Development of a decision support system for irrigation management to control groundwater withdrawal
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摘要: 河北是我国重要的粮食主产省之一, 作物高产稳产严重依赖灌溉, 多年对地下水超采导致地下水位逐年下降, 威胁区域灌溉农业可持续发展。在地下水限采政策实施后, 如何实现地下水压采目标下利用有限灌水维持区域粮食生产能力, 对实现区域粮食安全和水资源可持续利用具有重要意义。本研究提出了依据国网河北电力公司对河北平原农用机井电气化改造实现的灌溉用电实时采集和计量, 通过“以电折水”换算, 根据用电数据调控地下水开采, 实现地下水开采总量控制, 满足地下水压采目标。在此基础上, 建立针对区域主要粮食作物冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟有限供水下的优化灌水制度和灌水调控土壤主要耗水层水分下限指标, 通过提升限量供水下的水分利用效率, 维持限水条件下区域粮食生产能力。集成用电信息和限量灌溉决策指标, 形成确保地下水压采目标的精准控灌决策支持系统, 服务农业生产。该决策支持系统可在实现调控灌溉水量的同时, 进行优化灌溉决策, 既满足政府对区域地下水开采的调控需求, 也满足不同经营规模农户用水管理的需求, 具有良好的应用前景。Abstract: Hebei Province is an important grain production area in China. The high grain production of the main crops, winter wheat and summer maize, depends on irrigation, which primarily comes from underground water sources. However, the over-extraction of groundwater for many years has caused the groundwater level in this region to decline continuously, threatening the sustainable development of irrigation agriculture. Under the national policy of limited groundwater extraction, achieving the goal of controlling groundwater extraction, and simultaneously using available water to maintain regional food productivity, is of great importance to achieve regional food security and sustainable water usage. In this study, we proposed and tested an irrigation decision system designed to set a limit on the groundwater withdrawal amount and to optimize irrigation scheduling, with the aim of using the limited irrigation water efficiently. We proposed that the water drawn from underground was to be controlled by real-time recordings of irrigation electricity consumption, based on the electricity meter readings collected by the State Grid Hebei Electric Power Company, which has implemented a project to update the electric recording of pumping-wells in the Hebei Plain, and the electricity consumption of each pumping well to allow remote recording in real time. By converting “electricity consumption to irrigation water use”, the electricity meters was used to regulate and control groundwater withdrawal to achieve the groundwater withdrawal target. The pumping limit setup for each well was to be decided based on the available groundwater, which was adjusted annually based on the groundwater recharge amounts from rainfall, surface water, and lateral flow. Based on the available groundwater, water rights could be endowed to each piece of land, which could be regulated by converting the total electricity used in pumping water based on the conversion coefficient of “electricity consumption to irrigation water use” for each well. Under limited groundwater pumping, we established an optimized irrigation schedule using calibrated crop models based on field experiments, with the soil water low limit for guiding the irrigation schedules being set up for winter wheat and summer maize. We used the calibrated crop model, Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator (APSIM), to simulate the crop production under a total annual irrigation amount of 210 mm with irrigation application numbers of three to ten and irrigation amounts of 70 to 21 mm per irrigation, based on meteorological data from the Luancheng Station for the period 2009–2019. Based on the simulation results, we determined the irrigation scheduling and the soil water content lower limit to guide the irrigation regulation. Furthermore, we developed and tested methods to forecast soil water changes, with the aim of determining the timing and amount of irrigation required based on the soil water threshold levels simulated by the crop model. Ultimately, we suggested the integration of groundwater withdrawal control by electric meters, and the calculation of irrigation timing and quantity under the limited water supply, based on soil water forecasting, to form a precisely controlled irrigation decision support system that achieved the goal of groundwater withdrawal control and improves the water use efficiency of crops under a limited water supply. This system, which ultimately has practical benefits for irrigation management applications, provides an efficient management tool for the government to control underground water withdrawal, as well as individual farmers who have different cultivating land areas, allowing them to use their limited water resources more efficiently.
