京津冀地区农业生产与水资源利用: 历史与适水转型

齐永青; 罗建美; 高雅; 闵雷雷; 韩琳娜; 沈彦俊

doi:10.12357/cjea.20210726

京津冀地区农业生产与水资源利用: 历史与适水转型

doi: 10.12357/cjea.20210726

齐永青^1,,
罗建美²,
高雅³,
闵雷雷¹,
韩琳娜⁴,
沈彦俊^{1, 5, ,}

1.
中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所农业资源研究中心/中国科学院农业水资源重点实验室/河北省节水农业重点实验室石家庄 050022
2.
河北地质大学土地科学与空间规划学院石家庄 050031
3.
河北省水文勘测研究中心石家庄 050031
4.
河北省水利工程局石家庄 050021
5.
中国科学院大学现代农学院北京 100049

基金项目: 河北省重点研发计划农业节水科技创新专项(21326410D, 21327004D)、国家自然科学基金项目(41930865, 41877169)、中国科学院国际伙伴计划一带一路专项(153E13KYSB20170010)和河北省自然科学基金创新群体项目(D2021503001)资助

详细信息

作者简介:
齐永青, 主要研究方向为农业水文与水资源。E-mail: qiyq@sjziam.ac.cn

通讯作者:
沈彦俊, 主要研究方向为农业水文与水资源。E-mail: yjshen@sjziam.ac.cn

中图分类号: S271
计量
- 文章访问数: 1545
- HTML全文浏览量: 98
- PDF下载量: 66
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-10-29
- 录用日期: 2022-01-14
- 网络出版日期: 2022-02-19
- 刊出日期: 2022-05-18

Crop production and agricultural water consumption in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region: History and water-adapting routes

QI Yongqing^1
,,
LUO Jianmei²,
GAO Ya³,
MIN Leilei¹,
HAN Linna⁴,
SHEN Yanjun^{1, 5
, ,}

1.
Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences / Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences / Hebei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water-saving, Shijiazhuang 050022, China
2.
School of Land Science and Space Planning, Hebei GEO University, Shijiazhuang 050031, China
3.
Hebei Hydrologic Survey and Research Center, Shijiazhuang 050031, China
4.
Hebei Water Conservancy Engineering Bureau, Shijiazhuang 050021, China
5.
School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

Funds: This research was supported by the Key Research and Development Project of Hebei Province (21326410D, 21327004D), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41930865, 41877169), the International Partnership Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (153E13KYSB20170010) and the Innovation Group Project of the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province (D2021503001).

