Environmental impact assessment of rice-fish culture with different land management models
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摘要: 农业碳排放是全球碳排放的重要组成部分, 研究农业碳排放对当下我国探索农业绿色转型发展具有重要意义, 而针对碳排放的环境影响评价则可为促进农业绿色转型发展提供重要参考。本研究以青田稻鱼共生系统为研究对象, 利用基于生命周期评价的碳足迹模型开展不同土地经营模式下的稻鱼共生系统环境影响评价。研究发现: 1)以发展梯田旅游为重点的经营模式虽然碳足迹仅为5779.1 kg(CO2-eq)∙hm−2, 在碳减排方面最具优势, 但其单位产值碳足迹却高达0.17 kg(CO2-eq)∙¥−1, 较低的经济效益并不利于长久的可持续发展; 2)以扩大田鱼养殖为重点的经营模式经济效益显著, 单位产值碳足迹仅为0.05 kg(CO2-eq)∙¥−1, 但较高的农资投入使得其碳足迹高达7928.6 kg(CO2-eq)∙hm−2, 面临着环境风险的增加, 必须找到经济产出与环境风险的平衡点; 3)在政府的政策与资金支持下, 以维持传统生产为重点的经营模式较好地践行了遗产保护理念, 稻鱼共生系统的碳足迹为6266.7 kg(CO2-eq)∙hm−2, 单位产值碳足迹为0.12 kg(CO2-eq)∙¥−1, 但从长远来看, 还需通过提升产品经济价值、促进农旅融合发展实现经济和环境效益的双赢。研究结果揭示了不同土地经营模式下稻鱼共生系统在经济和环境效益上的显著差异, 并为不同土地经营模式下稻鱼共生系统的绿色可持续发展提供了政策建议。Abstract: As the goals of carbon peak and carbon neutrality have been proposed, low-carbon and green development has become an inevitable choice for countries worldwide to solve environmental problems and achieve sustainable development. Because agricultural carbon emissions are a considerable part of global carbon emissions, the green transformation and development of agriculture has been regarded as an important basis for the establishment of a green and sustainable economy. Therefore, the study of agricultural carbon emissions is of great significance for China to explore agricultural green transformation and development, and the environmental impact assessment of carbon emissions can provide an important reference for this exploration. This study used the Qingtian Rice-Fish Culture System, the first Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System in China, as the research object, and selected Longxian Village, located in the core area of the heritage site, and Xinpeng Village and Xiaozhoushan Village, located in the radiation area, as the study area. A carbon footprint model based on life cycle assessment was constructed and used to evaluate the environmental impact of rice-fish culture using different land management models. The results showed that 1) although the carbon footprint of the rice-fish culture model that focused on developing terrace tourism was only 5779.1 kg(CO2-eq)∙hm−2, thereby making it the most advantageous for carbon emission reduction, its maximum carbon footprint per unit output value was 0.17 kg(CO2-eq)∙¥−1, which meant that the low economic benefit was not conducive to long-term sustainable development. 2) The economic benefit of the rice-fish culture model that focused on enlarging field fish raising was remarkable, and the carbon footprint per unit output value was only 0.05 kg(CO2-eq)∙¥−1; however, the high input of agricultural materials made its carbon footprint as high as 7928.6 kg(CO2-eq)∙hm−2 and caused high environmental risks. Therefore, a balance between economic output and environmental risk is urgently needed. 3) Supported by the local government, the rice-fish culture model that focused on maintaining traditional farming conserved the heritage of rice-fish culture and had a carbon footprint of 6266.7 kg(CO2-eq)∙hm−2 and a carbon footprint per unit output value of 0.12 kg(CO2-eq)∙¥−1; however, in the long-term, it is also necessary to improve the economic value of products and promote the integrated development of agriculture and tourism to achieve a win-win of economic and ecological benefits. The results reveal the significant differences in the economic and environmental benefits of the rice-fish culture with different land management models and provide a scientific basis for the formulation of green and sustainable development strategies for rice-fish culture systems under different land management models.
