Comparison of matter production and the light and temperature resources utilization efficiencies of the main cropping systems for paddy fields in the Dongting Lake region
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摘要: 合理的种植模式可实现作物生长需求和自然资源供给的匹配。比较研究洞庭湖区稻田主要种植模式, 可明确该区域优势种植模式, 为优化湖区资源配置和建立丰产高效种植模式提供理论依据。2016—2018年, 选取4种湖区稻田主要种植模式为研究对象, 分析不同模式的干物质生产效率和干物质产能、光温资源利用效率以及经济效益。4种模式中, 冬闲-中稻一熟制模式周年平均干物质生产效率和干物质产能、有效积温和光能分配率最低, 分别为18 330 kg∙hm−2和27.00 MJ∙m−2、70.0%和49.2%, 表明湖区冬闲-中稻一熟制模式光温资源利用不充分。而油菜-早稻-晚稻三熟制模式周年平均干物质生产效率和干物质产能最高, 分别为31 525 kg∙hm−2和48.22 MJ∙m−2, 但周年平均生育期为364.5 d, 2016—2017年周年有效积温和光能分配率分别达到102.5%和102.6%, 表明部分年份油菜-早稻-晚稻三熟制光温资源欠缺, 难以满足3季作物需求, 且三熟制经济效益最低, 两周年平均为8738元∙hm−2。冬闲-早稻-晚稻两熟制模式生长季集中于4月上旬至10月中下旬, 冬季温光资源浪费, 且周年经济效益平均为9009元∙hm−2, 仅为冬闲-中稻模式的75.3%, 油菜-中稻模式的62.3%。油菜-中稻两熟制模式全年时间平均利用率88.9%, 周年平均有效积温和光能分配率为86.6%和87.7%, 光温资源充足且利用率高, 周年经济效益最高, 为14 468元∙hm−2, 明显高于其他3种模式。油菜-中稻两熟制模式与其他3种模式综合比较, 可充分利用全年光温资源, 干物质生产效率和产能较高, 也是经济效益最高的种植模式, 适宜在洞庭湖区发展。Abstract: Reasonable cropping systems can match crop growth demand and natural resource supply. This comparison of the main cropping systems for paddy fields aims to identify the dominant cropping system in the Dongting Lake area and to provide a theoretical basis for optimizing resource allocation and the establishment of high-yield and high-efficiency planting patterns. From 2016 to 2018, four main cropping systems for paddy fields in the lake area were selected as research objects. The efficiency and energy of dry matter production, light and temperature resource utilization efficiencies, and the economic benefits of different patterns were analyzed. Among the four modes, the winter fallow-middle rice one-cropping system had the lowest year-round average efficiency and energy of dry matter production, and distribution rates of effective accumulated temperature and light energy distribution, which were 18.330 kg·hm−2 and 27.00 MJ·m−2, 70.0% and 49.2%, respectively, indicating that the winter fallow-middle rice system did not fully utilize the light and temperature resources and that the efficiency and energy of dry matter production were low. The oilseed rape-early rice-late rice triple-cropping system had the highest year-round average efficiency and energy of dry matter production, which were 31.525 kg·hm−2 and 48.22 MJ·m−2, respectively, but the year-round average growth period was 364.5 days. The distribution rates of year-round effective accumulated temperature and light energy from 2016 to 2017 reached 102.5% and 102.6%, respectively, indicating that the oilseed rape-early rice-late rice system lacked light and temperature resources and that it was difficult to meet the demands of the three crops. The triple-cropping system had the lowest net income, with an average of 8738 ¥∙hm–2 over two years. The growth season of the winter fallow-early rice-late rice system was concentrated from early April to mid-to-late October. In winter, temperature and light resources were wasted. The year-round average net income of the winter fallow-early rice-late rice system was 9009 ¥·hm−2, which was only 75.3% of the winter fallow-middle rice system and 62.3% of the oilseed rape-middle rice system. The time for oilseed rape-middle rice double-cropping system was available throughout the whole year, with an average utilization rate of 88.9%, and the year-round average distribution rates of effective accumulated temperature and light energy were 86.6% and 87.7%, respectively. The highest net income for oilseed rape-middle rice was 14 468 ¥·hm−2, which was obviously higher than that of the other three models. Compared to the other three models, the oilseed rape-middle rice two-cropping system could make full use of the light and temperature resources, and the efficiency and energy of dry matter production were higher. It was also the highest net income model and suitable for development in the Dongting Lake area.