More Information

Corresponding author: E-mail: yjshen@sjziam.ac.cn

摘要

摘要: 京津冀地区是资源型缺水地区, 也是我国的主要农业区之一。本文对京津冀地区农业生产和灌溉水资源利用的历史阶段特征和适水转型进行了分析, 对京津冀地区农业适水转型路线提出建议。1970年代末以来, 井灌为主的灌溉体系基本覆盖平原农区, 小麦玉米占优的作物结构形成, 蔬果产能快速扩大。粮食产量从2136.2万t增加至3944.8万t, 蔬菜产量从1093.7万t增加至5508.4万t, 水果产量从144.0万t增加至1505.2万t。灌溉占地下水消耗的70%, 是京津冀平原区地下水超采的主要原因。近40年来, 京津冀三地农业的差异化发展强化了河北省在京津冀农业生产中的重要性和基础性功能, 也加重了河北平原农业生产和资源节水压力。现有田间试验和作物模型研究结果表明, 通过优化轮作模式, 降低复种指数, 将小麦-玉米一年两熟灌溉高产模式调整为两年三熟或者三年四熟, 减少高耗水的小麦, 适度增加杂粮、薯类或将夏玉米改为春玉米等措施, 可在较小产量损失下, 达到农业耗水与水资源条件的平衡。现有研究明确了通过压缩高耗水作物构建适水种植结构的总体方向, 但对于不同适水轮作模式在中长期时间尺度上的产粮能力与耗水强度的交互关系仍不明晰, 实用高效的适水田间管理与生产技术支撑体系也需不断完善。在政策层面, 需健全京津冀地区农业综合规划与产业发展体系, 统筹长期目标和短期措施, 在保障区域粮食安全和农产品生产稳定的前提下, 有序地推进京津冀地区农业生产的适水转型。
- 作物生产 /
- 灌溉 /
- 水资源利用 /
- 京津冀地区 /
- 适水农业
Abstract: The amount of water resources in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region is less than 1% of China, but support approximately 8% of the national population produces 10% of gross domestic product (GDP). Water shortages and groundwater overexploitation are key constraints to the sustainable development of the BTH region. Agricultural water use dominates regional water withdrawal, accounting for 70% of all water use, and the irrigation of high-intensity cropping systems has caused notable groundwater depletion over the past several decades. In this study, the historical stage characteristics of agricultural production scale and irrigation expansion were analyzed based on statistical data. Before 1949, irrigated farmland was mainly located in the piedmont plain of the Taihang Mountains for high-value crop production, irrigation scale and water withdrawal were limited. After 1949, electromechanical irrigation wells gradually replaced traditional shallow wells, and irrigation became a conventional measure for crop production. Since the end of the 1970s, a well-irrigated system has covered the BTH region. Groundwater irrigation provided dominant support for stable agricultural production and sustained high yield. The wheat-maize double-cropping system was enhanced. Simultaneously, the production capacity of fruits and vegetables increased rapidly. The output of grain crops increased from 2.1362×10⁷ t to 3.9448×10⁷ t, an increase of 84.7%. Vegetable production increased from 1.0937×10⁷ t to 5.5084×10⁷ t, an increase of 403.6%. The fruit output increased from 1.440×10⁶ t to 1.5052×10⁷ t, with a 945.6% increase. High yields depended on adequate irrigation, and groundwater depletion occurred as a result of a trade-off between water and agricultural products in the BTH region. Over the last four decades, agricultural production in Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei has diverged in terms of scale and structure. The crop planting areas of Beijing and Tianjin decreased by 85.0% and 38.7%, respectively. Beijing has almost abandoned grain crop production, but the agricultural production capacity of Hebei Province has further increased. In 2018, 93.8% of grains, 99.1% of oilseeds, 92.9% of cotton, 93.1% of vegetables, and 91.7% of fruits in the BTH region were contributed by Hebei Province. This pattern of differentiation intensified the importance of agricultural production in Hebei Province in the BTH region, which has reliably increased the pressure on agricultural production and water withdrawal in Hebei Province. Studies have explored cropping systems that are more sustainable for groundwater sustainability. Based on field experiments and crop models, it was confirmed that reducing planting intensity can help mitigate groundwater decline, and winter wheat has been reported to be the main contributor to groundwater consumption. The cropping system of three harvests over two years has been suggested as a better alternative cropping system for water savings than the current winter wheat-summer maize double cropping system, which could save more water each year with a slight grain yield loss. However, the interaction between grain production capacity and water consumption intensity on medium- and long-term time scales for different water-adapting rotations of crops remains unclear and insufficient. From a policy-making perspective, it is necessary to improve the comprehensive agricultural plan under the conditions of the BTH coordinated development strategy. To ensure regional food security and stable agriculture, the water-adapting transformation of agricultural production in the BTH region should be promoted in an orderly and efficient manner.
- Crop production /
- Irrigation /
- Water consumption /
- Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region /
- Water-adapting agriculture

HTML全文

图 1 京津冀地区1949—2018年粮食作物生产规模和产量变化

Figure 1. Changes of grain crops production in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region from 1949 to 2018

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 京津冀地区1949—2018年棉花和油料作物生产规模和产量变化

Figure 2. Changes of cotton and oilseed crops production in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region from 1949 to 2018

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 1978—2018年京津冀地区蔬菜(a)、水果(b)播种面积与产量变化

Figure 3. Changes of vegetables (a) and fruits (b) production in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region from 1978 to 2018

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 京津冀三地1978年与2018年作物生产规模(a)与种植结构(b) 对比

Figure 4. Comparison of crop planting area (a) and structure (b) between 1978 and 2018 in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 2001—2018年京津冀地区用水结构变化

Figure 5. Changes of water-use structure in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region from 2001 to 2018

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

参考文献(45)

