
由于篇幅限制, 表中所列各州仅为有机农场数量超过100的州。例如, 8/13代表西部共13个州中有8个州的有机农场数量超过100, 以下同理。第4列、第6列以及第9列数值具体算法为: 当地有机农场数/该地农场总数、当地有机农地面积/该地农业用地总面积、当地有机商品销售额/该地人口总数。
各地区合计数值为: 该地区所有州(包括未列举州)对应数据的总和或总比例。阿拉斯加、亚拉巴马以及印第安纳州部分有机数据缺失。Due to space constraints, the states listed in the table are only those with more than 100 organic farms. For example, 8/13 represents that the numbers of organic farms of the 8 states in 13 states of the West exceed 100, which is the same below. The values in columns 4, 6 and 9 are calculated as follows: number of local organic farms / total number of local farms, area of local organic agricultural land / total area of local agricultural land, sales of local organic commodities / total population of the place. The total value of each region is the sum or total proportion of the corresponding data of all states (including states not listed) in the region. Organic data of Alaska, Alabama and Indiana are missing.
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