Relationship between grain filling characteristics of maize and meteorological factors under different sowing dates
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摘要: 为探讨吐丝后玉米百粒重和籽粒灌浆参数与气象因子之间的关系, 为成都平原区玉米适期播种及高产高效栽培提供参考依据, 本研究以广适玉米品种‘仲玉3号’为供试材料, 设置6个播期处理(3月27日、4月6日、4月16日、4月26日、5月6日、5月16日), 研究不同播期下籽粒干物质积累及灌浆特性。结果表明: 随播期推迟, 玉米生育时期缩短, 籽粒产量和百粒重显著降低; 产量下降主要由粒重引起, 而引起粒重降低的原因主要与灌浆速率和灌浆速率达最大值的粒重有关, 而灌浆速率和灌浆速率达最大值的粒重受吐丝后有效积温、日平均温度和降雨量的显著影响。在试验范围内, 籽粒灌浆速率、灌浆速率达最大值的粒重和最终百粒重随日平均温度的升高而增高, 随有效积温的增加呈增大的趋势。延迟播种, 因玉米灌浆期大量降雨引起灌浆速率降低, 粒重减小; 积温是影响籽粒灌浆和百粒重的主要气象因子, 适时早播玉米生育时期相对延长, 吐丝后有效积温增多有利于籽粒灌浆。在当地气候条件下, 4月6日播种吐丝后有效积温达863.36 ℃时, 灌浆性能较好, 可获得较高的粒重和产量。生产上应根据不同种植制度选择适宜的播种日期, 春播应尽量安排在3月底至4月初播种, 对于需要晚播的区域, 应考虑与前茬作物的关系, 争取在5月上旬完成播种, 避免后期气象因子异常对籽粒灌浆造成不利的影响。Abstract: This study, conducted to provide a theoretical basis for suitable sowing dates for the high yield and high-efficiency cultivation of maize in the Chengdu Plain, explored the relationships between 100-kernel weight (KW), grain filling parameters, and sowing date-associated meteorological factors after silking. To investigate the dry matter accumulation and grain filling characteristics under different sowing dates, the widely adaptive maize cultivar ‘Zhongyu 3’ was sown on six dates (March 27, April 6, April 16, April 26, May 6, and May 16). The results showed that with delayed sowing dates, the growth period of maize decreased, and grain yield and KW decreased significantly. The decreased yield was mainly attributed to KW, and variations in the grain-filling rate (Gmean) and the kernel weight at the maximum grain-filling rate (Wmax) were the primary factors that influenced KW. Both Gmean and Wmax were markedly affected by the effective accumulated temperature (AT), daily average temperature (MT), and precipitation (Pr) after silking. In this experiment, Gmean, Wmax, and final KW increased along with MT and AT. A large amount of precipitation occurred during the grain filling period owing to the delayed sowing dates resulted in a decrease in Gmean and KW. AT was the major factor influencing grain-filling characteristics and KW, and a relatively prolonged growth period under early sowing conditions contributed to the increased effective accumulated temperature after silking, which was beneficial for grain filling. With sowing on April 6, higher KW and maize yield were obtained with better grain-filling performance when the effective accumulated temperature reached 863.36 °C. We concluded that suitable sowing dates should be established for the different planting systems used in maize cultivation. Spring maize should be sown as early as possible in the plain regions of the Sichuan Basin from the end of March to the beginning of April. The relationship with the previous crop should be considered in summer sowing especially for areas where late sowing is unavoidable, with sowing being completed in early May to avoid the adverse effects of abnormal meteorological factors on grain filling.
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Key words:
- Maize /
- Sowing date /
- Meteorological factors /
- Grain filling /
- Kernel weight
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图 4 玉米籽粒灌浆参数及百粒重与气象因子的冗余分析
KW: 收获期百粒重; Wmax: 灌浆速率达最大值的粒重; Gave: 平均灌浆速率; AT: 吐丝后有效积温; MT: 日平均气温; Tmin: 日最低温度; Tmax: 日最高温度; Tmax-min: 日温差; SH: 日照时数; Pr: 降雨量。
Figure 4. Redundancy analysis of grain filling parameters, final kernel weight of maize and meteorological factors
KW: final 100-kernel weight; Wmax: kernel weight at the maximum grain-filling rate; Gave: average grain-filling rate; AT: effective accumulated temperature after silking; MT: daily mean temperature; Tmin: daily minimum temperature; Tmax: daily maximum temperature; Tmax-min: diurnal temperature range; SH: sunshine hours; Pr: precipitation.
