The configuration pathways of organic agriculture development in China: a study based on fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis
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摘要: 洞悉有机农业发展的多元驱动路径对于促进我国农业绿色可持续发展至关重要。本文基于组态理论, 以中国省域有机农业发展为案例, 综合运用必要条件分析和模糊集定性比较分析方法, 通过探讨市场环境、资源禀赋、组织条件和政策制度的多重因素对区域有机农业发展的联动效应, 揭示有机农业发展的多元驱动路径。研究表明: 市场环境、资源禀赋、组织条件和政策制度等方面的多重因素并发联动形成了有机农业发展的多元条件组态; 存在4条驱动有机农业发展的差异化路径: 政策主导组织助力型、市场和组织双轮驱动型、认证和组织叠加带动型以及认证带动资源优势型。3种导致非高有机农业发展的条件组态均指向有机认证和产业化组织促进有机农业发展的显著效应。因此, 研究认为积极推动有机产品认证、发展产业化组织、加大政府正向激励是促进有机农业发展的主要政策建议, 此外各地应根据自身特点和资源禀赋选择有机农业发展的差异化路径。Abstract: Organic agriculture is a popular sustainable agricultural production method and is becoming an important method for the green development of agriculture in various countries. Testing the causally complex relationships between organic agricultural development and its multiple influencing factors and clarifying the configurations and pathways for promoting organic agricultural development play important roles in achieving high-quality agricultural development. This study advocated an asymmetric configuration perspective that tests the causal complexity of high and none-high organic agriculture development. This study explored the necessary conditions for organic agriculture development using the necessary condition analysis (NCA) method. Fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) was then used to detect the impact of different configurations of multiple factors on organic agriculture development and explore the synergy pathways with different configurations for organic agriculture development. Our main findings revealed that no single explanatory attribute of organic agricultural development constituted the necessary condition. Instead of a one-size-fits-all approach, the following four pathways be consisted of market environment, endowments, organization conditions and policy system were revealed with different configurations for the rapid development of organic agriculture in China: led and organized by government; market- and organization-driven; certification- and organization-driven; and certification-driven resources. Three recipes existed for the low development of organic agriculture, all of which presented the absence of organic certification and organizational conditions, revealing that organic certification and organizational conditions played an important role in organic agriculture development. The inspiration for optimizing the development environment of organic agriculture is that although there are differences in the market, ecological conditions, public policies, and organizational conditions in various regions, this does not prevent these regions from promoting the development of organic agriculture through different configuration paths. The conclusions provided empirical evidence and a theoretical reference for governments to formulate public policies to promote organic agricultural development in different situations. The contributions were as follows: first, this study adopted NCA methods to examine whether any single factor constitutes a necessary condition for the development of organic agriculture in China, which advanced the understanding of prior research on correlational relationships between the influencing factors and organic agriculture development as well as revealed that government support plays an important role in driving the development of organic agriculture in China. Second, based on the configuration theory, the QCA method was used to explore the synergistic impact of multiple factors, such as the market environment, resource endowment, organizational conditions, and policy systems, on the development of organic agriculture. This is a useful supplement to traditional empirical research and provides detailed and rich empirical evidence of the complex causal relationship between the development of organic agriculture and its influencing factors. Third, this study conducted a more systematic and specific analysis of the influencing factors and driving path of organic agricultural development at the provincial level. This enriched prior literatures by offering a more fine-grained understanding of China’s unbalanced development of organic agriculture. Finally, we conducted a mixed study of NCA and QCA, which promoted research on the necessary and sufficient causality between influencing factors and organic agriculture development.
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表 1 有机农业发展变量集合、校准及描述性统计
Table 1. Sets, calibrations and descriptive statistics of variables of organic agriculture development
变量集合