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表 1 不同种植模式生育期天数及播种期和收获期
Table 1. Growth period and date of sowing and harvest of different cropping systems
年份
Year种植模式
Cropping
system播种期-收获期(月/日)
Date of sowing and harvest (month/day)生育期天数
Growth period (d)第1季
1st season第2季
2nd season第3季
3rd season第1季
1st season第2季
2nd season第3季
3rd season周年
Whole
year重叠期
Overlapping
period2016—2017 IR — 05/25—10/18 — — 146 — 146 0 OR 10/09—04/27 05/25—10/09 — 200 137 — 337 0 ORR 10/09—04/27 04/10—07/15 06/20—10/21 200 96 123 377 42 IRR — 04/01—07/15 06/20—10/21 — 106 123 203 25 2017—2018 IR — 05/24—10/02 — — 131 — 131 0 OR 10/29—05/01 05/24—09/29 — 184 128 — 312 0 ORR 10/29—05/01 04/10—07/12 06/19-10/16 184 93 119 352 44 IRR — 04/01—07/13 06/19—10/16 — 103 119 198 24 IR: 冬闲-中稻; OR: 油菜-中稻; ORR: 油菜-早稻-晚稻; IRR: 冬闲-早稻-晚稻。重叠期指两季作物同时生长的时间。IR: winter fallow-middle rice; OR: oilseed rape-middle rice; ORR: oilseed rape-early rice-late rice; IRR: winter fallow-early rice-late rice. Overlapping period is the time of two crops growing at the same time. 
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表 2 不同种植模式的周年干物质生产效率
Table 2. Efficiency of dry matter production in different cropping systems
kg∙hm−2 年份
Year种植模式
Cropping system第1季 1st season 第2季 2nd season 第3季 3rd season 周年 Whole year 茎秆
Stalk籽粒
Seed全株
Whole plant茎秆
Stalk籽粒
Seed全株
Whole plant茎秆
Stalk籽粒
Seed全株
Whole plant茎秆
Stalk籽粒
Seed全株
Whole plant2016—2017 IR — — — 9452 8345 17 797 — — — 9452 8345 17 797d OR 5334 1880 7214 6596 8123 14 719 — — — 11 930 10 003 21 933c ORR 5313 1909 7221 5776 6030 11 806 5741 5623 11 364 16 830 13 562 30 391a IRR — — — 7961 6336 14 297 5571 6089 11 660 13 532 12 425 25 957b 2017—2018 IR — — — 9542 9321 18 863 — — — 9542 9321 18 863c OR 6622 1617 8239 8648 9538 18 186 — — — 15 270 11 155 26 425b ORR 6218 1679 7897 5506 5503 11 009 7099 6653 13 752 18 823 13 835 32 658a IRR — — — 5931 6767 12 698 7158 6503 13 661 13 089 13 270 26 359b IR: 冬闲-中稻; OR: 油菜-中稻; ORR: 油菜-早稻-晚稻; IRR: 冬闲-早稻-晚稻。同一年份数据后不同小写字母表示不同模式间差异显著(P<0.05)。IR: winter fallow-middle rice; OR: oilseed rape-middle rice; ORR: oilseed rape-early rice-late rice; IRR: winter fallow-early rice-late rice. Values followed by different small letters in the same year are significantly different at P<0.05 level.
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表 3 不同种植模式的干物质产能
Table 3. Energy of dry matter production in different cropping systems
年份
Year种植模式
Cropping system第1季 1st season 第2季 2nd season 第3季 3rd season 周年 Whole year 茎秆
Stalk籽粒
Seed全株
Whole plant茎秆
Stalk籽粒
Seed全株
Whole plant茎秆
Stalk籽粒
Seed全株
Whole plant茎秆
Stalk籽粒
Seed全株
Whole plant×104 MJ∙hm−2 2016—2017 IR — — — 13.27 12.91 26.18 — — — 13.27 12.91 26.18d OR 7.54 4.95 12.49 9.26 12.57 21.83 — — — 16.80 17.52 34.31c ORR 7.51 5.03 12.53 8.11 9.33 17.44 8.06 8.70 16.76 23.68 23.05 46.73a IRR — — — 11.18 9.80 20.98 7.82 9.42 17.24 19.00 19.22 38.22b 2017—2018 IR — — — 13.40 14.42 27.82 — — — 13.40 14.42 27.82c OR 9.36 4.26 13.62 12.14 14.76 26.90 — — — 21.50 19.01 40.51b ORR 8.79 4.42 13.21 7.73 8.51 16.24 9.97 10.29 20.26 26.48 23.23 49.71a IRR — — — 8.33 10.47 18.80 10.05 10.06 20.11 18.38 20.53 38.91b IR: 冬闲-中稻; OR: 油菜-中稻; ORR: 油菜-早稻-晚稻; IRR: 冬闲-早稻-晚稻。同一年份数据后不同小写字母表示不同模式间差异显著(P<0.05)。IR: winter fallow-middle rice; OR: oilseed rape-middle rice; ORR: oilseed rape-early rice-late rice; IRR: winter fallow-early rice-late rice. Values followed by different small letters in the same year are significantly different at P<0.05 level.
