Temperature effects of straw mulching on the agronomic and physiological characteristics of winter wheat
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摘要: 秸秆覆盖是一项有效的节水保墒技术, 广泛应用于农业生产。而对于凉季生长的作物, 秸秆覆盖引起的温度效应对作物生长发育的影响大于秸秆覆盖的保墒效应, 会导致作物减产。利用大田试验研究秸秆覆盖冬小麦的温度效应对冬小麦生理和农艺性状的影响, 探明秸秆覆盖引起冬小麦减产的机理。试验设置4个秸秆覆盖量处理: 不覆盖(CK)、低覆盖量(2450 kg∙hm−2, LM)、中覆盖量(3675 kg∙hm−2, MM)和高覆盖量(7350 kg∙hm−2, HM), 调查不同处理对土壤温度、冬小麦内源激素含量、茎伤流液离子浓度、农艺性状[植被指数(NDVI)、比值植被指数(RVI)、地上部干物质积累、根长]及产量的影响。结果表明: 秸秆覆盖提高了冬季土壤温度, 降低了春季返青期土壤温度。由于冬季冬小麦生长发育停止, 秸秆覆盖的增温效应对冬小麦生长影响较小。春季返青期, 冬小麦开始快速生长, 秸秆覆盖对根区土壤温度的降低效应显著抑制了冬小麦的生长发育。返青期冬小麦茎生长素(IAA)含量在低、中和高覆盖量下分别是不覆盖处理的1.7倍、2.5部和2.7倍, 较高的IAA含量抑制了冬小麦的生长。覆盖处理茎中生长素和玉米素核苷比值(IAA/ZR)增加, 抑制了分蘖的生长。秸秆覆盖下冬小麦农艺性状如根长密度、NDVI和RVI、密度和地上部生物量显著低于CK。至拔节期随着秸秆覆盖对土壤温度影响减弱, 覆盖处理茎中的IAA含量显著降低, 并低于CK处理, IAA/ZR比值也迅速下降, 与CK间差异减小, 茎中伤流液中离子浓度覆盖处理均高于CK, 均表明覆盖处理下小麦的生理功能加强, 但至拔节期覆盖处理下的冬小麦各农艺性状仍然低于CK, 秸秆覆盖下的冬小麦抽穗和扬花期比不覆盖晚2 d, 最终覆盖处理的冬小麦产量低于CK。秸秆覆盖对土壤温度、生理性状和农艺性状的影响随着覆盖量的增加而增加。综上研究表明, 秸秆覆盖引起的返青期土壤温度偏低延缓冬小麦生理过程, 是导致冬小麦产量降低的主要原因, 消减返青期秸秆覆盖层的温度效应是解决秸秆覆盖影响冬小麦产量的有效途径。Abstract: Straw mulching is a popular water-saving technology that is widely used in dry farming areas. However, the negative effects of straw mulching on soil temperature should be avoided when it is used on crops grown in cool seasons. Field experiments were conducted to investigate the temperature effects of straw mulching on the physiological and agronomic properties of winter wheat and to find solutions to reduce the negative effects of straw mulching on winter wheat production. An experiment consisting of four treatments was set up at the Luancheng Agro-Ecosystem Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2019–2020, which were no mulching (CK), low-rate straw mulching (2450 kg∙hm−2, LM), medium-rate straw mulching (3675 kg∙hm−2, MM), and high-rate straw mulching (7350 kg∙hm−2, HM). The physiological characteristics (endogenous hormones, concentration of stem bleeding ions) and agronomic traits (NDVI, RVI [ratio vegetation index], dry matter accumulation, root length density, and winter wheat yield) were monitored. The results showed that straw mulching increased the soil temperature during winter dormancy and decreased the soil temperature in spring when winter wheat entered the recovery stage. The warming effects of mulching did not affect winter wheat growth during the winter dormancy period because the crop was inactive. When winter wheat entered the recovery stage after winter dormancy, the effects of straw mulching on soil temperature inhibited the growth and development of winter wheat. At the recovery stage, the stem auxin (IAA) contents in the LM, MM, and HM treatments were 1.7, 2.5, and 2.7 times that of CK, respectively. The higher IAA content inhibited the growth of winter wheat. The ratio of IAA to zeatin riboside (ZR) increased in the stems of mulched plants, which inhibited tiller growth. Agronomic characteristics, such as root length, NDVI, RVI, plant density, and aboveground biomass of winter wheat at the recovery stage, were all significantly lower than those of CK. At the jointing stage, when the effects of straw mulching on soil temperature were weaker, the IAA content in wheat stems in mulching treatments significantly decreased and was even lower than that of CK treatment. The IAA/ZR ratio also rapidly decreased, and its difference from that of the CK also decreased. The ion concentrations in the stem sap in mulching treatments were higher than those in CK, indicating that the physiological properties of winter wheat under straw mulching were strengthened; however, the increased growth could not compensate for growth loss during the long recovery stage. The values for the agronomic characteristics under straw mulching were lower than those under CK at the jointing stage. The growth of winter wheat under straw mulching was delayed by 2 days at heading and anthesis. The yield of winter wheat under the straw mulching treatments was lower than that under CK. The results showed that the decrease in soil temperature at the recovery stage caused by straw mulching delayed the growth of winter wheat and was the main reason for the decrease in winter wheat production. The effects of straw mulching on soil temperature and the physiological and agronomic properties increased with the increased straw amount. Therefore, breaking the straw layer to reduce the negative effects of straw mulch on soil temperature during the recovery stage would be an effective measure to promote the positive effects of straw mulching on winter wheat.
