Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions in China’s agricultural sector: Current status and future perspectives
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摘要: 中国正处在农业绿色转型与高质量发展的关键期, 减少农业温室气体排放对促进农业可持续发展及实现2060年碳中和有重要作用。本文在系统回顾近年来中国农业碳减排的相关政策与研究进展的基础上, 梳理了中国农业碳减排的治理结构。中国已初步形成农业碳中和的政策体系, 涵盖了农业减排固碳的主要方面, 但政策目标仍有待明确和细化, 且需进一步推动技术创新和提升资源利用效率。当前研究围绕低碳农业开展了大量实证和模型分析, 研究内容从农业碳排放测算逐步转向农业碳减排措施设计与效果评估、农业碳减排措施的实施与落实等方面。然而, 相关研究仍需进一步完善农业碳排放的核算, 并在考虑农业发展受到多目标制约的前提条件下综合评估农业碳减排措施的环境及社会经济影响。在农业碳减排的治理结构方面, 形成了以政府、市场和社会组织为治理主体与农户作为实施主体的农业碳减排治理框架, 但仍需加强中观和微观层面政策措施的制定, 并综合考虑治理主体和实施主体的协作互动, 通过直接和间接手段激发农户碳减排的积极性。本研究可为进一步制定农业碳减排政策措施和开展相关研究提供科学依据。Abstract: Reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in China’s agricultural sector is essential to achieving carbon neutrality by 2060. China has been promoting the green transformation of its agricultural sector. This study systematically reviewed the policies and researches that are related to the reduction of GHG emissions in China’s agricultural sector, and established a governance framework for guiding future research that focuses on emission reduction in agriculture. Our results showed that China’s agriculture-related policies have already covered the main aspects of GHG emission reduction and carbon sequestration in the agricultural sector; however, technological innovation and resource use efficiency improvements should be further endorsed along with explicit policy targets. Among the existing literature, researches have focused on the estimation of agricultural GHG emissions to impact the evaluation of specific policies and measures. Future research on the improvement of agricultural GHG emission accounting and integrated assessment of emission reduction measures is needed. A governance framework for mitigating GHG emissions in agriculture has been identified in China, in which the government, market, and social organizations are the main governance entities, and the farmers are the implementation entities. Hence, to encourage farmers to reduce GHG emissions, the interactions between governmental entities and implementation entities should be considered when designing effective policies. This study summarized the current status of policies and research that are related to the mitigation of China’s agricultural GHG emissions and provided future perspectives on policy design and research foci.
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图 1 农业碳减排的治理结构框架
Figure 1. Governance structure of mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in agriculture
图 2 农业碳排放的治理结构框架
Figure 2. Framework of governance structure for mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in agriculture
表 1 中国农业碳减排相关法律政策文件
Table 1. Policies and regulations related to greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction in agricultural sector in China
类别 Category 领域/方面 Field 法律政策文件(发布时间) Documents (release time) 综合性政策
Integrated policies全领域
Whole fields《中国应对气候变化国家方案》(2007)
China’s National Climate Change Program (2007)《中国应对气候变化的政策与行动(2011)》(2011)
Responding to Climate Change: China’s Policies and Actions (2011)《“十三五”控制温室气体排放工作方案》(2016)
The 13th Five-Year Plan for Controlling Greenhouse Gas Emissions (2016)《“十三五”节能减排综合工作方案》(2016)
The 13th Five-Year Comprehensive Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction Work Plan (2016)《关于完整准确全面贯彻新发展理念做好碳达峰碳中和工作的意见》(2021)
Opinions on the Complete, Accurate, and Comprehensive Implementation of the New Development Concept to Do a Good Job in Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality (2021)《2030年前碳达峰行动方案》(2021)
Action Plan for Carbon Emission Peak Before 2030 (2021)农业领域
Agricultural field《全国农业可持续发展规划(2015—2030年)》(2015)
National Sustainable Agricultural Development Plan (2015−2030) (2015)《“十三五”农业农村科技创新专项规划》(2017)
The 13th Five-Year Plan for Science and Technology Innovation in Agriculture (2017)《关于创新体制机制推进农业绿色发展的意见》(2017)
Opinions on Innovating System and Mechanism to Promote Agricultural Green Development (2017)《“十四五”全国农业绿色发展规划》(2021)
The 14th Five-Year Plan of National Agricultural Green Development (2021)农业碳减排
Measures for mitigating agricultural GHG emissions投入品减量
Reduction of agricultural inputs《到2020年化肥使用量零增长行动方案》(2015)
Action Plan for Zero Growth in Chemical Fertilizer Use by 2020 (2015)《到2020年农药使用量零增长行动方案》(2015)
Action Plan for Zero Growth in Pesticide Use by 2020 (2015)《建立以绿色生态为导向的农业补贴制度改革方案》(2016)
Reformation Plan for Establishing a Green and Ecology Oriented Agricultural Subsidy System (2016)《开展果菜茶有机肥替代化肥行动方案》(2017)
Action Plan for Replacing Chemical Fertilizers by Organic Fertilizers in Fruits, Vegetables, and Tea Plantations (2017)《果菜茶有机肥替代化肥技术方案》(2017)
Technology Schemes for Replacing Chemical Fertilizers by Organic Fertilizers in Fruits, Vegetables, and Tea Plantations (2017)循环利用
Recycling《中华人民共和国循环经济促进法》(2008)
Circular Economy Promotion Law of People’s Republic of China (2008)《禽畜规模养殖污染防治条例》(2014)
Regulation on the Prevention and Control of Pollution from Large-scale Breeding of Livestock and Poultry (2014)农业固碳增汇
Measures for increasing carbon sequestration in agricultural sector森林
Forest《中华人民共和国森林法》(1984)
Forest Law of the People’s Republic of China (1984)草地
Grassland《中华人民共和国草原法》(1985)
Grassland Law of the People’s Republic of China (1985)《全国草原保护建设利用总体规划》(2007)
National Grassland Protection and Construction Plan (2007)《全国草原保护建设利用“十三五”规划》(2016)
The 13th Five-Year National Grassland Protection and Construction Plan (2016)《关于加强草原保护修复的若干意见》(2021)
Several Opinions on Strengthening Grassland Protection and Restoration (2021)农田
Farmland《东北黑土地保护规划纲要(2017—2030年)》(2017)
Outline of the Black Soil Protection Plan in Northeast China (2017−2030) (2017)《全国高标准农田建设总体规划》(2013)
National High-Sandard Farmland Construction Plan (2013)《全国高标准农田建设规划(2021—2030年)》(2021)
National High-Standard Farmland Construction Plan (2021−2030) (2021)山水林田湖草系统治理
Systematic management of landscape, water, forests, farmland, lakes, and grassland《关于推进山水林田湖生态保护修复工作的通知》(2016)
Notice on Promoting the Ecological Protection and Restoration of Landscape, Water, Forests, Farmland, and Lakes (2016)《山水林田湖草生态保护修复工程指南(试行)》(2020)
Guideline for Ecological Protection and Restoration Projects of Landscape, Water, Forests, Farmland, Lakes, and Grassland (Trial) (2020)
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