[1]	YUAN Z J, SHEN Y J. Estimation of agricultural water consumption from meteorological and yield data: a case study of Hebei, North China[J]. PLoS One, 2013, 8(3): e58685 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058685
[2]	SHEN Y J, ZHANG Y C, SCANLON B R, et al. Energy/water budgets and productivity of the typical croplands irrigated with groundwater and surface water in the North China Plain[J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2013, 181: 133−142 doi: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2013.07.013
[3]	沈彦俊, 胡春胜, 张喜英, 等. 生态学长期研究促进资源高效利用和区域农业可持续发展[J]. 中国科学院院刊, 2018, 33(6): 648−655 SHEN Y J, HU C S, ZHANG X Y, et al. Long-term ecological research (LTER) promotes natural resources use efficiency and agricultural sustainable development in North China Plain[J]. Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2018, 33(6): 648−655
[4]	张光辉, 费宇红, 王金哲. 华北灌溉农业与地下水适应性研究[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2012 ZHANG G H, FEI Y H, WANG J Z. Research on Adaptability of Irrigated Agriculture and Groundwater in North China[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2012
[5]	胡春胜, 张喜英, 程一松, 等. 太行山前平原地下水动态及超采原因分析[J]. 农业系统科学与综合研究, 2002, 18(2): 89−91 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-0068.2002.02.003 HU C S, ZHANG X Y, CHENG Y S, et al. An analysis on dynamics of water table and overdraft of groundwater in the Piedmont of Mt. Taihang[J]. System Sciences and Comprehensive Studies in Agriculture, 2002, 18(2): 89−91 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-0068.2002.02.003
[6]	HU Y K, MOIWO J P, YANG Y H, et al. Agricultural water-saving and sustainable groundwater management in Shijiazhuang Irrigation District, North China Plain[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2010, 393(3/4): 219−232
[7]	沈彦俊, 刘昌明. 华北平原典型井灌区农田水循环过程研究回顾[J]. 中国生态农业学报, 2011, 19(5): 1004−1010 SHEN Y J, LIU C M. Agro-ecosystems water cycles of the typical irrigated farmland in the North China Plain[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2011, 19(5): 1004−1010
[8]	夏军. 华北地区水循环与水资源安全: 问题与挑战[J]. 地理科学进展, 2002, 21(6): 517−526 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-6301.2002.06.001 XIA J. A perspective on hydrological base of water security problem and its application study in North China[J]. Progress in Geography, 2002, 21(6): 517−526 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-6301.2002.06.001
[9]	刘昌明. 建设节水型社会缓解地下水危机[J]. 中国水利, 2007(15): 10−13 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1123.2007.15.005 LIU C M. Building water-saving society and alleviating groundwater crisis[J]. China Water Resources, 2007(15): 10−13 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1123.2007.15.005
[10]	康绍忠. 水安全与粮食安全[J]. 中国生态农业学报, 2014, 22(8): 880−885 KANG S Z. Towards water and food security in China[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2014, 22(8): 880−885
[11]	XIAO D P, SHEN Y J, QI Y Q, et al. Impact of alternative cropping systems on groundwater use and grain yields in the North China Plain region[J]. Agricultural Systems, 2017, 153: 109−117 doi: 10.1016/j.agsy.2017.01.018
[12]	LUO J M, SHEN Y J, QI Y Q, et al. Evaluating water conservation effects due to cropping system optimization on the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Plain, China[J]. Agricultural Systems, 2018, 159: 32−41 doi: 10.1016/j.agsy.2017.10.002
[13]	郭步庆, 陶洪斌, 王璞, 等. 华北平原不同粮作模式下作物水分利用[J]. 中国农业大学学报, 2013, 18(1): 53−60 doi: 10.11841/j.issn.1007-4333.2013.01.008 GUO B Q, TAO H B, WANG P, et al. Water utilization of different cropping production systems in North China Plain[J]. Journal of China Agricultural University, 2013, 18(1): 53−60 doi: 10.11841/j.issn.1007-4333.2013.01.008
[14]	YANG X L, CHEN Y Q, STEENHUIS T S, et al. Mitigating groundwater depletion in North China Plain with cropping system that alternate deep and shallow rooted crops[J]. Frontiers in Plant Science, 2017, 8: 980 doi: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00980
[15]	张敏, 隋鹏, 陈源泉, 等. 太行山山前平原节水替代模式耗水特征分析[J]. 中国农学通报, 2011, 27(20): 251−257 ZHANG M, SUI P, CHEN Y Q, et al. Water consumption characteristics of alternative crop rotations in the piedmont of Mt. Taihang[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2011, 27(20): 251−257
