Soybean roots architecture and the mechanical properties of the root-soil complex in mountain red soil on sloping farmland
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摘要: 为研究大豆根系在西南山区坡耕地水土保持中的价值, 本文在大豆的3个主要生育期(开花期、始粒期和鼓粒期)采集根系和根土复合体样本, 采用WinRHIZO (Pro.2019)根系分析系统测定并计算了根系的几何形态特征、分形特征和拓扑结构, 用无侧限压缩试验测定了根土复合体的力学特性, 分析大豆根系在不同生育期的构型特征及其对土体力学特性的影响。结果表明: 1)大豆根系的分形维数在鼓粒期最小, 分形丰度在开花期最小, 但两者均在始粒期最大; 2)拓扑指数随生育期先减小后增大, 在始粒期最接近0.5, 且平均连接长度最小, 根系趋向于叉状分支模式, 此时根系分支状态最为复杂; 3)大豆根系的分形特征、拓扑特征与根长等主要形态特征参数有极显著相关关系(P<0.01); 4)大豆根系能显著增强土体强度, 其根土复合体的无侧限抗压强度表现为始粒期(41.44 kPa)>鼓粒期(37.95 kPa)>开花期(29.29 kPa), 分形维数和分形丰度与土体的力学特性呈显著正相关关系(P<0.01)。综上, 大豆根系分形维数和丰度越大、拓扑指数越小时, 根土复合体的无侧限抗压强度越大, 其根系固土效应越显著; 农作物根系分形特征和拓扑特征不仅可用于表达根系在土体中的分支状态、空间分布和拓展模式, 也可作为评价农作物根系固土效应的主要参数。在山区坡耕地的农作物配置中, 应注重培育分支复杂、根系发达的大豆品种以防治水土流失。Abstract: The sloping farmland area in Yunnan accounts for 70% of the total arable land area, and its sustainability is affected by severe soil erosion. Approximately 89.4% of the sloping farmland in the province is utilized for planting crops, and soybeans are one of the main crops in summer. Previous studies have shown that the soil fixing capacity of vegetation roots plays a significant role in soil and water conservation. This study was conducted to explore the soil-fixing capacity of soybean roots and to provide a basis for the calculation of the soil-fixing ability of crop roots. Thus, a field experiment was designed to have two treatments with three replications for a total of six plots: bare land (CK) and mono-soybean field (SS). Unconfined compression tests were used to determine the shear strength and stress-strain characteristics of rootless soil and root-soil complexes during the three main growth stages of soybeans (blooming stage, initial grain forming stage, and seed filling stage). The WinRHIZO (Pro.2019) system was employed to analyze the geometric characteristics, fractal characteristics, and topological structure of the roots. The structural characteristics of soybean roots at different growth stages and their effects on soil mechanical properties were analyzed. The results indicated that:1) the fractal dimension of soybean roots was the smallest at the seed filling stage, and the fractal abundance was the smallest at the blooming stage, while both were the largest at the initial grain forming stage. 2) The topological index of soybean roots was the largest at the seed filling stage, followed by the blooming stage, and was the smallest at the initial grain forming stage, when it was approximately 0.5, with the smallest average link length, suggesting that the soybean roots tended to have a dichotomous topology pattern and reached the most complicated branching status at the initial grain forming stage. 3) The fractal characteristics of soybean roots were significantly and positively correlated with the main morphological parameters, such as root length (P<0.01), while the topological characteristics were significantly and negatively correlated with them (P<0.01). 4) Compared with rootless soil, soybean roots could significantly enhance the strength of root-soil complexes. The unconfined compressive strength of the soybean root-soil complexes was the highest at the initial grain forming stage, followed by the seed filling stage, and was the lowest at the blooming stage, at 41.44 kPa, 37.95 kPa, and 29.29 kPa, respectively. The fractal dimension and fractal abundance were significantly and positively correlated with the mechanical properties of the root-soil complexes (P<0.01). In conclusion, the greater the fractal dimension and fractal abundance of soybean roots are, and the smaller the topological index is, the greater the unconfined compressive strength of the root-soil complex is, and the more significant the soil-fixing capacity of soybean roots is. The fractal and topological characteristics of crop roots can not only be used to express the branching status, spatial distribution, and expansion mode of roots in soil, but can also be used as the main parameters to evaluate the soil-fixing capacity of crop roots. This study provides a reference for crop configuration on sloping farmlands in mountainous areas. Soil erosion can be prevented by cultivating soybean varieties with complex branches and well-developed roots.
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图 2 试验小区设置和取样位置示意图
CK为裸地对照; SS为大豆单作。
Figure 2. Layouts of the experimental plots and sampling locations
CK is the treatment of bare land. SS is the treatment of mono-soybean.