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表 1 青田稻鱼共生系统不同区域的不同土地经营模式及其特点
Table 1. Land management models and their characteristics in different areas of Qingtian Rice-Fish Culture System
区域
Area土地经营模式
Land management model主要特点
Main characteristics龙现村
Longxian Village以维持传统生产为重点
Maintaining traditional farming as the focus实施种粮大户和稻鱼共生生态补贴政策, 促进土地流转和土地复垦, 注重稻鱼共生传统生产方式的传承与保护
Providing subsidies for large-scale farmers and farmers who continue the rice-fish culture, promoting land transfer and land reclamation, and emphasizing on the inheritance and conservation of traditional production methods in the rice-fish culture新彭村
Xinpeng Village以扩大田鱼养殖为重点
Enlarging field fish raising as the focus建立稻鱼共生示范基地, 与浙江大学和上海海洋大学开展联合研究, 在水稻种植和田鱼养殖方面具有技术优势, 现代技术的引入帮助农户实现了靠田鱼养殖致富创收
Establishing a rice-fish culture demonstration base, conducting joint research with Zhejiang University and Shanghai Ocean University, obtaining technical advantages in the rice-fish culture, and introducing modern technologies to help farmers in field fish raising小舟山村
Xiaozhoushan Village以发展梯田旅游为重点
Developing terrace tourism as the focus成立农民专业合作社, 开展绿色和有机生产, 利用大面积稻鱼梯田打造旅游景观、发展观光旅游, 参与的农户可获得政府补贴, 收获的稻谷由政府进行收购
Establishing farmers’ cooperatives, carrying out green and organic production, and using large-scale rice-fish terraces to develop tourism through which farmers receive subsidies from the government and sell the harvested rice to the government表 2 稻鱼共生系统的各项农业生产资料的温室气体排放因子
Table 2. Greenhouse gas emission factors of various agricultural production inputs of the rice-fish culture system
表 3 不同区域青田稻鱼共生系统农业生产资料投入情况
Table 3. Agricultural production inputs in different areas of Qingtian Rice-Fish Culture System
kg∙hm−2 区域
Area化肥 Fertilizer 农药
Pesticide饲料 Feed 燃料 Fuel 氮肥
Nitrogen fertilizer复合肥
Compound fertilizer小麦
Wheat feed玉米
Corn feed油菜饼
Rapeseed feed成品饲料
Commercial feed汽油
Gasoline龙现村
Longxian Village181.8±257.1a 630.6±584.4a 2.6±2.6a 220.4±572.4a 336.1±992.3a 0b 0 42.7±69.1b 新彭村
Xinpeng Village114.5±275.9ab 618.8±430.4ab 51.4±45.9a 150.0±573.6a 65.5±207.7a 698.3±1483.8a 2259.4±3698.1 89.3±77.4a 小舟山村
Xiaozhoushan Village25.7±61.3b 355.6±173.5b 11.9±11.3ab 277.4±324.4a 0a 286.9±428.8ab 0 53.4±102.2ab 同列数据后不同小写字母表示不同区域在P<0.05水平差异显著。Values followed by different lowercase letters in a column are significantly different at P<0.05 level. 表 4 不同区域青田稻鱼共生系统农资投入温室气体排放量
Table 4. Greenhouse gases emissions from agricultural production inputs in different areas of Qingtian Rice-Fish Culture System
区域
Area化肥 Fertilizer 农药
Pesticide饲料 Feed 燃料 Fuel 合计
Total氮肥
Nitrogen fertilizer复合肥
Compound fertilizer小麦
Wheat feed玉米
Corn feed油菜饼
Rapeseed feed成品饲料
Commercial feed汽油
Gasolinekg(CO2-eq)∙hm−2 龙现村
Longxian Village278.2±393.4a 1116.2±1034.4a 43.2±43.7b 222.6±578.1a 265.5±783.9a 0 0 133.2±215.6b 2058.9±1789.3b 新彭村
Xinpeng Village175.2±422.1ab 1095.3±761.8ab 853.8±763.1a 151.5±579.4a 51.7±164.1a 928.8±1973.5a 225.9±369.8 278.7±241.4a 3761.0±2466.2a 小舟山村
Xiaozhoushan Village39.3±93.8b 629.4±307.1b 198.3±188.0b 280.1±327.7a 0 381.6±570.3ab 0 166.7±319.0ab 1695.4±985.2b 同列数据后不同小写字母表示不同区域在P<0.05水平差异显著。Values followed by different lowercase letters in a column are significantly different at P<0.05 level. 表 5 不同区域青田稻鱼共生系统的温室气体排放量及碳足迹
Table 5. Greenhouse gases emissions and carbon footprints in different areas of Qingtian Rice-Fish Culture System
区域
Area农业生产投入温室气体排放量
Greenhouse gases emission from
agricultural production inputs生产过程温室气体排放量
Greenhouse gases emission in the process of agricultural production农业生产碳足迹
Carbon footprint
of agricultureN2O排放
N2O emissionCH4排放
CH4 emission合计
Totalkg(CO2-eq)∙hm−2 龙现村
Longxian Village2058.9±1789.3b 183.3±170.9a 4024.5 4207.8±170.9a 6266.7±1893.2b 新彭村
Xinpeng Village3761.0±2466.2a 143.1±184.0ab 4024.5 4167.6±184.0ab 7928.6±2521.9a 小舟山村
Xiaozhoushan Village1695.4±985.2b 59.2±46.3b 4024.5 4083.7±46.3b 5779.1±990.3b 同列数据后不同小写字母表示不同区域在P<0.05水平差异显著。Values followed by different lowercase letters in a column are significantly different at P<0.05 level. 表 6 不同区域青田稻鱼共生系统产量、产值及单位产值碳足迹
Table 6. Yields, output values and carbon footprints per unit output in different areas of Qingtian Rice-Fish Culture System
区域
Area水稻 Rice 田鱼 Field fish 单位面积产值
Output value per unit area
(¥∙hm−2)单位产值碳足迹
Carbon footprint per unit output [kg(CO2-eq)∙ ¥−1]产量
Yield (kg∙hm−2)产值
Output value (¥∙hm−2)产量
Yield (kg∙hm−2)产值
Output value (¥∙hm−2)龙现村
Longxian Village6831.2 20 493.6 318.3 31 830.0 52 323.6 0.12 新彭村
Xinpeng Village7241.6 21 724.8 1237.6 123 760.0 145 484.8 0.05 小舟山村
Xiaozhoushan Village4954.9 14 864.7 187.1 18 710.0 33 574.7 0.17 -
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