秸秆成型燃料集中供暖工程温室气体减排效应

冯新新; 左涛; 孙宁; 谢杰; 高春雨; 毕于运; 王亚静

doi:10.12357/cjea.20210679

秸秆成型燃料集中供暖工程温室气体减排效应

doi: 10.12357/cjea.20210679

冯新新^{1, 2,},
左涛³,
孙宁¹,
谢杰¹,
高春雨¹,
毕于运¹,
王亚静^1, ,

1.
中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所　北京　100081
2.
北京市农林科学院信息技术研究中心/农芯科技(北京)有限责任公司　北京　100097
3.
临洮县新源环保科技有限公司　临洮　730500

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目(41771569, 41301626)资助

详细信息

作者简介:
冯新新, 主要研究方向为农业资源与利用。E-mail: fengxinxin9376@163.com

通讯作者:
王亚静, 主要研究方向为农业资源与利用。E-mail: wangyajing@caas.cn

中图分类号: S216.2
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-10-11
- 录用日期: 2022-01-15
- 网络出版日期: 2022-01-20
- 刊出日期: 2022-04-11

Greenhouse gas emission reduction effect of a straw briquette central heating system

FENG Xinxin^{1, 2
,},
ZUO Tao³,
SUN Ning¹,
XIE Jie¹,
GAO Chunyu¹,
BI Yuyun¹,
WANG Yajing^{1
, ,}

1.
Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
2.
Research Center of Information Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences / AgChip Science and Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 100097, China
3.
Lintao Xinyuan Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd, Lintao 730500, China

Funds: This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41771569, 41301626).

More Information

Corresponding author: E-mail: wangyajing@caas.cn

摘要

摘要: 探究我国秸秆成型燃料集中供暖工程温室气体减排量计算方法, 定量估算典型工程温室气体减排量, 可为我国秸秆成型燃料集中供暖工程减排量估算提供理论依据与方法支撑。参考IPCC(政府间气候变化专门委员会)《国家温室气体清单指南》、UNFCCC(《联合国气候变化框架公约》)方法学、CDM (清洁发展机制)方法学, 以秸秆自然腐解为基准线, 建立了秸秆成型燃料集中供暖工程温室气体减排量计量方法。该计量方法包括项目边界、基准线排放、项目排放等方面。结果表明, 2019—2020年一个供暖季甘肃省临洮县5个秸秆成型燃料集中供暖示范工程基准线排放量为1610.08 t CO₂, 项目排放量为104.67 t CO₂, 净减排量为1505.41 t CO₂, 约相当于减少了529.45 t标准煤的CO₂排放量。临洮县秸秆成型燃料集中供暖工程每消耗1 t玉米秸秆原料, 可减少1.17 t CO₂排放。本研究系统构建了基于秸秆自然腐解基准线的秸秆成型燃料集中供暖温室气体减排量计量方法, 完善了秸秆成型燃料集中供暖工程温室气体减排估算方法学体系, 证明了秸秆成型燃料集中供暖工程具有明显的减排效果。
- 秸秆成型燃料 /
- 集中供暖工程 /
- 温室气体减排 /
- 基准线排放 /
- 估算方法 /
- 参数体系
Abstract: The long-term dependence on coal for heating during winter in northern China has caused serious environmental pollution. In addition, the limitations and non-renewability of fossil fuels have prompted the development of new energy sources for clean heating. Biomass energy resources are a good option because they are abundant, clean, and sustainable. Crop straw is an important agricultural biomass energy resource in China because of its’ high yield, wide distribution, and variety. Extruding straw into briquette fuel can significantly improve its combustion performance. Referring to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), and the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) methodology, and through literature research and field surveys, this study constructed a calculation method for greenhouse gas emission reduction in a straw briquette fuel central heating system, with the natural decomposition of straw as the baseline. The calculation method involves four parts: the system boundary, baseline emissions, project emissions, and leakage. The system boundary includes the disposal of waste straw in the absence of the system, the route of transporting waste straw to the straw molding processing plant, the briquetting machine used in the molding process, the boiler used in the central heating process, the route to transport the straw briquette to the heating point, and the place where the straw briquette is used for heating. Baseline emissions are the sum of greenhouse gas emissions from the natural decomposition of straw, emissions from alternative coal heating, and energy consumption emissions from chemical fertilizer production replaced by returning ash generated by straw to the field. Total emissions of the system are the sum of fossil fuel consumption emissions from engineering transportation activities, power consumption emissions from straw molding, and emissions from utilizing straw molding fuel combustion and heating. The system leakage rate is zero. Finally, the total calculation formula is as follows: net greenhouse gas emission reduction of straw briquette fuel central heating system = baseline emission − energy consumption emission in straw utilization process − project leakage. Using the above methods, a case study was conducted on a straw briquette central heating project in Lintao County, Gansu Province, China. The results showed that in the heating season from 2019 to 2020, the baseline emission of the Lintao straw briquette central heating project was 1610.08 t CO₂, the project emission was 104.67 t CO₂, and the net emission reduction was 1505.41 t CO₂, which is equivalent to reducing the CO₂ emission of 529.45 t of standard coal. For every 1 t of corn straw raw material consumed by the Lintao straw briquette central heating system, the CO₂ emissions are reduced by 1.17 t. Therefore, it can be concluded that the straw briquette central heating system has an obvious emission reduction effect. This study established a quantitative calculation method for greenhouse gas emission reduction for a straw-briquette-based central heating system based on the background of natural straw decomposition, which enriches the estimation methodology for greenhouse gas emission reduction evaluations. This quantitative study demonstrated that large-scale straw briquette-based central heating projects have a significant emission reduction effect.
- Straw briquette /
- Central heating /
- Greenhouse gas emission reduction /
- Baseline emission /
- Estimation method /
- Parameter system