[16]	赵华甫, 张凤荣, 李佳, 等. 北京都市农业种植制度的发展方向−春玉米一熟制[J]. 中国生态农业学报, 2008, 16(2): 469−474 doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.00469 ZHAO H F, ZHANG F R, LI J, et al. Direction of agricultural development of urban Beijing — Single-harvest spring-maize farming method[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2008, 16(2): 469−474 doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.00469
[17]	刘明, 陶洪斌, 王璞, 等. 华北平原水氮优化条件下不同种植制度的水分效应研究[J]. 水土保持学报, 2008, 22(2): 116−120, 125 doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1009-2242.2008.02.027 LIU M, TAO H B, WANG P, et al. Water consumption, soil water content variation and water utilization efficiency of different cropping system in China[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2008, 22(2): 116−120, 125 doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1009-2242.2008.02.027
[18]	闫鹏, 陈源泉, 张学鹏, 等. 河北低平原区春玉米一熟替代麦玉两熟制的水生态与粮食安全分析[J]. 中国生态农业学报, 2016, 24(11): 1491−1499 YAN P, CHEN Y Q, ZHANG X P, et al. Security of water-ecology and food under replacement of winter wheat-summer maize rotation with spring maize mono-cropping in Hebei Lowland Plains[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2016, 24(11): 1491−1499
[19]	SUN H Y, ZHANG X Y, WANG E L, et al. Quantifying the impact of irrigation on groundwater reserve and crop production — A case study in the North China Plain[J]. European Journal of Agronomy, 2015, 70: 48−56 doi: 10.1016/j.eja.2015.07.001
[20]	河北省地方志编纂委员会. 河北省志·第16卷·农业志[M]. 北京: 中国农业出版社, 1995 Hebei Local History Compilation Committee. Hebei Provincial History, Volume 16, Agricultural History[M]. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 1995
[21]	高玲玲. 近代河北农作物种植结构变迁研究[D]. 保定: 河北大学, 2020 GAO L L. The study on the changes of crop planting structure in modern Hebei[D]. Baoding: Hebei University, 2020
[22]	杨英法, 杜献宁. 河北解放前历代农田水利设施状况考察[J]. 经济视角(中旬), 2011(12): 162−163 YANG Y F, DU X N. Investigation on the status of farmland water conservancy facilities in the past dynasties of Hebei[J]. Economic Vision, 2011(12): 162−163
[23]	潘明涛. 海河平原水环境与水利研究(1360—1945)[D]. 天津: 南开大学, 2014 PAN M T. The research on the water environment and water conservancy in the Haihe River Plain Basin (1360−1945)[D]. Tianjin: Nankai University, 2014
[24]	国家统计局. 国家数据[DB/OL]. 北京: 国家统计局, [2020-11-04]. http://data.stats.gov.cn/easyquery.htm?cn=C01 National Bureau of Statistics. National Data[DB/OL]. Beijing: National Bureau of Statistics, [2020-11-04]. http://data.stats.gov.cn/easyquery.htm?cn=C01
[25]	崔瑞敏, 田海燕, 刘素恩, 等. 河北省棉花生产的历史回顾[J]. 中国棉花, 2016, 43(8): 10−15 doi: 10.11963/issn.1000-632X.201608003 CUI R M, TIAN H Y, LIU S E, et al. Historical review on cotton production in Hebei Province[J]. China Cotton, 2016, 43(8): 10−15 doi: 10.11963/issn.1000-632X.201608003
[26]	郭元章, 霍艳爽. 河北省油料产业的发展现状问题与对策[J]. 河北农业科学, 2013, 17(3): 81−85 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1088-1631.2013.03.023 GUO Y Z, HUO Y S. Development situation, problems and countermeasures of oil industry in Hebei Province[J]. Journal of Hebei Agricultural Sciences, 2013, 17(3): 81−85 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1088-1631.2013.03.023
[27]	孔祥智, 程泽南. 京津冀农业差异性特征及协同发展路径研究[J]. 河北学刊, 2017, 37(1): 115−121 KONG X Z, CHENG Z N. The research for Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region’s agricultural characteristics of difference and collaborative development path[J]. Hebei Academic Journal, 2017, 37(1): 115−121
[28]	张希涛. 民国时期华北农家农业生产资料与生活消费研究[D]. 南京: 南京师范大学, 2012 ZHANG X T. A study on the agricultural production materials and living consumption of farmers in North China in the period of the Republic of China[D]. Nanjing: Nanjing Normal University, 2012
[29]	惠富平, 阚国坤. 民国时期华北小麦生产与农民生活考察[J]. 中国农史, 2009, 28(2): 101−111 HUI F P, KAN G K. Study on wheat production and peasants’ lives in North China during the Republic of China[J]. Agricultural History of China, 2009, 28(2): 101−111
[30]	徐秀丽. 近代华北平原的农业耕作制度[J]. 近代史研究, 1995(3): 112−131 XU X L. The farming system in the North China Plain in modern times[J]. Modern Chinese History Studies, 1995(3): 112−131