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表 4 不同种植模式的有效积温分配与积温生产效率
Table 4. Distribution of effective accumulated temperature and production efficiency in different cropping systems
年份
Year种植模式
Cropping
system有效积温
Effective accumulated
temperature (℃)有效积温分配率
Distribution ratio of effective
accumulated temperature (%)积温生产效率
Temperature production efficiency
(kg∙hm−2∙℃−1)第1季
1st season第2季
2nd season第3季
3rd season周年
Whole year第1季
1st season第2季
2nd season第3季
3rd season周年
Whole year第1季
1st season第2季
2nd season第3季
3rd season周年
Whole year2016—2017 IR — 2359 — 2359 — 72.4 — 72.4 — 7.54 — 7.54b OR 603 2312 — 2915 18.5 71.0 — 89.5 11.94 6.37 — 7.52b ORR 603 1347 1994 3339 18.5 41.3 61.2 102.5 11.96 8.77 5.70 9.10a IRR — 1414 1994 2944 — 43.4 61.2 90.4 — 10.11 5.85 8.82a 2017—2018 IR — 2336 — 2336 — 67.6 — 67.6 — 8.07 — 8.07c OR 593 2297 — 2890 17.2 66.4 — 83.6 13.88 7.92 — 9.14ab ORR 593 1399 2054 3372 17.2 40.5 59.4 97.5 13.25 7.87 6.69 9.68a IRR — 1491 2054 3087 — 43.1 59.4 89.3 — 8.52 6.65 8.54bc IR: 冬闲-中稻; OR: 油菜-中稻; ORR: 油菜-早稻-晚稻; IRR: 冬闲-早稻-晚稻。同一年份数据后不同小写字母表示不同模式间差异显著(P<0.05)。IR: winter fallow-middle rice; OR: oilseed rape-middle rice; ORR: oilseed rape-early rice-late rice; IRR: winter fallow-early rice-late rice. Values followed by different small letters in the same year are significantly different at P<0.05 level.
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表 5 不同种植模式的光能资源分配与光能利用
Table 5. Distribution of light resources and light energy use efficiency in different cropping systems
年份
Year种植模式
Cropping
system太阳总辐射
Total solar radiation
(MJ∙m−2)光能分配率
Light energy distribution
ratio (%)光能生产效率
Light energy production efficiency
(×10−3 kg∙MJ−2)第1季
1st season第2季
2nd season第3季
3rd season周年
Whole year第1季
1st season第2季
2nd season第3季
3rd season周年
Whole year第1季
1st season第2季
2nd season第3季
3rd season周年
Whole year2016—2017 IR — 1997 — 1997 — 50.9 — 50.9 — 0.89 — 0.89a OR 1602 1927 — 3529 40.9 49.2 — 90.1 0.45 0.76 — 0.62c ORR 1602 1354 1599 4020 40.9 34.6 40.8 102.6 0.45 0.87 0.71 0.76b IRR — 1455 1599 2763 — 37.1 40.8 70.5 — 0.98 0.73 0.94a 2017—2018 IR — 2058 — 2058 — 47.4 — 47.4 — 0.92 — 0.92a OR 1688 2014 — 3702 38.9 46.4 — 85.3 0.49 0.90 — 0.71b ORR 1688 1389 1807 4208 38.9 32.0 41.6 96.9 0.47 0.79 0.76 0.78b IRR — 1533 1807 2929 — 35.3 41.6 67.5 — 0.83 0.76 0.90a IR: 冬闲-中稻; OR: 油菜-中稻; ORR: 油菜-早稻-晚稻; IRR: 冬闲-早稻-晚稻。同一年份数据后不同小写字母表示不同模式间差异显著(P<0.05)。IR: winter fallow-middle rice; OR: oilseed rape-middle rice; ORR: oilseed rape-early rice-late rice; IRR: winter fallow-early rice-late rice.Values followed by different small letters in the same year are significantly different at P<0.05 level.
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表 6 不同种植模式的经济效益比较
Table 6. Comparison of economic benefits of different cropping systems
¥∙hm–2 年份
Year种植模式
Cropping system产值和补贴
Total income and subsidy成本
Cost经济效益
Net income第1季
1st season第2季
2nd season第3季
3rd season周年
Whole year第1季
1st season第2季
2nd season第3季
3rd season周年
Whole year第1季
1st season第2季
2nd season第3季
3rd season周年
Whole year2016—2017 IR 22 266 22 266 11 400 11 400 10 866 10 866 OR 9500 21 739 — 31 239 7200 10 500 — 17 700 2300 11 239 — 13 539 ORR 9700 15 516 15 738 40 954 7200 11 670 13 200 32 070 2500 3846 2538 8884 IRR — 16 198 16 866 33 064 — 11 670 13 200 24 870 — 4528 3666 8194 2017—2018 IR — 24 618 — 24 618 — 11 550 — 11 550 — 13 068 — 13 068 OR 8250 25 146 — 33 396 7350 10 650 — 18 000 900 14 496 — 15 396 ORR 8550 14 350 18 210 41 110 7350 11 820 13 350 32 520 1200 2530 4860 8590 IRR — 17 144 17 850 34 994 — 11 820 13 350 25 170 — 5324 4500 9824 IR: 冬闲-中稻; OR: 油菜-中稻; ORR: 油菜-早稻-晚稻; IRR: 冬闲-早稻-晚稻。IR: winter fallow-middle rice; OR: oilseed rape-middle rice; ORR: oilseed rape-early rice-late rice; IRR: winter fallow-early rice-late rice.
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