Factors influencing soil water content during dry period in the middle part of the Taihang Mountain
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摘要: 太行山脉为我国第二、第三阶梯的重要分界线, 海拔自西向东迅速降低, 在这种自然条件复杂的地理空间过渡带内, 土壤含水量(SWC)空间格局特征及其影响因素亦复杂而不明确, 限制了对山区土壤水文过程的认知。本研究通过在太行山区中段设置间距约85 km的两条样线(长度分别为140 km和164 km), 在旱季采集土壤样品, 测定SWC、容重、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、有机碳含量、机械组成等理化性质, 详细调查样点的地形条件(坡度、坡向、海拔等)和植被条件(植被类型、枯落物情况等), 利用经典统计和地统计的方法, 并结合结构方程模型, 分析了表层(0~10 cm)和次表层(10~20 cm) SWC在海拔梯度上的变异特征, 探讨了其主要影响因素。结果表明, 太行山区中段两条样线均表现为表层SWC显著小于次表层, 两条样线之间没有显著差异。地统计分析表明, 表层和次表层SWC分别适用线性模型和指数模型模拟, 说明表层SWC影响因素更加复杂, 随机因素占主导地位; 次表层呈现出块基效应, 随机因素和结构因素共同起作用。两条样线次表层SWC块基比分别为48.01%和31.62%, 说明次表层SWC属中等程度的空间相关性。影响SWC的主要环境因子为海拔和降水量, 坡度、坡向及植被类型没有达到显著水平; 土壤性质中, 表层SWC主要受容重的影响, 次表层主要受毛管孔隙度和黏粒含量的影响。结构方程模型显示, 土壤性质是影响旱季SWC的直接因素, 环境因子是间接因素。环境因子对旱季SWC的影响超过80%是通过土壤性质产生的间接影响。以上结果有助于深入了解太行山区SWC特征, 为水-土过程的深入研究提供科学依据。Abstract: Taihang Mountain is an important natural boundary between the second and third steps in China. The elevation of this mountains decreases drastically from west to east. Owing to the complex environment in this transition zone, the spatial pattern of and the factors influencing soil water content (SWC) are complex and unclear. This limits further understanding of the soil hydrological processes. In this study, two line transects (140 km and 164 km long, respectively) were set in the middle part of the Taihang Mountain, which are 85 km apart. Both disturbed and undisturbed soils were sampled along two line transects during the dry period in the middle part of Taihang Mountain region. Soil water content, bulk density (BD), capillary porosity (CP), non-capillary porosity (NCP), soil organic carbon (SOC), and soil particle composition (sand, silt, and clay contents) were measured. Topographical conditions (including slope gradient, slope aspect, and elevation) and vegetation conditions (including vegetation type, vegetation cover, and litter information) were also investigated for each sampling point. Classical statistical, geostatistical, and structural equation modeling methods were used to study the variation and influencing factors of the SWC in the surface (0–10 cm) and subsurface (10–20 cm) layers along the two line transects in the middle part of the Taihang Mountain. The results showed that the SWC of the surface soil layer was significantly lower than that of the subsurface layer. No significant differences were observed between the two studied line transects. In geostatistical analysis, the most suitable SWC model was a linear model for the surface soil layer, but an exponential model for the subsurface layer. This indicated that random factors played a dominant role, and the influencing factors may be more complex for the surface soil layer. For the subsurface layer, an obvious nugget effect was observed, suggesting the coexistence of random and structural factors. The nugget to sill value of the subsurface layer was 48.01% and 31.62%, respectively, for the two-line transects. This indicated that both line transects showed moderate spatial dependence. Among the considered environmental factors, precipitation and elevation significantly influenced the SWC. Other environmental factors showed no significant effects. Among the studied soil properties, BD significantly influenced the SWC of the surface layer, whereas the CP and clay content significantly influenced the SWC of the subsurface soil layer. Structural equation modeling showed that soil properties were the direct factor, and environmental factors were indirect factors of SWC. Over 80% of the environmental factors acted through the soil properties. These results can be helpful in further understanding the soil water characteristics in the middle part of the Taihang Mountain and provide a scientific basis for studying soil hydrological processes in similar mountainous areas.
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图 1 太行山中段样线位置及采样点设置
Figure 1. Location of sampling points in the middle part of the Taihang Mountain
图 2 太行山区中段不同层次土壤含水量(SWC)在北部样线(a)和南部样线(b)上的分布特征
Figure 2. Spatial distribution of soil water content (SWC) of different layers along the north transect (a) and south transect (b) in the middle part of the Taihang Mountain
图 3 太行山中段不同层次土壤含水量影响因素的结构方程模型
a: 0~10 cm; b: 10~20 cm。Evn.为环境因子, Soil为土壤性质, SWC为土壤含水量, P为年降雨量, E为海拔, BD为土壤容重, CP为毛管孔隙度, Clay为黏粒含量, E为误差项。
Figure 3. Structural equation modeling of soil water content of different layers in the middle part of the Taihang Mountain
Evn. means the environmental factors, Soil means the soil properties, SWC means soil water content, P means annual precipitation, E means elevation, BD means bulk density, CP means capillary porosity, E means error.