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图 1 临洮县秸秆成型燃料集中供暖工程工艺流程

Figure 1. Process flow of Lintao straw briquette fuel central heating project

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表 1 秸秆成型燃料集中供暖工程项目边界内主要温室气体排放源

Table 1. Major greenhouse gas emission sources within the straw briquette central heating project boundary

情景 Scene	排放源 Source of emission	温室气体 Greenhouse gas	计入/排除 Included / excluded
基准线 Baseline	秸秆自然腐解 Natural decomposition of straw	CO₂	排除 Excluded
		CH₄	计入 Included
		N₂O	计入 Included
	替代化石燃料供暖 Replace fossil fuels for heating	CO₂	计入 Included
		CH₄	计入 Included
		N₂O	计入 Included
	钾肥生产 Potash fertilizer	CO₂	计入 Included
		CH₄	计入 Included
		N₂O	计入 Included
项目排放 Project emission	将秸秆原料运输到项目现场点的化石燃料消耗 Fossil fuel consumption for transporting straw raw materials to the project site	CO₂	计入 Included
		CH₄	计入 Included
		N₂O	计入 Included
	秸秆固化成型加工过程(电力消耗) Straw solidification molding process (electricity consuming)	CO₂	计入 Included
		CH₄	计入 Included
		N₂O	计入 Included
	秸秆成型燃料燃烧供暖 Straw briquette combustion heating	CO₂	排除 Excluded
		CH₄	计入 Included
		N₂O	计入 Included
表中“排除”原因是: 秸秆成型燃料无论以何种方式利用, 其产生的CO₂都不会引起碳库的变化。The reason of “Excluded” in table is that the CO₂ produced by straw briquette will not cause the change of carbon pool, no matter how straw briquette is used.

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表 2 甘肃省临洮县5个秸秆成型燃料集中供暖试点具体情况

Table 2. Specific situation of five straw briquette fuel based central heating pilot projects in Lintao County, Gansu Province

地点 Location	锅炉容量 Boiler capacity (MW)	玉米秸秆成型燃料消耗量 Fuel consumption of corn straw briquette (t)	原料从收集点运输至供暖点的总距离 Total distance of raw materials transported from collection site to heating site (km)	供暖时间 (月-日) Heating period (month-day)	供暖面积 Heating area (m²)
八里铺镇政府办公楼 Government building of Balipu Town	0.56	140	11	11-01—03-30	2600
新添镇政府办公楼 Government building of Xintian Town	0.84	360	17	11-01—03-30	7000
峡口镇政府办公楼 Government building of Xiakou Town	0.7	260	40	10-15—04-10	4800
漫湾乡政府办公楼 Government building of Manwan Town	0.56	190	65	10-07—04-20	3700
康家集乡政府办公楼 Government building of Kangjiaji Town	0.56	180	40	10-20—04-10	3600
合计 Total	/	1130	/	/	21 700

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表 3 秸秆成型燃料集中供暖工程温室气体减排量估算涉及参数及说明

Table 3. Parameters and description of greenhouse gas emission reduction of straw briquette fuel central heating project

