Yield- and efficiency-increasing effect of new tillage-fertilization-sowing method on wheat in the North China Plain
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摘要: 华北平原是我国夏玉米-冬小麦主产区, 但长期大面积免耕播种玉米和旋耕播种小麦, 导致耕层普遍变浅, 增产增效幅度下降, 同时华北平原又是地下水严重超采区和现代节水农业发展重点区。为了打破犁底层、提高水分和养分等资源利用效率, 减少耕种作业次数、降低生产成本并增产增效, 本研究采用裂区试验设计, 主区为前茬设置免耕玉米播种和遁耕分层施肥玉米播种2个处理, 免耕玉米播种主区里设置人工施肥-旋耕-小麦条播(T1)、人工施肥-旋耕深松-小麦条播(T2) 2个副区; 玉米遁耕分层施肥处理主区后茬为人工施肥-旋耕-小麦条播(T3)、旋耕深松分层施肥小麦宽幅匀播(T4) 2个副区处理, 在分蘖期、拔节期、开花期、灌浆期和成熟期, 对小麦生长发育、干物质积累和产量构成性状进行了调查和差异比较; 最后对小麦水分利用效率和偏氮肥生产力、玉米-小麦周年总产及产出/投入比进行了分析。结果表明, T4处理模式明显能够降低0~40 cm耕层土壤容重, 增加深层土壤含水率, 同时优化了耕层养分分布, 增加了小麦株高、分蘖、地上部干物质重量、0~40 cm耕层的根干重, 进而提高了单位面积穗数和穗粒数, 实现节水高产; 籽粒产量表现为T4 (8333.75 kg∙hm−2)>T3 (8222.63 kg∙hm−2)>T2 (7778.17 kg∙hm−2)>T1 (7000.35 kg∙hm−2); T4、T3、T2处理分别比T1处理显著增产19.05%、17.46%和11.1%; 提高了水分利用效率和偏氮肥生产力; T4处理累计全年粮食总产达19 469.7 kg∙hm−2, 超过了吨粮田(15 000 kg∙hm−2), 产出/投入比达3.76, 是华北平原玉米-小麦周年节水绿色提质增产增效的耕作模式。本文揭示了不同耕作施肥播种条件下, 小麦产量形成的生长发育特征和增产要素及玉米-小麦周年增产增效特征。建议加快在华北平原示范推广“小麦旋耕深松分层施肥宽幅匀播技术”。Abstract: The North China Plain is the main production area of summer corn-winter wheat in China; however, the long-term large area management of no-tillage sowing corn and rotating tillage sowing wheat leads to shallow tillage layers and poor yield and efficiency. The North China Plain is also an area with serious groundwater overexploitation and a key area for the development of modern water-saving agriculture. To break the hardpan, improve water and nutrients use efficiencies, reduce the frequency of farming operations and production costs, we conducted an experiment on a comprehensive technology of tillage-fertilization-seeding of corn and wheat. A split-plot design was used in this study. In the main plot, two treatments were set up: 1) no-tillage seeding of corn in the front stubble and 2) deep tillage-delamination fertilization and sowing of corn. In the main plot of no-tillage corn seeding, two sub-zones were set up: artificial fertilization-rotary tillage and drill sowing of wheat (T1) and artificial fertilization-rotary tillage-deep loosening and drill sowing of wheat (T2). In the main plot of the treatment with deep tillage-delamination fertilization and sowing of corn, two sub-zones were set up: artificial fertilization-rotary tillage-strip seeding of wheat (T3) and rotary tillage-deep loosening-delamination fertilization-wide uniform seeding of wheat (T4). At the tillering, jointing, flowering, and maturing stages, wheat growth, dry matter accumulation, and yield traits were investigated and compared, and the water use efficiency and partial factor nitrogen productivity of wheat, annual total yield of corn and wheat, and output/input ratio were analyzed. The results showed that the T4 treatment significantly reduced soil bulk density in the 0–40 cm layer, increased soil moisture content in the deep layer, optimized nutrient distribution in soil layer, and increased plant height, tillers number, dry matter weight of shoot and root in the 0−40 cm layer, thus increasing spike number per unit area and grain number per spike, leading to water saving and high yield. The grain yield was in the order of T4 (8333.75 kg∙hm−2) > T3 (8222.63 kg∙hm−2) > T2 (7778.17 kg∙hm−2) > T1 (7000.35 kg∙hm−2); T4, T3 and T2 treatments significantly increased production by 19.05%, 17.46% and 11.1% compared with T1 treatment, respectively. Water use efficiency and partial factor nitrogen productivity were improved. In T4 treatment, the total annual grain yield reached 19 469.7 kg∙hm−2, which was higher than the tonnage of a grain field (15000 kg∙hm−2), and the output/input ratio reached 3.76. Thus, T4 was a water-saving, green, quality improving, yield increasing, and efficiency enhancing tillage model for maize and wheat in the North China Plain. Accelerating the demonstration and popularization of the technique of “deep tillage-delamination fertilization and sowing of corn, and rotary tillage-deep loosening-delamination fertilization and wide uniform seeding of wheat” in the North China Plain is thus suggested.