图 3 两种根系拓扑结构示意图(μ为根系外部链接数量, a为根系最长链接路径的链接数量, TI为拓扑指数)
Figure 3. Schematic diagram of two root system topologies (μ is
the magnitude of roots. a is the altitude of roots. TI is topological index) 
图 4 大豆不同生育期根系分形特征[分形维数(FD)和分形丰度(FK)]和拓扑结构[拓扑指数(TI)和平均连接长度(AL)]的变化
S1: 开花期; S2: 始粒期; S3: 鼓粒期。不同小写和大写字母分别表示不同生育期间在P<0.05和P<0.01水平差异显著, n=25。
Figure 4. Changes in fractal characteristics (fractal dimension, FD; fractal abundance, FK) and topological structure (topological index, TI; average link length, AL) of soybean root system at different growth stages
S1: blooming stage; S2: initial grain forming stage; S3: seed filling stage. Different lowercase and capital letters indicate significant differences among growth stages at P<0.05 and P<0.01 levels, respectively. n=25.
图 5 素土与不同生育期大豆根土复合体的力学特性[无侧限抗压强度(UCS)和弹性模量(EM)]及应力应变曲线(RV: 根土复合体试样的根系体积)
RLS: 素土; S1: 开花期; S2: 始粒期; S3: 鼓粒期。不同小写和大写字母分别表示不同生育期间在P<0.05和P<0.01水平差异显著。
Figure 5. Mechanical properties (unconfined compressive strength, UCS; elastic modulus, EM) and stress-strain curves (RV: root volume in the root-soil complexes) of rootless soil and soybean root-soil complexes at different growth stages
RLS is rootless soil; S1, S2, S3 are blooming stage, initial grain forming stage and seed filling stage. Different lowercase and capital letters indicate significant differences among growth stages at P<0.05 and P<0.01 levels, respectively.
表 1 供试土壤的基本特征
Table 1. Basic physical and chemical properties of the tested soil
粒径级配
Particle size distribution (%)土粒比重
Specific gravity
(GS)土壤容重
Bulk density
(g∙cm−3)液限
Liquid limit
(%)塑限
Plastic limit
(%)塑性指数
Plasticity index
(%)有机质
Organic matter
(g∙kg−1)pH 砂粒 Sand
(0.075~2 mm)粉粒 Silt
(0.005~0.075 mm)黏粒 Clay
(<0.005 mm)5.0 52.4 42.5 2.75 1.35 59.7 32.9 26.8 30.15 6.29 
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表 2 大豆不同生育期根系(单株)特征参数
Table 2. Root characteristic parameters of soybean at different growth stages
特征参数
Characteristic parameter开花期
Blooming stage始粒期
Initial grain forming stage鼓粒期
Seed filling stage根长 Root length (cm) 598.68±94.29aA 603.61±189.89aA 580.70±195.51aA 表面积 Root surface area (cm2) 92.33±13.07bB 99.74±20.61bAB 118.81±38.63aA 平均直径 Average diameter (mm) 0.54±0.04cB 0.59±0.08bB 0.66±0.08aA 根体积 Root volume (cm3) 3.23±0.95bC 4.96±1.37aA 4.60±1.89aAB 根尖数 Tips number 734.15±126.49bB 1526.40±486.72aA 678.52±319.35bB 分支数 Forks number 1877.15±414.52bB 2110.80±1158.32aA 1447.57±722.14 bB 交叉数 Crossings number (个) 195.25±48.43aA 201.00±138.52aA 162.70±86.61bB 平均分支角 Average branching angle (°) 51.82±1.12aA 51.23±1.66aA 51.81±1.17aA 根尖密度 Root tip linear density (tipes∙cm−1) 1.23±0.14bB 2.56±0.47aA 1.13±0.21bB 分支密度 Forks linear density (forks∙cm−1) 3.30±0.38aA 3.36±0.63aA 2.38±0.54bB 表中数值为平均值±标准差。不同小写和大写字母分别表示不同生育期间在P<0.05和P<0.01水平差异显著, n=25。The data in the table are mean ± standard deviation. Different lowercase and capital letters indicate significant differences among different growth stages at P<0.05 and P<0.01 levels, respectively. n=25.