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Key words:
- Straw mulching /
- Winter wheat /
- Root zone temperature /
- Endogenous hormones /
- Vegetation index /
- Stem bleeding ions
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图 1 小麦出苗—返青前不同秸秆覆盖量下5 cm、10 cm、20 cm和40 cm土壤日均温度变化
CK: 不覆盖; LM: 低覆盖量(2450 kg∙hm−2); MM: 中覆盖量(3675 kg∙hm−2); HM: 高覆盖量(7350 kg∙hm−2)。播种后62~135 d为越冬期。CK: no straw mulching; LM: low-rate straw mulching (2450 kg∙hm−2); MM: medium-rate straw mulching (3675 kg∙hm−2); HM: high-rate straw mulching (7350 kg∙hm−2). From 62 to 135 days after sowing is the overwintering period of winter wheat.
Figure 1. Average daily soil temperatures at 5 cm, 10 cm, 20 cm and 40 cm depth under different mulching amounts of straws from emergency to the beginning of recovery stage of winter wheat
图 2 冬小麦越冬期不同秸秆覆盖量下5 cm、10 cm、20 cm和40 cm土壤均温与对照温度的差值
CK: 不覆盖; LM: 低覆盖量(2450 kg∙hm−2); MM: 中覆盖量(3675 kg∙hm−2); HM: 高覆盖量(7350 kg∙hm−2)。不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。CK: no straw mulching; LM: low-rate straw mulching (2450 kg∙hm−2); MM: medium-rate straw mulching (3675 kg∙hm−2); HM: high-rate straw mulching (7350 kg∙hm−2). Different lowercase letters mean significant differences among treatments at P<0.05.
Figure 2. Differences of average soil temperature at 5 cm, 10 cm, 20 cm and 40 cm depths between straw mulching treatments and CK during the overwintering period of winter wheat
图 3 不同覆盖处理下冬小麦返青前—成熟期5 cm、10 cm、20 cm和40 cm土壤日均温度的变化
CK: 不覆盖; LM: 低覆盖量(2450 kg∙hm−2); MM: 中覆盖量(3675 kg∙hm−2); HM: 高覆盖量(7350 kg∙hm−2)。播种后136~162 d为返青期, 播种后163~191 d为拔节期, 播种后192~236 d为抽穗—灌浆期。CK: no straw mulching; LM: low-rate straw mulching (2450 kg∙hm−2); MM: medium-rate straw mulching (3675 kg∙hm−2); HM: high-rate straw mulching (7350 kg∙hm−2). From 136 to 162 days, from 163 to 191days, and from 192 to 236 days after sowing are the recovery stage, jointing stage and heading-mature stage of winter wheat.
Figure 3. Average daily soil temperature at 5 cm, 10 cm, 20 cm and 40 cm depths under different treatments from the beginning of recovery stage to mature stage of winter wheat
图 4 冬小麦返青期不同秸秆覆盖量下5 cm、10 cm、20 cm和40 cm土壤均温与对照温度的差值
CK: 不覆盖; LM: 低覆盖量(2450 kg∙hm−2); MM: 中覆盖量(3675 kg∙hm−2); HM: 高覆盖量(7350 kg∙hm−2)。不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。CK: no straw mulching; LM: low-rate straw mulching (2450 kg∙hm−2); MM: medium-rate straw mulching (3675 kg∙hm−2); HM: high-rate straw mulching (7350 kg∙hm−2). Different lowercase letters mean significant differences among treatments at P<0.05.
