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摘要: 定量分析生草对果园生态系统服务功能的影响可为果园土壤管理与生草技术推广应用提供科学依据。本研究搜集了1996—2020年公开发表的相关文献118篇, 从中获得了1387组数据。利用整合分析(meta-analysis)定量研究了果园生草对供给(果实产量和品质)、调节(土壤水分、温度和有机碳)、支持(土壤全氮)等生态系统服务功能的影响, 并从海拔、气候、生草种类和果园类型4个方面阐述生草对果园生态系统服务影响的异质性。结果表明, 与清耕果园相比, 果园生草复合系统显著提高了果实产量与可溶性固形物含量等供给服务功能, 土壤有机碳含量与土壤含水量等调节服务功能, 及土壤全氮含量等支持服务功能, 5项指标的平均增长率分别为20.7%、5.1%、24.7%、8.1%和15.6%。生草对果实可滴定酸含量和土壤温度的影响为负效应, 较清耕果园分别平均降低10.8%和10.6%, 但这种负效应实际上提高了鲜食水果的品质和避免高温对果树的伤害, 因此有利于果园生态系统服务功能提升。果园类型、生草种类、气候、海拔等均对果园生草的生态系统服务效应产生了重要影响, 其中果园类型、气候、海拔对供给服务的影响最为显著。综述研究发现, 果园生草显著提升了果园的供给、调控和支持服务功能, 可为我国清耕果园发展生草管理模式提供重要的科学依据, 对我国果园的提质增效和可持续发展具有重要借鉴意义。Abstract: Smallholder-run orchards are often managed using clear cultivation, that is, removing grass cover to remove competition for water and nutrient with fruit trees. This business-as-usual intensification has caused severe ecological and environmental issues related to soil desiccation, soil erosion, low soil organic C (SOC) sequestration, and the excessive use of chemical fertilizers. Sod culture in orchards is an advanced soil management system because of its ecological benefits, such as regulating the ecosystem services of orchards and ameliorating the soil micro-environment; as well as its economic benefits, such as improving the productivity of orchards, thus providing income for farmers. To date, there is a lack of comprehensive and quantitative research evaluating the ecosystem service function of sod culture in orchards. The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of sod culture on orchard ecosystem services to provide a scientific basis for orchard soil management and sod culture technology promotion and application. A total of 1387 pairs of data were collected from 118 peer-reviewed research papers published between 1996 and 2020. The meta-analysis method was used to quantitatively study the impact of sod culture on ecosystem service functions in orchards in terms of provisioning service (fruit yield and quality), regulating services (soil moisture, soil temperature, and SOC), and supporting services (soil total N). The heterogeneity of the influence of sod culture in orchards on ecosystem service functions was elaborated from four aspects: altitude, climate, grass species, and orchard types. The results showed that compared with clear tillage orchards, the grassing system significantly increased the provisioning service (fruit yield and soluble solid matter), regulating services (SOC and soil moisture), and supporting services (soil total N). The average increasing rate for these five indicators was 20.7% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 17.4%−24.2%), 5.1% (95% CI: 2.3%−8.6%), 24.7% (95% CI: 20.9%−27.8%), 8.1% (95% CI: 6.9%−9.3%), and 15.6% (95% CI: 6.80%−9.49%) respectively. Grassing had a negative effect on titratable acid content of fruits and soil temperature, which was 10.8% (95% CI: −14.5% to −6.9%) and 10.6% (95% CI: −12% to −9.2%) lower than that in clear-cultivated orchards, respectively. However, this negative effect actually helps improve the quality of fresh fruit and avoid the damage of high temperature to fruit trees, and thus is conducive to improving the provisioning and regulating services of orchard ecosystems. Furthermore, sod culture had a positive effect on fruit yield, but its influence and extent of its effect on fruit quality varied among orchard types, climate, and altitude. Different orchard types, grass species, and climate had positive effects on regulating services (soil moisture and SOC) and supporting services (soil total N). Overall, the study showed that the sod culture in orchards greatly increased fruits yield and soil carbon, and improved the climate in orchards, thereby improving the provisioning, regulating, and supporting services of orchards. Our findings provide insights into the development of science-based orchard management practices and have great significance for ensuring the quality, efficiency, and sustainable development of orchards globally.