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图 3 利用APSIM模型模拟3种灌水模式下2011—2016年冬小麦和夏玉米生长期间0~1 m土壤体积含水量变化动态(a: 充分灌水; b: 关键期灌溉; c: 最小灌溉)
Figure 3. Simulated and measured soil water contents for the top 1 m soil profile during 2011−2016 for winter wheat and maize under three irrigation schedules (a: full irrigation; b: critical stage irrigation; c: minimum irrigation)
图 4 河北平原石家庄市栾城区利用APSIM模型模拟的年灌水总量210 mm条件下2009—2019年冬小麦和夏玉米生育期水量分配变化对两种作物产量的影响
Figure 4. Changes in grain yield for winter wheat and summer maize under different allocation of a limited total 210 mm irrigation water to two crops simulated by APSIM from 2009 to 2019 at Luancheng District of Shijiazhuang in the Hebei Plain
图 5 利用APSIM模型模拟的2009—2019年河北平原石家庄市栾城区冬小麦生育期可用水量150 mm条件下灌水次数变化对冬小麦产量的影响(图中阴影部分表示95%置信区间的回归估计值)
Figure 5. Effects of irrigation frequency on grain yield of winter wheat under a limited total irrigation amount of 150 mm during the growing season from 2009 to 2019 at Luancheng District of Shijiazhuang of the Hebei Plain (the shaded part in the figure representing the regression estimate of the 95% confidence interval)
图 7 2018—2019年冬小麦和夏玉米最小灌溉(MI)、关键期灌溉(CI)和充分灌溉(FI)下叶面积指数、平均阶段日蒸散量和参考作物日蒸散量的变化
Figure 7. Changes in leaf area index, average daily evapotranspiration (ET) and reference crop ET for winter wheat and summer maize during 2018—2019 under full irrigation (FI), critical stage irrigation (CI) and minimum irrigation (MI)
图 8 2018—2019年冬小麦和夏玉米生长季最小灌溉、关键期灌溉和充分灌溉下利用水量平衡方法模拟和测定的根层平均土壤体积含水量日变化
Figure 8. Simulated and measured daily average soil water contents for the major root zone profile of winter wheat and summer maize under minimum, critical stage and full irrigation schedules using the water-balance equation for the season of 2018−2019
表 1 河北平原地下水超采区灌溉耕地面积和单位面积耕地可用水量
Table 1. Total irrigated land area and average available water amount for irrigation per cultivated land area in Hebei Plain
区域
Region地级市
City灌溉耕地面积
Irrigated farmland
area (×104 hm2)单位耕地面积可用水量 Available water per area for irrigation (m3∙hm−2) 平均值
Average最低值(县)
Lowest value (county)最高值(县、区、市)
Highest value (county, district, city)山前平原区
Piedmont plain石家庄 Shijiazhuang 43.96 2589.0 2040 (高邑县 Gaoyi County) 2955 (赞皇县 Zanhuang County) 保定 Baoding 57.25 2077.5 1367 (博野县 Boye County) 2985 (满城区 Mancheng District) 邢台 Xingtai 58.13 1752.0 1229 (威县 Weixian County) 2880 (沙河市 Shahe City) 邯郸 Handan 60.71 2041.5 1259 (曲周县 Quzhou County) 2694 (磁县 Cixian County) 中东部低平原区
Central and eastern lower plain沧州 Cangzhou 70.28 1191.0 663 (沧县 Cangxian County) 1919 (吴桥县 Wuqiao County) 衡水 Hengshui 57.25 1783.5 1019 (饶阳县 Yaoyang County) 2309 (武强县 Wuqiang County) 廊坊 Langfang 30.12 1443.0 753 (文安县 Wen’an County) 2760 (香河县 Xianghe County) 表 2 冬小麦和夏玉米不同生育期根深和充分供水下作物系数取值(根据栾城试验站田间试验结果确定)
Table 2. Root depths and crop coefficients of winter wheat and summer maize at different growing stages without water stress (results are obtained from Luancheng Station)
作物
Crop项目
Item越冬前
Before winter dormancy越冬期间
Winter dormancy返青—拔节
Recovery to jointing拔节—抽穗
Jointing to heading抽穗—灌浆
Heading to grain-filling成熟
Maturity冬小麦
Winter wheat根系主要耗水层
Major soil depth for root water uptake (m)0~0.4 0~0.5 0~0.6 0~0.9 0~1.3 0~1.5 作物系数
Crop coefficient0.67 0.38 0.80 1.31 1.38 0.95 作物
Crop项目
Item苗期
Seedling5叶—大喇叭口
Five- to nine-leaf大喇叭口—抽雄
Nine-leaf to tasseling抽雄—灌浆
Tasseling to grain-filling成熟期
Maturity夏玉米
Summer maize根系主要耗水层
Major soil depth for root water uptake (m)0~0.4 0~0.5 0~0.6 0~0.8 0~1.0 作物系数
Crop coefficient0.59 0.90 1.21 1.18 1.10 -
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