Figure 4. Differences of average soil temperature at 5 cm, 10 cm, 20 cm and 40 cm depths between straw mulching treatments and control during the recovery stage of winter wheat
图 5 不同覆盖处理对冬小麦拔节期茎伤流液离子浓度的影响
CK: 不覆盖; LM: 低覆盖量(2450 kg∙hm−2); MM: 中覆盖量(3675 kg∙hm−2); HM: 高覆盖量(7350 kg∙hm−2)。不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。CK: no straw mulching; LM: low-rate straw mulching (2450 kg∙hm−2); MM: medium-rate straw mulching (3675 kg∙hm−2); HM: high-rate straw mulching (7350 kg∙hm−2). Different lowercase letters mean significant differences among treatments at P<0.05.
Figure 5. Ions contents in stem saps of winter wheat at jointing stage under different mulching treatments
图 6 冬小麦返青期至成熟期植被指数(NDVI)和比值植被指数(RVI)的变化
CK: 不覆盖; LM: 低覆盖量(2450 kg∙hm−2); MM: 中覆盖量(3675 kg∙hm−2); HM: 高覆盖量(7350 kg∙hm−2)。播种后135~162 d为返青期, 播种后163~191 d为拔节期, 播种后192~236 d为抽穗—成熟期。不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。CK: no straw mulching; LM: low-rate straw mulching (2450 kg∙hm−2); MM: medium-rate straw mulching (3675 kg∙hm−2); HM: high-rate straw mulching (7350 kg∙hm−2). Different lowercase letters mean significant differences among treatments at P<0.05. From 135 to 162 days, from 163 to 191 days, and from 192 to 236 days after sowing are the recovery stage, jointing stage and heading-mature stage of winter wheat.
Figure 6. Changes of winter wheat NDVI and RVI from turning green to maturity under different straw mulching treatments
图 7 不同秸秆覆盖处理对冬小麦茎蘖数(A)和地上部干重(B)的影响
CK: 不覆盖; LM: 低覆盖量(2450 kg∙hm−2); MM: 中覆盖量(3675 kg∙hm−2); HM: 高覆盖量(7350 kg∙hm−2)。不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。CK: no straw mulching; LM: low-rate straw mulching (2450 kg∙hm−2); MM: medium-rate straw mulching (3675 kg∙hm−2); HM: high-rate straw mulching (7350 kg∙hm−2). Different lowercase letters mean significant differences among treatments at P<0.05.
Figure 7. Stem density (A) and aboveground dry weight (B) changes of winter wheat under different straw mulching treatments
图 8 不同秸秆覆盖处理对冬小麦0~60 cm土层总根长的影响
CK: 不覆盖; LM: 低覆盖量(2450 kg∙hm−2); MM: 中覆盖量(3675 kg∙hm−2); HM: 高覆盖量(7350 kg∙hm−2)。不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。CK: no straw mulching; LM: low-rate straw mulching (2450 kg∙hm−2); MM: medium-rate straw mulching (3675 kg∙hm−2); HM: high-rate straw mulching (7350 kg∙hm−2). Different lowercase letters mean significant differences among treatments at P<0.05.
Figure 8. Total root length in 0−60 cm soil layer of winter wheat under different straw mulching treatments
表 1 不同覆盖处理对冬小麦内源激素含量的影响
Table 1. Effects of different straw mulching treatments on endogenous hormone contents of winter wheat
生育期
Growth stage处理
Treatment生长素 Auxin (IAA) [ng∙g−1 (FW)] 玉米素核甘 Zeatin riboside (ZR) [ng∙g−1 (FW)] IAA/ZR 茎 Stem 叶 Leaf 茎 Stem 叶 Leaf 茎 Stem 叶 Leaf 越冬前
Before winter dormancyCK 55.3±1.8c 41.5±1.8d 8.8±0.2a 3.9±0.2c 6.3±0.1c 10.6±0.2a LM 59.3±1.3b 72.4±2.5a 4.6±0.1c 6.9±0.2b 10.4±0.2b 10.4±0.2a MM 66.7±1.6a 54.6±1.5b 5.7±0.1b 6.6±0.2b 11.8±0.2a 9.3±0.1b HM 67.9±1.2a 50.7±1.6c 5.7±0.1b 8.4±0.3a 11.9±0.4a 6.1±0.1c 返青期