编号 No.	参数 Parameter	参数描述 Description	单位 Unit	数据来源 Data source	参数取值 Parameter value
1	$ {\mathrm{E}\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{w}} $	秸秆自然腐解的温室气体排放系数 Greenhouse gas emission factor of natural decomposition of straw	t∙t⁻¹	[17]	4.25×10⁻²
2	$ {W}_{\mathrm{R}} $	秸秆含水率 Moisture content of straw	%	根据具体项目确定 Determined according to specific project	30%
3	$ {N}_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{w}} $	工程所消耗的秸秆原料量 Straw raw materials consumed by the project	t	根据具体项目确定 Determined according to specific project	1291
4	$ \mathrm{G}\mathrm{W}{\mathrm{P}}_{\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{H}}_{4}} $	CH₄的全球增温潜势值 Global warming potential of CH₄	t∙t⁻¹	[14]	28
5	$ \mathrm{G}\mathrm{W}{\mathrm{P}}_{{\mathrm{N}}_{2}\mathrm{O}} $	N₂O的全球增温潜势值 Global warming potential of N₂O	t∙t⁻¹	[14]	265
6	$ {\mathrm{E}\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{w},\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{H}}_{4}} $	秸秆自然腐解CH₄排放因子 CH₄ emission factor of straw natural decomposition	t∙t⁻¹	[17]	2.32×10⁻⁴
7	$ {\mathrm{E}\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{w},{\mathrm{N}}_{2}\mathrm{O}} $	秸秆自然腐解N₂O排放因子 N₂O emission factor of straw natural decomposition	t∙t⁻¹	[17]	1.36×10⁻⁴
8	$ \mathrm{H}\mathrm{G} $	因工程实施而消耗的秸秆成型燃料产生的供热量 Heat supply generated by straw briquette fuel consumed due to project implementation	GJ	根据具体项目确定 Determined according to specific project	1.93×10⁴
9	$ {\mathrm{E}\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{f}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{l}} $	替代的煤炭的CO₂当量排放因子 CO₂ equivalent emission factor of alternative coal	t∙GJ⁻¹	[18]	0.0970
10	$ {\eta }_{\mathrm{f}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{l}} $	燃煤锅炉的平均净供热效率 Average net heating efficiency of coal-fired boilers	%	根据具体项目确定 Determined according to specific project	72%
11	$ {\mathrm{F}\mathrm{B}}_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{w}} $	工程所消耗的成型燃料数量 Quantity of straw briquette fuel consumed by the project	t	根据具体项目确定 Determined according to specific project	1130
12	$ {\mathrm{N}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{w}} $	秸秆成型燃料的净热值 Net calorific value of straw briquette fuel	GJ∙t⁻¹	根据具体项目确定 Determined according to specific project	13.746
13	$ {\eta }_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{w}} $	燃烧秸秆成型燃料的锅炉的平均净供热效率 Average net heating efficiency of boilers burning straw briquette fuel	%	根据具体项目确定 Determined according to specific project	75%
14	$ \mathrm{F}{\mathrm{B}}_{\mathrm{K}} $	灰渣中钾肥(K₂O)总质量 Total mass of potash fertilizer (K₂O) in ash	t	根据具体项目确定 Determined according to specific project	4.57
15	$ \mathrm{E}{\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{K},\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}} $	替代的钾肥生产耗能的CO₂当量排放因子 CO₂ equivalent emission factor of energy consumption in alternative potassium fertilizer production	t∙t⁻¹	[19]	0.4094
16	$ {\mathrm{A}\mathrm{T}}_{1} $	将秸秆原料从田间运输至成型加工点的农用运输车平均载荷 Average load of agricultural vehicles transporting straw raw materials from the field to the briquette processing site	t	[20]	2
17	$ {\mathrm{E}\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{r},1} $	运输秸秆原料的农用车辆的CO₂当量排放因子 CO₂ equivalent emission factors of agricultural vehicles transporting straw raw materials	t∙km⁻¹	[21-22]	0.2415
18	$ {\mathrm{A}\mathrm{T}}_{2} $	将成型燃料从加工点运输至供暖点的中重型货车平均载荷 Average load of medium and heavy trucks transporting straw briquette fuel from processing site to the heating site	t	[20]	5
19	$ {\mathrm{E}\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{r},2} $	运输成型燃料的中重型货车的CO₂当量排放因子 CO₂equivalent emission factor of medium and heavy trucks transporting formed fuel	t∙km⁻¹	[21]	0.6082
20	$ {N}_{\mathrm{e}} $	工程运行消耗的电量总量 Total electricity consuming for project operation	MWh	根据具体项目确定 Determined according to specific project	67.8
21	$ {\mathrm{E}\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{e},\mathrm{CO}_2} $	项目运行所在区域电网的CO₂排放因子 CO₂ emission factor of the power grid in the area where the project operates	t∙MWh⁻¹	《2016年中国区域电网基准线排放因子》《Baseline Emission Factors of China’s Regional Power Grid in 2016》	0.9316
22	$ {\mathrm{E}\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{B}\mathrm{F}} $	燃烧秸秆成型燃料的CO₂当量排放因子 CO₂ equivalent emission factor of burning straw briquette	t∙t⁻¹	[18]	0.027 87
23	$ {\mathrm{E}\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{B}\mathrm{F},\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{H}}_{4}} $	燃烧秸秆成型燃料的CH₄排放因子 CH₄ emission factor of straw briquette fuel combustion	t∙t⁻¹	[18]	6.41×10⁻⁴
24	$ {\mathrm{E}\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{B}\mathrm{F},{\mathrm{N}}_{2}\mathrm{O}} $	燃烧秸秆成型燃料的N₂O排放因子 N₂O emission factor of straw briquette fuel combustion	t∙t⁻¹	[18]	3.74×10⁻⁵