Set of variables模糊集校准 Fuzzy set calibration 描述性统计 Descriptive statistic 完全不隶属 Fully out 交叉点 Crossover 完全隶属 Fully in 均值 Mean 标准差 Standard deviation 有机农业发展 Organic agriculture development 0.334 0.223 0.116 0.256 0.209 居民收入水平 Resident income level 0.335 0.214 0.158 0.297 0.233 基础设施条件 Infrastructure conditions 0.327 0.211 0.154 0.270 0.212 生态条件 Ecological conditions 0.835 0.735 0.419 0.638 0.280 劳动力资源 Labor resources 0.458 0.341 0.275 0.476 0.403 产业组织 Industrial organization 0.535 0.431 0.243 0.532 0.417 合作组织 Cooperative organization 0.463 0.322 0.171 0.478 0.423 公共政策 Public policy 0.354 0.278 0.115 0.270 0.165 认证制度 Certification system 0.425 0.291 0.149 0.491 0.401 表 2 有机农业发展的必要条件分析(NCA)
Table 2. Analysis of necessary conditions of organic agriculture development in NCA (necessary condition analysis)
条件
Condition方法
Method精确度
C-accuracy (%)上限区域
Ceiling zone范围
Scope效应量
Effect sizeP值
P value市场环境
Market environment居民收入水平
Resident income levelCE 100 0.107 1.000 0.107 0.822 CR 100 0.053 1.000 0.053 0.869 基础设施条件
Infrastructure conditionCE 100 0.161 0.769 0.210 0.811 CR 96.5 0.133 0.769 0.174 0.727 资源禀赋
Endowments生态条件
Ecological conditionCE 100 0.000 1.000 0.000 1.000 CR 100 0.000 1.000 0.000 1.000 劳动力资源
Labor resourceCE 100 0.192 0.628 0.305 0.838 CR 96.5 0.146 0.628 0.232 0.772 组织条件
Organization conditions产业组织
Industrial organizationCE 100 0.298 1.000 0.298 0.548 CR 100 0.193 1.000 0.193 0.601 合作组织
Cooperative organizationCE 100 0.108 1.000 0.108 0.757 CR 100 0.084 1.000 0.084 0.712 政策制度
Policy system公共政策
Public policyCE 100 0.155 0.623 0.248 0.458 CR 96.8 0.102 0.623 0.164 0.479 认证制度
Certification systemCE 100 0.143 1.000 0.143 0.624 CR 96.8 0.104 1.000 0.104 0.558 表 3 有机农业发展前因条件的必要条件分析(NCA)瓶颈水平分析
Table 3. Bottleneck table of conditions for organic agriculture development in NCA (necessary condition analysis)
% 条件 Condition 有机农业发展水平 Organic agriculture development level (%) 0 10 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 居民收入水平 Resident income level NN NN NN NN NN NN NN NN NN NN 基础设施条件 Infrastructure condition NN NN 0.5 4.7 8.9 13.0 17.2 21.4 25.5 29.7 生态条件 Ecological condition NN NN NN NN NN NN NN NN NN NN 劳动力资源 Labor resource NN NN NN NN NN NN NN 0.7 5.7 10.6 产业组织 Industrial organization NN NN 2.9 4.7 6.5 8.4 10.2 12.0 13.8 15.6 合作组织 Cooperative organization NN NN 6.7 10.6 14.6 18.5 22.5 26.4 30.3 34.3 公共政策 Public policy NN NN 5.7 10.6 15.5 20.5 25.4 30.4 35.3 40.3 认证制度 Certification system NN NN 2.7 6.5 10.3 14.1 17.8 21.6 25.4 29.2 “NN”表示不必要。“NN” indicates unnecessary. 表 4 有机农业发展前因条件的模糊集定性比较分析方法(fsQCA)必要性检验
Table 4. Analysis of necessary conditions for organic agriculture development in fsQCA (fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis)
条件
Condition一致性
Consistency覆盖度
Coverage条件
Condition一致性
Consistency覆盖度
Coverage居民收入水平 Resident income level 0.531 0.540 ~居民收入水平 ~Resident income level 0.546 0.545 基础设施条件 Infrastructure condition 0.479 0.509 ~基础设施条件 ~Infrastructure condition 0.639 0.613 生态条件 Ecological conditions 0.640 0.655 ~生态条件 ~Ecological condition 0.434 0.431 劳动力资源 Labor resource 0.573 0.607 ~劳动力资源 ~Labor resource 0.498 0.479 产业组织 Industrial organization 0.790 0.748 ~产业组织 ~Industrial organization 0.299 0.323 合作组织 Cooperative organization 0.722 0.761 ~合作组织 ~Cooperative organization 0.393 0.379 公共政策 Public policy 0.683 0.680 ~公共政策 ~Public policy 0.431 0.440 认证制度 Certification system 0.758 0.754 ~认证制度 ~Certification system 0.362 0.369 ~表示某个前因条件缺乏, 如: ~生态条件=生态条件差。~ means the absence of the condition. For example: ~ Ecological condition = absence of high ecological conditions. 表 5 有机农业发展的组态分析结果
Table 5. Configurations of causal conditions for high/not high organic agriculture development
条件
Condition实现高有机农业发展的组态
Configuration of high organic agriculture development实现非高有机农业发展的组态
Configuration of none-high organic agriculture developmentS1 S2 S3 S4a S4b NS1 NS2 NS3 居民收入水平
Resident income level⊗ ● ⊗ ⊗ ● ⊗ 基础设施条件
Infrastructure condition● ● ⊗ ● 生态条件
Ecological condition⊗ ⊗ ● ● ● ● ⊗ 劳动力资源
Labor resource⊗ ● ● ● ● 产业组织
Industrial organization● ● ● ⊗ ● ⊗ 合作组织
Cooperative organization● ● ● ● ● ⊗ 公共政策
Public policy● ● ● ● ⊗ ● 认证制度
Certification system● ● ● ● ⊗ ⊗ ⊗ 一致性
Consistency0.998 0.997 1.000 0.993 1.000 0.166 0.223 0.176 原始覆盖度
Raw coverage0.106 0.210 0.224 0.186 0.107 0.083 0.148 0.081 唯一覆盖度
Unique coverage0.063 0.118 0.071 0.036 0.070 0.852 0.907 0.846 案例
Case西北地区
Northwest region
新疆 Xinjiang
青海 Qinghai
内蒙古
Inner Mongolia东部地区
Eastern region
浙江
Zhejiang
山东
Shandong东北地区
Northeast
region
黑龙江
Heilongjiang
辽宁
Liaoning西南地区
Southwest region
云南
Yunnan
贵州
Guizhou
四川
Sichuan中部地区
Central region
江西
Jiangxi
安徽
Anhui东部地区
Eastern region
广东 Guangdong
江苏
Jiangsu中部地区
Central region
湖北
Hubei
湖南
Hunan西北地区
Northwest
region
宁夏
Ningxia
陕西
Shaanxi总体一致性
Overall solution consistency0.950 0.853 总体覆盖度
Overall solution coverage0.649 0.543 ●表示核心条件存在; ⊗表示核心条件缺失; ●表示边缘条件存在; ⊗表示边缘条件缺失。 ● core causal condition (present); ⊗ core causal condition (absent); ● peripheral causal condition (present); ⊗ peripheral causal condition (absent). -
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