Spatiotemporal characteristics and reduction approaches of methane emissions from rice fields in China
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摘要: 水稻是我国第一大口粮作物, 甲烷(CH4)是全球第二大温室气体, 稻田CH4减排意义重大。本文基于国家统计数据和文献收集, 计算分析了我国2001—2018年水稻播种面积和单位产量CH4排放的时空特征, 并进一步总结了稻田CH4排放的关键过程及其主要影响因子。研究结果表明, 2001—2018年我国水稻总播种面积和稻田CH4总排放量呈先降低后升高再降低的趋势, 单位水稻产量CH4排放则呈整体下降趋势。稻田CH4排放包括土壤CH4产生、氧化与传输3个过程, 主要受水稻品种、土壤特性、气候条件、农艺措施等因素影响。受水稻播种面积影响, 我国稻田CH4排放量呈东南高西北低的特征, 单位产量CH4排放量呈南高北低的特征。基于上述分析, 本文提出选用低排放水稻品种、应用减排稻作技术、施用CH4减排产品等水稻栽培减排途径。同时, 针对我国稻田CH4排放的区域特征, 提出在选用高产低排放品种基础上, 南方平原稻作区重点应用好氧耕作与控水增氧等减排技术, 南方丘陵稻作区重点应用生物炭和石灰等减排产品, 北方稻作区重点应用好氧耕作和硫酸铵替代部分尿素等减排技术。最后, 本文还提出了促进稻田CH4减排的科技创新与政策创设建议, 以期为实现水稻丰产与稻田CH4减排的协同提供理论参考。Abstract: Rice is the main staple crop in China and methane (CH4) is the second most important greenhouse gas worldwide. Therefore, it is important to reduce CH4 emissions from paddy fields. Based on national statistical data and literature collection, we calculated and analyzed the spatial and temporal characteristics of CH4 emissions at the rice sown-area scale and yield scale in China from 2001 to 2018 and further summarized the key processes and main influencing factors of CH4 emissions. The results of this study showed that the total sown area of rice and area-scaled CH4 emissions from rice fields in China showed an overall trend of first decreasing, then increasing, then decreasing again from 2001 to 2018; however, yield-scaled CH4 emissions in all regions showed a decreasing trend. CH4 emissions from rice fields mainly included three processes of production, oxidation, and transport, which were mainly influenced by rice varieties, soil characteristics, climatic conditions, and agronomic measures. Owing to the influence of rice sown areas, area-scaled CH4 emissions from paddy fields in China were high in the southeast and low in the northwest, and yield-scaled CH4 emissions were high in the south and low in the north. Based on the above findings, this study suggested reducing CH4 emissions by applying a new rice cultivar, cropping mode, and products with high yield and low CH4 emissions. Given the regional characteristics of CH4 emissions in China, this study first proposed the selection of rice cultivars with high yield and low CH4 emissions and the application of aerobic dry tillage and water-control irrigation in the southern plain region, biochar and lime in the southern hilly region, and aerobic dry tillage and partially alternative urea with ammonium sulfate in the northern rice cropping region. Finally, some suggestions were put forward related to science, technology and policy innovations for CH4 emission reduction to provide important references for achieving the win-win target of high yield and low CH4 emissions.
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Key words:
- Rice fields /
- Methane /
- Emission characteristics /
- Emission reduction pathways /
- Carbon neutrality
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图 1 2001—2018年我国不同区域的水稻播种面积
Figure 1. Rice sown areas in different regions of China from 2001 to 2018
图 2 2001—2018年我国不同区域稻田CH4排放总量(a)和单位产量CH4排放量(b)特征
Figure 2. Total CH4 emission (a) and yield-scaled CH4 emission (b) from rice fields in different regions of China from 2001 to 2018
图 3 稻田CH4排放的关键过程
图中白色虚线方框为CH4产生过程, 绿色虚线方框为CH4氧化过程, 红色虚线方框为CH4传输过程, 橙色虚线方框为CH4产生过程中排放的气体。
Figure 3. Key processes of methane emission from rice fields
The white dashed box in the figure shows the methane production process, the green dashed box shows the methane oxidation process, the red dashed box shows the methane transport process, and the orange dashed box shows the gas emitted during the methane production process.
图 4 影响稻田CH4排放的主要因素及其作用机制
图中“⊕”表示正效应, “⊝”表示负效应, “
”表示正效应和负效应并存; 红色、黄色、绿色、青色、紫色、橙色、蓝色线条和文字分别代表CH4传输、微生物介导、CH4氧化、水稻品种、气候条件、种植制度与耕作方式、有机物料和养分等过程和影响因素。 Figure 4. Main factors affecting methane emission from rice fields and their underlying mechanisms
In the figure, “⊕” indicates positive effect, “⊝” indicates negative effect, “
” indicates both positive and negative effects; red, yellow, green, cyan, purple, orange, and blue lines and texts represent processes and influencing factors of methane transport, microbial mediation, methane oxidation, rice varieties, climatic conditions, cropping system and tillage practices, organic materials, and nutrients, respectively. 
图 5 水稻丰产与稻田CH4减排协同的主要技术途径
Figure 5. Main technical approaches for the win-win target of high rice yield and less methane emission
表 1 不同区域不同类型稻田CH4排放因子
Table 1. Methane emission factors from different types of rice fields in different regions of China
kg∙hm−2 区域
Region单季稻 Single cropping rice 双季早稻 Double cropping early rice 双季晚稻 Double cropping late rice 推荐值 Recommended value 最低值 Minimum value 最高值 Maximum value 推荐值 Recommended value 最低值 Minimum value 最高值 Maximum value 推荐值 Recommended value 最低值 Minimum value 最高值 Maximum value 华北 North China 234.0 134.4 341.9 华东 East China 215.5 158.2 255.9 211.4 153.1 259.0 224.0 143.4 261.3 华中和华南 Central and South China 236.7 170.2 320.1 241.0 169.5 387.2 273.2 185.3 357.9 西南 Southwest China 156.2 75.0 246.5 156.2 73.7 276.6 171.7 75.1 265.1 东北 Northeast China 168.0 112.6 230.3 西北 Northwest China 231.2 175.9 319.5 华北包括北京、天津、河北、山西、内蒙古等省(市、自治区); 华东包括上海、江苏、浙江、安徽、福建、江西、山东等省(市); 华中包括河
南、湖北、湖南等省; 华南包括广东、广西、海南等省; 西南包括重庆、四川、贵州、云南、西藏等省(市、自治区); 东北包括辽宁、吉林、黑龙江等省; 西北包括陕西、甘肃、青海、宁夏、新疆等省(自治区)。该排放因子基于2005年各地区稻田平均有机肥(包括作物秸秆和农家肥)施用水平、稻田水分管理方式、气候条件和水稻生产力水平(水稻单产)等得到。North China includes Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia; East China includes Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Fujian, Jiangxi, Shandong; Central China includes Henan, Hubei, Hunan; South China includes Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan; Southwest China includes Chongqing, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Tibet; Northeast China includes Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang; Northwest China includes Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia, Xinjiang. This emission factor was obtained based on the average level of organic fertilizer (including crop straw and farmyard manure) application, paddy moisture management practices, climatic conditions, and rice productivity levels (rice yields) in paddy fields in each region in 2005.
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