Recovery stageCK 49.5±1.0d 48.0±0.8a 7.7±0.2b 6.0±0.2d 6.4±0.1d 8.1±0.2a LM 86.0±1.9c 40.4±1.4c 6.6±0.1c 6.8±0.2c 13.0±0.3c 5.9±0.1b MM 124.6±2.7b 40.6±1.0c 8.3±0.3a 8.1±0.1b 15.0±0.3b 5.0±0.1c HM 133.6±3.3a 44.9±1.2b 5.9±0.1d 8.8±0.4a 22.6±0.4a 5.1±0.1c 拔节期
Jointing
stageCK 105.0±3.3a 46.0±1.8a 8.0±0.3b 9.1±0.2c 13.1±0.2b 5.0±0.1a LM 103.2±4.2a 41.2±1.0b 6.7±0.1c 8.6±0.2d 15.5±0.3a 4.8±0.1b MM 88.5±2.1b 38.8±0.7c 8.6±0.2a 9.7±0.2b 10.3±0.2c 4.0±0.1c HM 91.0±2.3b 36.8±1.7d 6.6±0.1c 11.2±0.3a 13.7±0.3b 3.3±0.1d 灌浆期
Filling
stageCK 176.5±3.5a 51.6±0.9b 5.0±0.1b 7.2±0.2d 35.6±0.5a 7.2±0.2a LM 82.0±1.7b 42.9±1.1c 4.6±0.2c 8.8±0.1c 17.8±0.4b 4.9±0.1b MM 58.0±1.6d 55.2±1.8a 3.9±0.1d 12.9±0.2a 15.1±0.3c 4.3±0.1c HM 66.7±2.3c 41.1±1.5d 5.2±0.2a 12.4±0.3b 13.0±0.3d 3.3±0.1d CK: 不覆盖; LM: 低覆盖量(2450 kg∙hm−2); MM: 中覆盖量(3675 kg∙hm−2); HM: 高覆盖量(7350 kg∙hm−2)。同列同一生育期不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。CK: no straw mulching; LM: low-rate straw mulching (2450 kg∙hm−2); MM: medium-rate straw mulching (3675 kg∙hm−2); HM: high-rate straw mulching (7350 kg∙hm−2). Different lowercase letters in a column for the same growth stage mean significant differences among treatments at P<0.05. 
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表 2 不同覆盖处理对冬小麦灌浆期旗叶光合速率的影响
Table 2. Effects of different straw mulching treatments on photosynthetic rate of flag leaves of winter wheat at grain filling stage
处理
Treatment净光合速
Net photosynthetic rate
(μmol∙m−2∙s−1)气孔导度
Stomatal conductance
(μmol∙m−2∙s−1)胞间CO2浓度
Intercellular CO2 concentration
(μmol∙m−2∙s−1)蒸腾速率
Transpiration rate
(μmol∙m−2∙s−1)CK 22.74±1.01c 0.48±0.01b 265.08±3.09a 8.35±0.33b LM 26.03±0.46b 0.50±0.05b 242.69±9.51b 8.77±0.77b MM 25.72±0.35b 0.46±0.01b 246.89±1.6b 8.41±0.29b HM 29.53±0.99a 0.55±0.09a 246.45±1.24b 9.76±0.91a CK: 不覆盖; LM: 低覆盖量(2450 kg∙hm−2); MM: 中覆盖量(3675 kg∙hm−2); HM: 高覆盖量(7350 kg∙hm−2)。同列不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。CK: no straw mulching; LM: low-rate straw mulching (2450 kg∙hm−2); MM: medium-rate straw mulching (3675 kg∙hm−2); HM: high-rate straw mulching (7350 kg∙hm−2). Different lowercase letters in a column mean significant differences among treatments at P<0.05.
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表 3 不同秸秆覆盖处理对冬小麦产量、产量构成及收获指数的影响
Table 3. Grain yield, yield components and harvest index of winter wheat under different straw mulching treatments
处理
Treatment产量
Grain yield (kg∙hm−2)有效穗数
Spike number (×104spikes∙hm−2)穗粒数
Kernels per spike千粒重
1000-seed weight (g)收获指数
Harvest indexCK 8375.8±315.5a 615.8±356.0a 35.1±0.9a 39.4±1.8a 0.47±0.01a LM 8193.3±259.3a 610.8±333.1a 35.1±1.6a 40.0±1.6a 0.47±0.01a MM 8131.9±283.8a 612.1±378.3a 36.5±1.3a 38.4±1.1a 0.45±0.01b HM 8066.4±329.3a 598.2±370.5a 36.0±1.8a 39.4±1.7a 0.45±0.02b CK: 不覆盖; LM: 低覆盖量(2450 kg∙hm−2); MM: 中覆盖量(3675 kg∙hm−2); HM: 高覆盖量(7350 kg∙hm−2)。同列不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。CK: no straw mulching; LM: low-rate straw mulching (2450 kg∙hm−2); MM: medium-rate straw mulching (3675 kg∙hm−2); HM: high-rate straw mulching (7350 kg∙hm−2). Different lowercase letters in a column mean significant differences among treatments at P<0.05.
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