表 1 太行山中段两条样线不同层次土壤属性及环境因子数据分布特征
Table 1. Data distribution of soil properties of different layers and environmental factors in two line transects of the middle part of the Taihang Mountain
类别
Category性质
Property数据分布特征及转换 Data distribution and transformation 0~10 cm 10~20 cm 土壤属性 Soil property 含水量 Soil water content 正态分布 Normal distribution 正态分布 Normal distribution 容重 Bulk density 正态分布 Normal distribution log转换 Logarithmic transformation 毛管孔隙度 Capillary porosity 秩排序 Rank cases Lngamma转换 Lngamma transformation 非毛管孔隙度 Non-capillary porosity 秩排序 Rank cases log转换 Logarithmic transformation 有机碳含量 Soil organic carbon 平方根转换 Square root transformation 正态分布 Normal distribution 砂粒 Sand content log转换 Logarithmic transformation log转换 Logarithmic transformation 粉粒 Silt content Lngamma转换 Lngamma transformation 秩排序 Rank cases 黏粒 Clay content 平方根转换 Square root transformation 正态分布 Normal distribution 自然因子 Natural factor 年降水量 Annual precipitation 正态分布 Normal distribution 海拔 Elevation 秩排序 Rank cases 坡度 Slope gradient log转换 Logarithmic transformation 坡向 Slope aspect 正态分布 Normal distribution NDVI 正态分布 Normal distribution 枯落物厚度 Litter thickness log转换 Logarithmic transformation 
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表 2 太行山中段两条样线不同层次土壤含水量描述性统计
Table 2. Describe statistic of soil water contents of different layers in two line transects of the middle part of the Taihang Mountain
样线
Line transect土层
Soil layer (cm)样本数
Sampling number平均值
Mean (%)标准偏差
Standard deviation (%)变异系数
Coefficient of variation北样线
North transect0~10 35 17.56bA 6.42 0.37 10~20 35 20.62aA 5.84 0.28 南样线
South transect0~10 41 16.06bA 6.85 0.43 10~20 41 21.08aA 7.03 0.33 不同小写字母表示不同层次之间差异显著(P<0.05), 不同大写字母表示不同样线之间差异显著(P<0.05)。Different lowercase letters mean significant differences between two soil layers at P<0.05, different capital letters mean significant differences between two line transects.
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表 3 太行山区中段不同样线不同层次土壤含水量地统计学特征
Table 3. Geostatistical characteristic of soil water contents of different layers in two line transects of the middle part of the Taihang Mountain
样线
Line transect土层
Soil layer (cm)模型
ModelC0 C0+C C0/(C0+C)
(%)变程
Range (km)R2 北样线
North transect0~10 线性
Linear42.46 42.46 100.00 65.7 0.22 10~20 指数
Exponential24.21 50.43 48.01 145.5 0.47 南样线
South transect0~10 线性
Linear52.08 60.48 86.11 80.2 0.24 10~20 指数
Exponential21.00 66.42 31.62 128.4 0.90
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表 4 太行山区中段不同层次土壤属性对土壤含水量的回归分析
Table 4. Regression analysis of soil water content of different layers and other soil properties in the middle part of the Taihang Mountain
土层
Soil layer (cm)模型变量
Independent variableR2 调整后R2
Adjusted R2标准估算的错误
Estimated standard error0~10 容重 Bulk density 0.407 0.356 5.34 10~20 毛管孔隙度 Capillary porosity 0.565 0.560 4.45 黏粒含量 Clay content 0.596 0.585 4.32
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表 5 太行山区中段不同层次土壤含水量与地形因素的相关性分析
Table 5. Correlation analysis between soil water contents of different layers and geographical factors in the middle part of the Taihang Mountain
土层
Soil layer (cm)参数
Parameter年降水量
Annual precipitation海拔
Elevation坡度
Slope gradient坡向
Slope aspectNDVI 枯落物厚度
Litter thickness0~10 相关系数 Correlation coefficient (R) 0.306** 0.282* –0.045 –0.201 0.018 0.037 P 0.007 0.014 0.698 0.082 0.876 0.750 样本数 Samples number 76 76 76 76 76 76 10~20 相关系数 Correlation coefficient (R) 0.310** 0.306** –0.125 –0.205 0.137 0.151 P 0.006 0.007 0.282 0.075 0.238 0.194 样本数 Samples number 76 76 76 76 76 76
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表 6 太行山中段不同层次土壤含水量在不同地形部位和不同土地利用类型的方差分析
Table 6. Variance analysis of soil water contents of different layers at different topographical locations and land use types in the middle part of the Taihang Mountain
土层
Soil layer (cm)源
Source平方和
Sum of squares自由度
Degree均方
Root mean squareF 显著性
Significant value0~10 校正模型
Corrected model364.468 11 33.13 0.72 0.72 截距
Intercept21 322.11 1 21 322.11 461.40 0 地形部位
Topographical location203.49 3 67.83 1.47 0.23 土地利用
Land use31.65 2 15.83 0.34 0.71 地形部位×土地利用
Topographical location×land use129.31 6 21.55 0.47 0.83 10~20 校正模型
Corrected model758.85 11 68.99 1.69 0.10 截距
Intercept26 603.80 1 26 603.80 650.16 0 地形部位
Topographical location289.61 3 96.54 2.36 0.08 土地利用
Land use121.62 2 60.81 1.49 0.23 地形部位×土地利用
Topographical location×land use347.62 6 57.94 1.42 0.22
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表 7 太行山中段不同层次土壤性质和环境因子对土壤含水量的直接影响和间接影响
Table 7. Direct and indirect effects of soil properties and environmental factors on soil water contents of different layers in the middle part of the Taihang Mountain
土层
Soil layer (cm)环境因子 Environmental factor 土壤因子 Soil factor 直接
Direct effect百分比
Percentage (%)间接
Indirect effect百分比
Percentage (%)环境因子总效应
Total effect直接
Direct effect间接
Indirect effect0~10 0.03 18.75 0.13 81.25 0.16 −0.55 0 10~20 0.03 10.00 0.30 90.00 0.33 −0.79 0
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