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表 4 甘肃临洮县5个秸秆成型燃料集中供暖试点基准线温室气体排放量汇总

Table 4. Summary of baseline greenhouse gas emissions of 5 straw briquette fuel central heating pilot projects in Lintao County, Gansu Province

排放源 Source of emission	八里铺镇政府办公楼 Government building of Balipu Town	新添镇政府办公楼 Government building of Xintian Town	峡口镇政府办公楼 Government building of Xiakou Town	漫湾乡政府办公楼 Government building of Manwan Town	康家集乡政府办公楼 Government building of Kangjiaji Town	合计 Total
自然腐解排放量 Emission of natural decomposition [t(CO₂)]	4.76	12.25	8.85	6.47	6.13	38.45
替代煤炭数量 Quantity of replaced coal (t)	68.40	175.88	127.03	92.83	87.94	552.08
替代煤炭排放量 Emission of replaced coal [t(CO₂)]	194.48	500.10	361.18	263.94	250.05	1569.76
替代钾肥数量 Quantity of replacing potash fertilizer [t(K₂O)]	0.57	1.46	1.05	0.77	0.73	4.57
替代钾肥排放量 Emission of replacing potash fertilizer [t(CO₂)]	0.23	0.60	0.43	0.31	0.30	1.87
基准线排放量 Emission of baseline [t(CO₂)]	199.47	512.95	370.46	270.72	256.48	1610.08

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表 5 甘肃省临洮县5个秸秆成型燃料集中供暖试点项目温室气体排放量汇总

Table 5. Summary of project greenhouse gas emissions of five straw briquette central heating pilot projects in Lintao County, Gansu Province

排放源 Source of emission	八里铺镇政府办公楼 Government building of Balipu Town	新添镇政府办公楼 Government building of Xintian Town	峡口镇政府办公楼 Government building of Xiakou Town	漫湾乡政府办公楼 Government building of Manwan Town	康家集乡政府办公楼 Government building of Kangjiaji Town	合计 Total
t(CO₂)

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表 6 甘肃省临洮县5个秸秆成型燃料集中供暖试点净温室气体减排量

Table 6. Net greenhouse gas emissions reduction of five straw briquette central heating pilot projects in Lintao County, Gansu Province

排放源 Source of emission	八里铺镇政府办公楼 Government building of Balipu Town	新添镇政府办公楼 Government building of Xintian Town	峡口镇政府办公楼 Government building of Xiakou Town	漫湾乡政府办公楼 Government building of Manwan Town	康家集乡政府办公楼 Government building of Kangjiaji Town	合计 Total
t(CO₂)
净减排量 Net emissions reduction	187.36	481.23	345.89	251.46	239.47	1505.41

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表 7 临洮县秸秆成型燃料集中供暖工程温室气体减排量

Table 7. Greenhouse gas emission reduction of central heating project with straw briquette fuel in Lintao County

情景 Scene	排放源 Source of emission	排放量 Emission	总排放量 Net emissions reduction
t(CO₂)
基准线 Baseline	秸秆自然腐解 Natural decomposition of straw	38.45	1610.08
	秸秆成型燃料替代化石燃料 Straw briquette fuel replacing fossil fuel	1569.76
	灰渣替代钾肥 Ash replacing potash fertilizer	1.87
项目排放 Project emission	运输过程化石燃料消耗 Fossil fuel consumption for transporting	10.01	104.67
	电力消耗 Electricity consuming	63.16
	产品利用 (秸秆成型燃料燃烧) Straw briquette fuel utilization (straw briquette combustion)	31.50
泄漏排放 Leakage emission	工程泄漏 Project leakage	0	0

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