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表 3 大豆根系(单株)分形特征、拓扑结构参数与形态特征参数的相关性
Table 3. Correlation of fractal characteristics, topological structure parameters and morphological characteristics parameters of soybean root system
特征参数
Characteristic parameters分形维数
Fractal dimension分形丰度
Fractal abundance拓扑指数
Topology index平均连接长度
Average link length根长 Root length 0.596** 0.963** −0.710** −0.663** 表面积 Root surface area 0.713** 0.984** −0.714** −0.440* 平均直径 Average diameter 0.340 −0.019 0.048 0.693** 根体积 Root volume 0.738** 0.806** −0.623** −0.076 根尖数 Tips 0.011 0.357** −0.737** −0.596** 分支数 Forks 0.585** 0.817** −0.597** −0.855** 交叉数 Crossings 0.510* 0.770** −0.583** −0.764** 平均分支角 Average branching angle 0.536** 0.522* −0.498* −0.440* 根尖密度 Root tip linear density 0.209 0.017 −0.699** −0.492** 分支密度 Forks linear density 0.496** 0.127 −0.451** −0.938** 分形维数 Fractal dimension 0.667** −0.466* −0.344 分形丰度 Fractal abundance −0.751** −0.509* 拓扑指数 Topology index 0.310 **和*分别代表在P<0.01和P<0.05水平显著相关。** and * represent significant correlation at P<0.01 and P<0.05 levels, respectively.
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表 4 素土和大豆不同生育期根土复合体的天然含水率、天然密度、干密度、饱和含水率、饱和密度和孔隙比
Table 4. Natural water content, natural density, dry density, saturated water content, saturated density and porosity ratio of rootless soil and soybean root-soil complexes at different growth stages
处理
Treatment天然含水率
Natural water content (%)天然密度
Natural density
(g∙cm−3)干密度
Dry density
(g∙cm−3)饱和含水率
Saturated water content
(%)饱和密度
Saturated density
(g∙cm−3)孔隙比
Porosity ratioRLS 26.1±0.8cC 1.73±0.02bBC 1.37±0.14aA 34.9±0.7cD 1.85±0.12aA 1.005±0.004cC S1 31.9±0.7aA 1.75±0.03aA 1.31±0.05cC 37.8±0.2aA 1.82±0.06cB 1.100±0.006aA S2 31.3±0.2aA 1.74±0.02aAB 1.32±0.07cC 37.7±0.2aAB 1.82±0.02cB 1.091±0.004aAB S3 28.4±0.5bB 1.73±0.25bB 1.33±0.04bB 36.7±0.1bBC 1.83±0.01bB 1.066±0.019bB RLS为素土试样, S1、S2、S3分别为大豆开花期、始粒期和鼓粒期的根土复合体样本, n=15。不同小写和大写字母分别表示不同生育期间在P<0.05和P<0.01水平差异显著。RLS is rootless soil; S1, S2, S3 are root-soil composites at blooming stage, initial grain forming stage and seed filling stage of soybean, respectively. n=15. Different lowercase and capital letters indicate significant differences among growth stages at P<0.05 and P<0.01 levels, respectively.
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表 5 大豆全生育期根土复合体力学特性与根系形态和分形特征的相关性及拟合方程
Table 5. Correlation and regression equations between mechanical properties of root-soil complexes and root morphology and fractal characteristics during growth period of soybean
特征参数
Characteristic parameter相关系数
Coefficient无侧限抗压强度的拟合方程
Regression equation of unconfined compressive stregth无侧限抗压强度
Unconfined compressive strength弹性模量
Elastic modulus方程
EquationR2 P 根长 Root length 0.731** 0.785** y=27.109ln(x)−114.697 0.550 <0.001 表面积 Root surface area 0.859** 0.712** y=−0.001x2+1.860x−39.121 0.827 <0.001 平均直径 Average diameter 0.292 0.139 / / / 根体积 Root volume 0.794** 0.767** y =−0.393x2+7.492x+18.982 0.638 <0.001 根尖数 Tips 0.768** 0.736** y=20.124ln(x)–93.512 0.610 <0.001 分支数 Forks 0.711** 0.664** y=17.050ln(x)–74.502 0.570 <0.001 交叉数 Crossings 0.464 0.498* / / / 平均分支角
Average branching angle0.077 0.059 / / / 根尖密度
Root tip linear density0.509* 0.454 y=−10.771x2+66.103x−56.595 0.321 <0.05 分支密度 Forks linear density 0.496* 0.402 y=−7.748x2+54.436x−48.155 0.730 <0.05 平均连接长度 Average link length −0.603** −0.360 y=94.245e−3.43x 0.366 <0.01 分形维数 Fractal dimension 0.826** 0.446 y=0.349x10.428 0.705 <0.001 分形丰度 Fractal abundance 0.892** 0.667** y=−259.530x2+1996.044x−3787.083 0.880 <0.001 *P<0.05; **P<0.01.
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