[31]	罗建美. 京津冀平原农业种植结构优化及其节水效应研究[D]. 北京: 中国科学院大学, 2019 LUO J M. Evaluating water saving effects due to planting structure optimization in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Plain[D]. Beijing: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2019
[32]	张光辉, 连英立, 刘春华, 等. 华北平原水资源紧缺情势与因源[J]. 地球科学与环境学报, 2011, 33(2): 172−176 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6561.2011.02.012 ZHANG G H, LIAN Y L, LIU C H, et al. Situation and origin of water resources in short supply in North China Plain[J]. Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment, 2011, 33(2): 172−176 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6561.2011.02.012
[33]	YANG Y H, WATANABE M, ZHANG X Y, et al. Optimizing irrigation management for wheat to reduce groundwater depletion in the piedmont region of the Taihang Mountains in the North China Plain[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2006, 82(1/2): 25−44
[34]	MOIWO J P, YANG Y H, LI H L, et al. Impact of water resource exploitation on the hydrology and water storage in Baiyangdian Lake[J]. Hydrological Processes, 2010, 24(21): 3026−3039 doi: 10.1002/hyp.7716
[35]	吴炳方, 闫娜娜, 曾红伟, 等. 节水灌溉农业的空间认知与建议[J]. 中国科学院院刊, 2017, 32(1): 70−77 WU B F, YAN N N, ZENG H W, et al. Outlook on water saving agriculture[J]. Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2017, 32(1): 70−77
[36]	ZHANG Y C, LEI H M, ZHAO W G, et al. Comparison of the water budget for the typical cropland and pear orchard ecosystems in the North China Plain[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2018, 198: 53−64 doi: 10.1016/j.agwat.2017.12.027
[37]	裴宏伟. 华北平原灌溉农业对地下水资源的影响及其可持续性研究[D]. 北京: 中国科学院大学, 2016 PEI H W. Impact of irrigation agriculture on groundwater resources and the sustainability analysis in the North China Plain[D]. Beijing: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2016
[38]	陈飞, 丁跃元, 李原园, 等. 华北地区地下水超采治理实践与思考[J]. 南水北调与水利科技(中英文), 2020, 18(2): 191−198 CHEN F, DING Y Y, LI Y Y, et al. Practice and consideration of groundwater overexploitation in North China Plain[J]. South-to-North Water Transfers and Water Science & Technology, 2020, 18(2): 191−198
[39]	户作亮. 华北地下水超采综合治理经验与思考[J]. 中国水利, 2020(13): 17−18 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1123.2020.13.014 HU Z L. Experiences and thinkings on comprehensive treatment of groundwater overexploitation in North China[J]. China Water Resources, 2020(13): 17−18 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1123.2020.13.014
[40]	LU Y, ZHANG X Y, CHEN S Y, et al. Changes in water use efficiency and water footprint in grain production over the past 35 years: a case study in the North China Plain[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2016, 116: 71−79 doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.01.008
[41]	FANG Q X, MA L, GREEN T R, et al. Water resources and water use efficiency in the North China Plain: Current status and agronomic management options[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2010, 97(8): 1102−1116 doi: 10.1016/j.agwat.2010.01.008
[42]	PEI H W, SCANLON B R, SHEN Y J, et al. Impacts of varying agricultural intensification on crop yield and groundwater resources: comparison of the North China Plain and US High Plains[J]. Environmental Research Letters, 2015, 10(4): 044013
[43]	杜朝阳, 于静洁. 京津冀地区适水发展问题与战略对策[J]. 南水北调与水利科技, 2018, 16(4): 17−25 DU C Y, YU J J. Issues on the sustainable development of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region based on the limited water resources[J]. South-to-North Water Transfers and Water Science & Technology, 2018, 16(4): 17−25
[44]	YANG X L, CHEN Y Q, PACENKA S, et al. Effect of diversified crop rotations on groundwater levels and crop water productivity in the North China Plain[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2015, 522: 428−438 doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.01.010
[45]	YANG X L, CHEN Y Q, PACENKA S, et al. Recharge and groundwater use in the North China Plain for six irrigated crops for an eleven year period[J]. PLoS One, 2015, 10(1): e0115269 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115269