中国有机农业发展的多元组态路径

卢瑜; 向平安

doi:10.12357/cjea.20220265

中国有机农业发展的多元组态路径基于模糊集定性比较分析

doi: 10.12357/cjea.20220265

卢瑜^{1, 2,},
向平安^2, ,

1.
湖南女子学院商学院　长沙　410004
2.
湖南农业大学商学院　长沙　410028

基金项目: 湖南省教育厅科学研究项目(22B0932)、湖南省哲学社会科学基金项目(21YBA084)和湖南省自然科学基金项目(2021JJ30369)资助

详细信息

作者简介:
卢瑜, 主要从事有机农业研究。E-mail: 634279803@qq.com

通讯作者:
向平安, 主要从事生态农业研究。E-mail: xpa830@126.com

中图分类号: F327
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-04-11
- 录用日期: 2022-05-18
- 网络出版日期: 2022-07-15
- 刊出日期: 2023-04-10

The configuration pathways of organic agriculture development in China: a study based on fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis

LU Yu^{1, 2
,},
XIANG Ping’an^{2
, ,}

1.
Business School, Hunan Women’s University, Changsha 410004, China
2.
Business School, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410028, China

Funds: This study was supported by the Scientific Research Project of Hunan Provincial Department of Education (22B0932), the Philosophy and Social Science Foundation of Hunan Province (21YBA084), and the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province (2021JJ30369).

More Information

Corresponding author: E-mail: xpa830@126.com

摘要

摘要: 洞悉有机农业发展的多元驱动路径对于促进我国农业绿色可持续发展至关重要。本文基于组态理论, 以中国省域有机农业发展为案例, 综合运用必要条件分析和模糊集定性比较分析方法, 通过探讨市场环境、资源禀赋、组织条件和政策制度的多重因素对区域有机农业发展的联动效应, 揭示有机农业发展的多元驱动路径。研究表明: 市场环境、资源禀赋、组织条件和政策制度等方面的多重因素并发联动形成了有机农业发展的多元条件组态; 存在4条驱动有机农业发展的差异化路径: 政策主导组织助力型、市场和组织双轮驱动型、认证和组织叠加带动型以及认证带动资源优势型。3种导致非高有机农业发展的条件组态均指向有机认证和产业化组织促进有机农业发展的显著效应。因此, 研究认为积极推动有机产品认证、发展产业化组织、加大政府正向激励是促进有机农业发展的主要政策建议, 此外各地应根据自身特点和资源禀赋选择有机农业发展的差异化路径。
- 有机农业 /
- 模糊集定性比较分析 /
- 必要条件分析 /
- 组态效应 /
- 驱动路径
Abstract: Organic agriculture is a popular sustainable agricultural production method and is becoming an important method for the green development of agriculture in various countries. Testing the causally complex relationships between organic agricultural development and its multiple influencing factors and clarifying the configurations and pathways for promoting organic agricultural development play important roles in achieving high-quality agricultural development. This study advocated an asymmetric configuration perspective that tests the causal complexity of high and none-high organic agriculture development. This study explored the necessary conditions for organic agriculture development using the necessary condition analysis (NCA) method. Fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) was then used to detect the impact of different configurations of multiple factors on organic agriculture development and explore the synergy pathways with different configurations for organic agriculture development. Our main findings revealed that no single explanatory attribute of organic agricultural development constituted the necessary condition. Instead of a one-size-fits-all approach, the following four pathways be consisted of market environment, endowments, organization conditions and policy system were revealed with different configurations for the rapid development of organic agriculture in China: led and organized by government; market- and organization-driven; certification- and organization-driven; and certification-driven resources. Three recipes existed for the low development of organic agriculture, all of which presented the absence of organic certification and organizational conditions, revealing that organic certification and organizational conditions played an important role in organic agriculture development. The inspiration for optimizing the development environment of organic agriculture is that although there are differences in the market, ecological conditions, public policies, and organizational conditions in various regions, this does not prevent these regions from promoting the development of organic agriculture through different configuration paths. The conclusions provided empirical evidence and a theoretical reference for governments to formulate public policies to promote organic agricultural development in different situations. The contributions were as follows: first, this study adopted NCA methods to examine whether any single factor constitutes a necessary condition for the development of organic agriculture in China, which advanced the understanding of prior research on correlational relationships between the influencing factors and organic agriculture development as well as revealed that government support plays an important role in driving the development of organic agriculture in China. Second, based on the configuration theory, the QCA method was used to explore the synergistic impact of multiple factors, such as the market environment, resource endowment, organizational conditions, and policy systems, on the development of organic agriculture. This is a useful supplement to traditional empirical research and provides detailed and rich empirical evidence of the complex causal relationship between the development of organic agriculture and its influencing factors. Third, this study conducted a more systematic and specific analysis of the influencing factors and driving path of organic agricultural development at the provincial level. This enriched prior literatures by offering a more fine-grained understanding of China’s unbalanced development of organic agriculture. Finally, we conducted a mixed study of NCA and QCA, which promoted research on the necessary and sufficient causality between influencing factors and organic agriculture development.
- Organic agriculture /
- Fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) /
- Necessary condition analysis (NCA) /
- Configuration effect /
- Driving path