表 1 不同播期下玉米的关键生育时期与有效积温
Table 1. Dates of key growth stages and effective accumulated temperature of maize sown in different dates
处理
Treatment播种日期(月-日)
Sowing date
(month-day)吐丝期(月-日)
Date of silking stage
(month-day)生理成熟期(月-日)
Date of physiological maturity (month-day)播种—吐丝期
天数
Days from sowing
to silking
(d)吐丝—生理成熟期
天数
Days from silking to physiological maturity
(d)生育期天数
Duration of
growth period
(d)吐丝—生理成熟期
有效积温
Accumulated temperature from silking to physiological maturity (℃·d)SD1 03-27 06-14 08-06 79 53 132 873.4 SD2 04-06 06-19 08-10 74 52 126 866.3 SD3 04-16 06-25 08-15 70 51 121 851.0 SD4 04-26 07-01 08-20 66 50 116 813.5 SD5 05-06 07-08 08-25 63 48 111 773.6 SD6 05-16 07-14 08-30 59 47 106 755.7 表 2 不同播期下收获期玉米穗粒数、百粒重和产量的变化
Table 2. Grain yield, kernel number and 100-kernel weight at harvest of maize sown in different dates
播种日期 (月-日)
Sowing date
(month-day)穗粒数
Kernel number
(×107 kernels·hm−2)百粒重
100-kernel
weight (g)产量
Yield (kg·hm−2)03-27 3.61±0.39a 30.21±0.39a 12 224.41±104.26a 04-06 3.40±0.27a 29.17±0.54b 11 371.89±17.13b 04-16 3.67±0.42a 28.00±0.99c 10 723.71±71.09b 04-26 3.77±0.24a 26.98±0.20cd 11 148.59±560.50b 05-06 3.64±0.18a 26.63±0.69d 9757.28±799.62c 05-16 3.61±0.53a 26.36±0.08d 9475.77±456.56c 同列不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。Values followed by different lowercase letters within a column are significantly different at 0.05 probability. 表 3 不同播期下玉米的灌浆参数及其与收获期百粒重的相关性
Table 3. Grain-filling parameters of maize sown in different dates and their correlation coefficients wtih 100-kernel weight
播种日期 (月-日)
Sowing date (month-day)Richards 方程
Richards equation
W=A(1+Be−Ct)−1/DR2 灌浆参数 Grain filling parameter P
(d)Dmax
(d)Wmax
[g∙(100 grains)−1]Gmax
[g∙(100 grains)−1∙d−1]Gave
[g∙(100 grains)−1∙d−1]03-27 W=31.58(1+0.40e−0.09t)−1/0.05 0.9998 46.59 24.74 11.88 1.00 0.68 04-06 W=30.12(1+0.58e−0.10t)−1/0.07 0.9988 43.57 22.05 11.47 1.02 0.69 04-16 W=28.87(1+0.58e−0.10t)−1/0.07 0.9996 42.54 21.69 10.98 1.00 0.68 04-26 W=27.51(1+1.27e−0.10t)−1/0.13 0.9987 41.00 21.74 10.75 0.99 0.67 05-06 W=26.88(1+0.39e−0.09t)−1/0.06 0.9984 43.42 20.35 10.16 0.91 0.62 05-16 W=26.69(1+1.91e−0.10t)−1/0.17 0.9994 44.16 24.58 10.60 0.89 0.60 相关性 Correlation coefficient (r) 0.311 0.368 0.826** 0.671** 0.661** P: 活跃灌浆期; Dmax: 灌浆速率达最大时的天数; Wmax: 灌浆速率达最大值的粒重; Gmax: 最大灌浆速率; Gave: 平均灌浆速率。**: P<0.01水平差异显著。P: active grain-filling period; Dmax: date of the maximum grain-filling rate; Wmax: kernel weight at the maximum grain-filling rate; Gmax: maximum grain-filling rate; Gave: average grain-filling rate. **: correlation coefficients significant at 0.01 probability. -
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