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Key words:
- Wheat /
- Rotary tillage /
- Deep loosening /
- Delamination fertilization /
- Seeding method /
- Yield and efficiency increasing
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图 1 研究区小麦生育期降雨量(2020—2021年)
Figure 1. Precipitation during wheat growth season of 2020−2021 in the study area
图 2 不同耕作处理土壤容重(A)和土壤含水率(B)差异比较
T1: 玉米免耕播种+人工施肥-小麦旋耕-条播; T2: 玉米免耕播种+人工施肥-小麦旋耕深松一体机-条播; T3: 玉米遁耕分层施肥+人工施肥-小麦旋耕-条播; T4: 玉米遁耕分层施肥+小麦旋耕深松分层施肥宽幅匀播。不同小写字母表示同一土层4个处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。T1: no-tillage seeding of corn, and artificial fertilization-rotary tillage and drill sowing of wheat; T2: no-tillage seeding of corn, and artificial fertilization-rotary tillage-deep loosening and drill sowing of wheat; T3: deep tillage-delamination fertilization and sowing of corn, and artificial fertilization-rotary tillage and strip seeding of wheat; T4: deep tillage-delamination fertilization and sowing of corn, and rotary tillage-deep loosening-delamination fertilization and wide uniform seeding of wheat. Different lowercase letters mean significances among four treatments in the same soil layer at P<0.05 level.
Figure 2. Comparison of soil bulk density (A) and soil water content (B) under different tillage treatments
图 3 不同耕作处理在不同土层中全氮(A)、碱解氮(B)、速效磷(C)和速效钾(D)含量差异比较
T1: 玉米免耕播种+人工施肥-小麦旋耕-条播; T2: 玉米免耕播种+人工施肥-小麦旋耕深松一体机-条播; T3: 玉米遁耕分层施肥+人工施肥-小麦旋耕-条播; T4: 玉米遁耕分层施肥+小麦旋耕深松分层施肥宽幅匀播。不同小写字母表示同一处理两个土层间差异显著(P<0.05)。T1: no-tillage seeding of corn, and artificial fertilization-rotary tillage and drill sowing of wheat; T2: no-tillage seeding of corn, and artificial fertilization-rotary tillage-deep loosening and drill sowing of wheat; T3: deep tillage-delamination fertilization and sowing of corn, and artificial fertilization-rotary tillage and strip seeding of wheat; T4: deep tillage-delamination fertilization and sowing of corn, and rotary tillage-deep loosening-delamination fertilization and wide uniform seeding of wheat. Different lowercase letters mean significances between two soil layers in the same treatment at P<0.05 level.