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图 1 有机农业发展的组态分析模型

Figure 1. Configuration effect analysis model of multiple factors in the development of organic agriculture

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表 1 有机农业发展变量集合、校准及描述性统计

Table 1. Sets, calibrations and descriptive statistics of variables of organic agriculture development

变量集合 Set of variables	模糊集校准 Fuzzy set calibration			描述性统计 Descriptive statistic
变量集合 Set of variables	完全不隶属 Fully out	交叉点 Crossover	完全隶属 Fully in	均值 Mean	标准差 Standard deviation
有机农业发展 Organic agriculture development	0.334	0.223	0.116	0.256	0.209
居民收入水平 Resident income level	0.335	0.214	0.158	0.297	0.233
基础设施条件 Infrastructure conditions	0.327	0.211	0.154	0.270	0.212
生态条件 Ecological conditions	0.835	0.735	0.419	0.638	0.280
劳动力资源 Labor resources	0.458	0.341	0.275	0.476	0.403
产业组织 Industrial organization	0.535	0.431	0.243	0.532	0.417
合作组织 Cooperative organization	0.463	0.322	0.171	0.478	0.423
公共政策 Public policy	0.354	0.278	0.115	0.270	0.165
认证制度 Certification system	0.425	0.291	0.149	0.491	0.401

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表 2 有机农业发展的必要条件分析(NCA)

Table 2. Analysis of necessary conditions of organic agriculture development in NCA (necessary condition analysis)

条件 Condition		方法 Method	精确度 C-accuracy (%)	上限区域 Ceiling zone	范围 Scope	效应量 Effect size	P值 P value
市场环境 Market environment	居民收入水平 Resident income level	CE	100	0.107	1.000	0.107	0.822
	居民收入水平 Resident income level	CR	100	0.053	1.000	0.053	0.869
	基础设施条件 Infrastructure condition	CE	100	0.161	0.769	0.210	0.811
	基础设施条件 Infrastructure condition	CR	96.5	0.133	0.769	0.174	0.727
资源禀赋 Endowments	生态条件 Ecological condition	CE	100	0.000	1.000	0.000	1.000
	生态条件 Ecological condition	CR	100	0.000	1.000	0.000	1.000
	劳动力资源 Labor resource	CE	100	0.192	0.628	0.305	0.838
	劳动力资源 Labor resource	CR	96.5	0.146	0.628	0.232	0.772
组织条件 Organization conditions	产业组织 Industrial organization	CE	100	0.298	1.000	0.298	0.548
	产业组织 Industrial organization	CR	100	0.193	1.000	0.193	0.601
	合作组织 Cooperative organization	CE	100	0.108	1.000	0.108	0.757
	合作组织 Cooperative organization	CR	100	0.084	1.000	0.084	0.712
政策制度 Policy system	公共政策 Public policy	CE	100	0.155	0.623	0.248	0.458
	公共政策 Public policy	CR	96.8	0.102	0.623	0.164	0.479
	认证制度 Certification system	CE	100	0.143	1.000	0.143	0.624
	认证制度 Certification system	CR	96.8	0.104	1.000	0.104	0.558

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表 3 有机农业发展前因条件的必要条件分析(NCA)瓶颈水平分析

Table 3. Bottleneck table of conditions for organic agriculture development in NCA (necessary condition analysis)

