Technical pathways of mitigating greenhouse gases emission from agriculture and rural areas under double-carbon strategy
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摘要: 实现碳达峰、碳中和是一场广泛而深刻的经济社会系统性变革。这不仅是人类应对气候变化的客观需求, 也是国内产业转型升级的现实需求。必须从高耗能、高污染向高质量的发展模式转变, 向绿色低碳经济转型, 实现经济社会可持续发展。随着现代农业的发展和农业现代化的推进, 农业与农村领域蕴含着巨大的减排潜力和减排需求。本文梳理了农业与农村领域主要温室气体排放源, 包括农田系统、畜牧业系统、垃圾废物以及日常生活。非二氧化碳温室气体是这个领域的排放重点, 并且排放量相对稳定。着重分析了农业与农村温室气体源汇关系和减排潜力。汇总了农业与农村领域温室气体的主要减排路径, 包括农田系统减排、畜牧系统减排、二次资源减排及绿色生活减排, 其中稻田甲烷减排、旱地氧化亚氮减排以及反刍动物甲烷减排是关键。讨论了农业与农村领域减排的特殊性和科学性, 提倡遵循农业与农村温室气体减排的内在潜力和客观规律, 开展科技创新、技术推广, 避免盲目减排、过度减排, 反对单纯追求农业与农村系统内部的碳中和。明确了农业与农村领域的固碳减排必须保障食物安全不受影响, 必须与农业减污降碳、绿色发展同步推进, 与适应气候变化协同进行, 建立完善的创新和保障体系, 实现生产、生活、生态的协调发展, 为生态文明建设提供支持, 为乡村振兴提供助力。Abstract: Achieving carbon peak and carbon neutrality is an extensive and profound systematic economic and social development change. This is related to the sustainable development of the Chinese nation and the construction of a community with a shared future for mankind. To achieve the strategic objectives of carbon peak and carbon neutrality, this study clarified that it is important to adjust energy structure vigorously, promote clean and low-carbon development of energy systems, accelerate the transformation of industrial structure, eliminate backward production capacity, strive to improve energy utilization efficiency, and strictly control energy consumption intensity. It is not only the objective demand of human beings to deal with climate change but also a practical demand for the transformation and upgrading of domestic industries. It is necessary to transform high energy consumption and pollution process to a high-quality development model and green and low-carbon economy, to achieve sustainable economic and social development. With the development of modern agriculture and promotion of agricultural modernization, agriculture and rural areas have shown great potential in greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction. Therefore, the relationship between agricultural and rural GHG sources and sinks and emission reduction potential was analyzed, and the main GHG emission sources, such as farmland systems, animal husbandry systems, waste, and daily life, were arranged in a certain order. Emissions of non-CO2 GHGs were the focus of emission, and the emissions were relatively stable. The main emission reduction paths in agriculture and rural areas were summarized in the following order: farmland system emission reduction, animal husbandry system emission reduction, secondary resource emission reduction, and green life emission reduction. Among them, methane emission reduction in rice fields, nitrous oxide emission reduction in dry land, and methane emission reduction by ruminants are notable. The underlying scientific mechanism of emission reduction in agriculture and rural areas was discussed. Therefore, we advocated that the particularity and scientificity of emission reduction potential and internal demand of agricultural and rural development be followed, suggested that emission reduction and extreme emission reduction be paid attention to, and opposed the simple pursuit of carbon neutrality in agricultural and rural systems. We suggested that scientific and technological innovations and promotions be carried out. We strongly suggested that emission reduction and sink increase in agriculture and rural areas be carried out, guaranteeing food safety and security, co-promoting green development, pollution reduction, and carbon mitigation in agriculture, coordinating climate change adaptation, establishing innovation. Eventually, these practices would result in coordinated development of production, life, and ecology and provided support for the construction of ecological civilization and rural revitalization.
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表 1 农业与农村主要温室气体排放源及减排措施
Table 1. Key greenhouse gases emission resources and key mitigation technologies from agriculture and rural region
主要排放源
Key emission source主要排放形式
Key emission content具体减排路径/措施
Mitigation pathway / technology种植业系统
Farmland system水田CH4
CH4 from paddy field灌水管理(干湿交替、适时晒田)
Irrigation management (alternating wet and dry, drain and sun the paddy field)品种选择
Variety selection施加生物炭
Biochar application旱田N2O
N2O from dry farmland适当轮作(引入豆科作物、种植填闲作物)
Rotation with legume or fallow crop施加生物炭
Biochar application保护性耕作(秸秆还田、减免耕)
Conservation tillage (straw return, less tillage)施肥管理(4R技术)
Fertilizer management (4R technology)施用缓释肥或抑制剂
Slow-release fertilizer or inhibitor application农机农膜等
Agricultural machine and plastic film节能(减少柴油机械、农药农膜等投入)
Energy saving from diesel, plastic film and pesticide养殖业系统
Husbandry system反刍动物CH4
CH4 from ruminant animal生理调节
Physiological regulation饲料工艺
Feed technology粪便废弃物
Animal waste燃烧发电
Power generation by combustion发酵还田
Return after fermentation农村垃圾废物
Rural waste生活与生产垃圾
Daily and producing waste无害化回收
Harmless recovery分类处理
Classification processing农林废弃物
Agricultural & forestry waste资源利用(肥料化、饲料化、就地还田)
Second resources utilization as fertilizer, feeding, or return to land日常生活
Daily life生活用能
Daily energy绿色生活
Green life生产用能
Production energy低碳出行
Low carbon travel节能节电
Save energy and electricity清洁能源(光伏发电、风能发电等)
Clean energy (photovoltaic generation, wind generation)其他来源
Others氮沉降
Nitrogen deposition综合治理
Comprehensive treatment植树造林
Afforestation异地面源污染
Off-site non-point source pollution保护生态
Ecology protection -
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