Figure 3. Contents of total nitrogen (A), alkali-hydrolysis nitrogen (B), available phosphorus (C) and available potassium (D) under different tillage treatments
图 4 不同耕作处理下小麦不同生育期株高(A)、分蘖数(B)、地上部干物质量(C)和根干重(D)的差异
T1: 玉米免耕播种+人工施肥-小麦旋耕-条播; T2: 玉米免耕播种+人工施肥-小麦旋耕深松一体机-条播; T3: 玉米遁耕分层施肥+人工施肥-小麦旋耕-条播; T4: 玉米遁耕分层施肥+小麦旋耕深松分层施肥宽幅匀播。不同小写字母表示同一生育期4个处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。T1: no-tillage seeding of corn, and artificial fertilization-rotary tillage and drill sowing of wheat; T2: no-tillage seeding of corn, and artificial fertilization-rotary tillage-deep loosening and drill sowing of wheat; T3: deep tillage-delamination fertilization and sowing of corn, and artificial fertilization-rotary tillage and strip seeding of wheat; T4: deep tillage-delamination fertilization and sowing of corn, and rotary tillage-deep loosening-delamination fertilization and wide uniform seeding of wheat. TS: tillering stage; JS: jointing stage; FS: flowering stage; FP: filling period; MS: mature stage. Different lowercase letters mean significances among four treatments in the same growth stage at P<0.05 level.
Figure 4. Plant height (A), tillage number (B), shoot dry weight (C) and root dry weight (D) of wheat at different growth stages under different tillage treatments
图 5 不同耕作处理下小麦株高(A)、穗数(B)、每穗小穗数(C)、穗粒数(D)、千粒重(E)、生物学产量(F)、产量(G)和收获指数(H)的差异
T1: 玉米免耕播种+人工施肥-小麦旋耕-条播; T2: 玉米免耕播种+人工施肥-小麦旋耕深松一体机-条播; T3: 玉米遁耕分层施肥+人工施肥-小麦旋耕-条播; T4: 玉米遁耕分层施肥+小麦旋耕深松分层施肥宽幅匀播。不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。T1: no-tillage seeding of corn, and artificial fertilization-rotary tillage and drill sowing of wheat; T2: no-tillage seeding of corn, and artificial fertilization-rotary tillage-deep loosening and drill sowing of wheat; T3: deep tillage-delamination fertilization and sowing of corn, and artificial fertilization-rotary tillage and strip seeding of wheat; T4: deep tillage-delamination fertilization and sowing of corn, and rotary tillage-deep loosening-delamination fertilization and wide uniform seeding of wheat. Different lowercase letters mean significances among different treatments at P<0.05 level.
Figure 5. Plant height (A), spike number (B), spikelets per spike (C), grain number per spike (D), 1000-grain weight (E), biomass weight (F), yield (G) and harvest index (H) of wheat under different tillage treatments
图 6 不同耕作处理下小麦水分利用效率(WUE, A)、氮肥偏生产力(PFPN, B)、玉米+小麦总产量(C)和产投比(D)的差异
T1: 玉米免耕播种+人工施肥-小麦旋耕-条播; T2: 玉米免耕播种+人工施肥-小麦旋耕深松一体机-条播; T3: 玉米遁耕分层施肥+人工施肥-小麦旋耕-条播; T4: 玉米遁耕分层施肥+小麦旋耕深松分层施肥宽幅匀播。不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。T1: no-tillage seeding of corn, and artificial fertilization-rotary tillage and drill sowing of wheat; T2: no-tillage seeding of corn, and artificial fertilization-rotary tillage-deep loosening and drill sowing of wheat; T3: deep tillage-delamination fertilization and sowing of corn, and artificial fertilization-rotary tillage and strip seeding of wheat; T4: deep tillage-delamination fertilization and sowing of corn, and rotary tillage-deep loosening-delamination fertilization and wide uniform seeding of wheat. Different lowercase letters mean significances among different treatments at P<0.05 level.
Figure 6. Water use efficiency (WUE, A), partial factor productivity of nitrogen (PFPN, B), maize+wheat yield (C) and rate of output and input (D) of wheat under different tillage treatments
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