%
条件 Condition	有机农业发展水平 Organic agriculture development level (%)
条件 Condition	0	10	30	40	50	60	70	80	90	100
居民收入水平 Resident income level	NN	NN	NN	NN	NN	NN	NN	NN	NN	NN
基础设施条件 Infrastructure condition	NN	NN	0.5	4.7	8.9	13.0	17.2	21.4	25.5	29.7
生态条件 Ecological condition	NN	NN	NN	NN	NN	NN	NN	NN	NN	NN
劳动力资源 Labor resource	NN	NN	NN	NN	NN	NN	NN	0.7	5.7	10.6
产业组织 Industrial organization	NN	NN	2.9	4.7	6.5	8.4	10.2	12.0	13.8	15.6
合作组织 Cooperative organization	NN	NN	6.7	10.6	14.6	18.5	22.5	26.4	30.3	34.3
公共政策 Public policy	NN	NN	5.7	10.6	15.5	20.5	25.4	30.4	35.3	40.3
认证制度 Certification system	NN	NN	2.7	6.5	10.3	14.1	17.8	21.6	25.4	29.2
“NN”表示不必要。“NN” indicates unnecessary.

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表 4 有机农业发展前因条件的模糊集定性比较分析方法(fsQCA)必要性检验

Table 4. Analysis of necessary conditions for organic agriculture development in fsQCA (fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis)

条件 Condition	一致性 Consistency	覆盖度 Coverage	条件 Condition	一致性 Consistency	覆盖度 Coverage
居民收入水平 Resident income level	0.531	0.540	~居民收入水平 ~Resident income level	0.546	0.545
基础设施条件 Infrastructure condition	0.479	0.509	~基础设施条件 ~Infrastructure condition	0.639	0.613
生态条件 Ecological conditions	0.640	0.655	~生态条件 ~Ecological condition	0.434	0.431
劳动力资源 Labor resource	0.573	0.607	~劳动力资源 ~Labor resource	0.498	0.479
产业组织 Industrial organization	0.790	0.748	~产业组织 ~Industrial organization	0.299	0.323
合作组织 Cooperative organization	0.722	0.761	~合作组织 ~Cooperative organization	0.393	0.379
公共政策 Public policy	0.683	0.680	~公共政策 ~Public policy	0.431	0.440
认证制度 Certification system	0.758	0.754	~认证制度 ~Certification system	0.362	0.369
~表示某个前因条件缺乏, 如: ~生态条件=生态条件差。~ means the absence of the condition. For example: ~ Ecological condition = absence of high ecological conditions.

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表 5 有机农业发展的组态分析结果

Table 5. Configurations of causal conditions for high/not high organic agriculture development

条件 Condition	实现高有机农业发展的组态 Configuration of high organic agriculture development					实现非高有机农业发展的组态 Configuration of none-high organic agriculture development
条件 Condition	S1	S2	S3	S4a	S4b	NS1	NS2	NS3
居民收入水平 Resident income level	⊗	●		⊗	⊗	●		⊗
基础设施条件 Infrastructure condition		●	●	⊗		●
生态条件 Ecological condition	⊗	⊗	●	●	●		●	⊗
劳动力资源 Labor resource			⊗	●	●		●	●
产业组织 Industrial organization	●	●	●	⊗		●	⊗
合作组织 Cooperative organization	●	●	●		●	●		⊗
公共政策 Public policy	●	●		●	●	⊗		●
认证制度 Certification system	●		●	●	●	⊗	⊗	⊗
一致性 Consistency	0.998	0.997	1.000	0.993	1.000	0.166	0.223	0.176
原始覆盖度 Raw coverage	0.106	0.210	0.224	0.186	0.107	0.083	0.148	0.081
唯一覆盖度 Unique coverage	0.063	0.118	0.071	0.036	0.070	0.852	0.907	0.846
案例 Case	西北地区 Northwest region 新疆 Xinjiang 青海 Qinghai 内蒙古 Inner Mongolia	东部地区 Eastern region 浙江 Zhejiang 山东 Shandong	东北地区 Northeast region 黑龙江 Heilongjiang 辽宁 Liaoning	西南地区 Southwest region 云南 Yunnan 贵州 Guizhou 四川 Sichuan	中部地区 Central region 江西 Jiangxi 安徽 Anhui	东部地区 Eastern region 广东 Guangdong 江苏 Jiangsu	中部地区 Central region 湖北 Hubei 湖南 Hunan	西北地区 Northwest region 宁夏 Ningxia 陕西 Shaanxi
总体一致性 Overall solution consistency	0.950					0.853
总体覆盖度 Overall solution coverage	0.649					0.543
●表示核心条件存在; ⊗表示核心条件缺失; ●表示边缘条件存在; ⊗表示边缘条件缺失。 ● core causal condition (present); ⊗ core causal condition (absent); ● peripheral causal condition (present); ⊗ peripheral causal condition (absent).

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