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图 1 生草对生态系统服务功能的总体影响
条棒和误差线分别代表响应比及其95%的置信区间, 如果误差线没有跨越零线表示处理与对照存在显著差异; 括号内的数值代表样本数。Bars with error bars denote the overall mean response ratio and 95% confidence interval, respectively. The 95% confidence interval that do not go across the zero line mean significant difference between treatment and control. The values in parentheses are independent sample size.
Figure 1. General effects of sod-culture on orchard ecosystem services function
图 2 不同条件下生草对果园产量的影响
条棒和误差线分别代表响应比及其95%的置信区间, 如果误差线没有跨越零线表示处理与对照存在显著差异; 括号内的数值代表样本数。
Figure 2. Effects of sod-culture on yield of orchard under different factors
Bars with error bars denote the overall mean response ratio and 95% confidence interval, respectively. The 95% confidence interval that do not go across the zero line mean significant difference between treatment and control. The values in parentheses are independent sample size.
图 3 不同条件下生草对果实可溶性固形物影响
条棒和误差线分别代表响应比及其95%的置信区间, 如果误差线没有跨越零线表示处理与对照存在显著差异; 括号内的数值代表样本数。
Figure 3. Effects of sod-culture on soluble solid in fruit under different factors
Bars and error bars denote the overall mean response ratio and 95% confidence interval, respectively. The 95% confidence interval that do not go across the zero line mean significant difference between treatment and control. The values in parentheses are independent sample size.
图 4 不同条件下生草对果实可滴定酸的影响
条棒和误差线分别代表响应比及其95%的置信区间, 如果误差线没有跨越零线表示处理与对照存在显著差异; 括号内的数值代表样本数。
Figure 4. Effects of sod-culture on titratable acid in fruit under different factors
Bars and error bars denote the overall mean response ratio and 95% confidence interval, respectively. The 95% confidence interval that do not go across the zero line mean significant difference between treatment and control. The values in parentheses are independent sample size.
图 5 不同条件下生草对果园土壤水分的影响
条棒和误差线分别代表响应比及其95%的置信区间, 如果误差线没有跨越零线表示处理与对照存在显著差异; 括号内的数值代表样本数。
Figure 5. Effects of sod-culture on soil moisture in orchard under different factors
Bars and error bars denote the overall mean response ratio and 95% confidence interval, respectively. The 95% confidence interval that do not go across the zero line mean significant difference between treatment and control. The values in parentheses are independent sample size.
图 6 不同条件下生草对果园土壤温度的影响
条棒和误差线分别代表响应比及其95%的置信区间, 如果误差线没有跨越零线表示处理与对照存在显著差异; 括号内的数值代表样本数。
Figure 6. Effects of sod-culture on soil temperature in orchard under different factors
Bars and error bars denote the overall mean response ratio and 95% confidence interval, respectively. The 95% confidence interval that do not go across the zero line mean significant difference between treatment and control. The values in parentheses are independent sample size.
图 7 不同条件下生草对果园土壤有机碳含量的影响
条棒和误差线分别代表响应比及其95%的置信区间, 如果误差线没有跨越零线表示处理与对照存在显著差异; 括号内的数值代表样本数。
Figure 7. Effects of sod-culture on soil organic carbon content in orchard under different factors
Bars and error bars denote the overall mean response ratio and 95% confidence interval, respectively. The 95% confidence interval that do not go across the zero line mean significant difference between treatment and control. The values in parentheses are independent sample size.
图 8 不同条件下生草对果园土壤全氮的影响
条棒和误差线分别代表响应比及其95%的置信区间, 如果误差线没有跨越零线表示处理与对照存在显著差异; 括号内的数值代表样本数。
Figure 8. Effects of sod-culture on soil total N in orchard under different factors
Bars and error bars denote the overall mean response ratio and 95% confidence interval, respectively. The 95% confidence interval that do not go across the zero line mean significant difference between treatment and control. The values in parentheses are independent sample size.
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