Effect of nitrogen fertilizer and soil conditioner on soil carbon and nitrogen content, and oat yield
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摘要: 为探究减氮下调理剂对土壤养分及莜麦产量的调控作用, 以自主研发的新型液态调理剂为研究对象, 设置不施肥(CK)、80%氮肥(N80)、常规施氮(N100)、调理剂+80%氮肥(PN80)、调理剂+常规施氮(PN100) 5个处理, 分析不同氮肥用量添加调理剂对冀西北地区土壤物理性状、不同土层碳氮组分含量及莜麦产量的影响。结果表明, 与常规施氮(N100)处理相比, PN80处理的土壤含水量、田间持水量、孔隙度分别显著提高8.72%、8.22%、17.68% (P<0.05), 土壤容重显著降低9.06% (P<0.05)。对土壤有机碳、全氮及其组分研究表明, PN80处理较N100显著提高0~60 cm土层的有机碳、全氮、硝态氮和20~60 cm土层活性有机碳、微生物量碳, 分别提高4.97%~20.06%、8.43%~11.66%、23.10%~44.96%和11.95%~40.49%、11.43%~40.42% (P<0.05)。不同处理对莜麦养分及产量的影响差异较大, 其中PN80处理效果最为显著。与N100相比, PN80的莜麦全氮、全磷、全钾含量及作物产量分别显著提高12.93%、15.16%、3.69%、18.73% (P<0.05)。同时, 与N100相比, N80在减氮20%的情况下显著降低了莜麦氮磷钾吸收量, 但并未造成莜麦减产。综上所述, 较常规施肥措施, 减氮(80%氮肥)添加调理剂可以改良土壤性状, 增加土壤碳组分含量, 减少硝态氮淋溶的风险, 进而提高莜麦植株的养分及产量, 这对实现农业绿色发展, 减少肥料投入对环境产生的影响, 提高氮肥利用率具有重要意义。Abstract: Soil conditioners have been applied in agriculture due to advantages, such as coordinating soil water and fertilizer, improving soil water-retaining and fertility-reserving capacity. A new type of liquid conditioner was introduced in oat cultivation in this study, its’ effects on soil physical properties, and characteristics of soil organic carbon and nitrogen, and oat yield under nitrogen fertilizer reduction were investigated to explore the driving mechanism of N reduction by conditioners on crop yield and soil nutrients. Five treatments were set: no fertilizer (CK), 80% N fertilizer (N80), regular N application (N100), conditioner + 80% N fertilizer (PN80), and conditioner + regular N application (PN100). The results showed that the fertilizer + conditioner treatments differed from the single fertilizer treatments in terms of physical properties, carbon and nitrogen contents, and oat yield. The treatments with conditioner (PN80 and PN100) significantly increased soil water content, field capacity, porosity, and reduced soil bulk density compared with the treatments with only fertilizer. Furthermore, the nitrogen reduction of 20% (N80) significantly increased soil porosity and reduced soil bulk density compared with conventional nitrogen application (N100). The study showed that 20% N reduction had varying degrees of inhibition on organic carbon, total nitrogen, and its components in different soil layers. Furthermore, the addition of the conditioner significantly increased organic carbon, total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, active organic carbon, and microbial carbon in the 0–60 cm soil layer and 20−60 cm soil layer compared with the treatments with N fertilizer alone. The effect of the PN100 treatment was the most significant. The effects of different treatments on the nutrients and yield of oats varied greatly, with that of the PN80 treatment being the most significant. Compared with N100, the total N, P, and K contents and crop yield of oats in PN80 significantly increased by 12.93%, 15.16%, 3.69%, and 18.73%, respectively (P<0.05). Compared with N100, N80 significantly reduced N, P, and K uptake in oats at 20% N reduction, but did not cause yield reduction in oats. In conclusion, compared with conventional fertilization, N80 with a soil conditioner improved soil properties, increased soil carbon content, reduced the risk of nitrate N leaching, and significantly increased the nutrient uptake and yield of oat. The effect of 80% N fertilizer + soil conditioner on the nutrient content and yield of oats was the most significant, while the treatment with 100% N fertilizer + soil conditioner was the most effective in improving soil nutrient content. This is essential to realize the green development of agriculture, reduce the environmental impact of fertilizer input, and improve the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizers.
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Key words:
- Oat /
- Soil conditioner /
- Soil organic carbon /
- Soil nitrogen /
- Plant nutrients /
- Yield
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图 1 研究区莜麦生育期内气温和降水量
Figure 1. Temperature and precipitation during naked oats growth period in the study area
图 2 不同氮用量添加调理剂对土壤碳组分和碳库管理指数的影响
TOC: 土壤有机碳; LOC: 土壤活性有机碳; SMBC: 土壤微生物量碳; CPMI: 土壤碳库管理指数。 图中不同小写字母表示同一土层不同处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。TOC: soil organic carbon content; LOC: soil active organic carbon content; SMBC: soil microbial biomass carbon content; CPMI: soil carbon pool management index. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different treatments in the same soil layer at P<0.05 level.
Figure 2. Changes in contents of soil carbon compositions and carbon pool management index under different treatments of soil conditioner and nitrogen dosage
图 3 不同氮用量添加调理剂对土壤氮组分的变化
TN: 土壤全氮; NO3−-N: 土壤硝态氮; NH4+-N: 土壤铵态氮。图中不同小写字母表示同一土层不同处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。TN: soil total nitrogen; NO3−-N: soil nitrate nitrogen; NH4+-N: soil ammonium nitrogen. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different treatments in the same soil layer at P<0.05 level.
Figure 3. Changes in contents of soil nitrogen compositions under different treatments of soil conditioner addition and nitrogen dosage
图 4 土壤碳氮组分及理化性状与作物养分及产量的相关关系
BD: 土壤容重; Mc: 土壤含水量; Por: 土壤孔隙度; Fc: 田间持水量; EC: 土壤电导率; TN: 土壤全氮含量; NN: 土壤硝态氮含量; AN: 土壤铵态氮含量; TOC: 土壤有机碳含量; LOC: 土壤活性有机碳含量; SMBC: 土壤微生物量碳含量; CPMI: 土壤碳库管理指数; N: 作物全氮含量; P: 作物全磷含量; K: 作物全钾含量; Yield: 作物产量。BD: soil bulk density; Mc: soil water content; Por: soil porosity; Fc: soil field capacity; EC: electrical conductivity; TN: soil total nitrogen content; NN: soil nitrate nitrogen content; AN: soil ammonium nitrogen content; TOC: soil organic carbon content; LOC: soil active organic carbon content; SMBC: soil microbial biomass carbon content; CPMI: soil carbon pool management index; N: crop nitrogen content; P: crop phosphorus content; K: crop potassium content; Yield: crop yield.
Figure 4. Correlation between soil carbon and nitrogen components and physicochemical traits and crop nutrients and yield
表 1 各处理和施肥量
Table 1. Treatments and fertilization rates
处理
Treatment施氮量
Nitrogen application rate (kg∙hm−2)调理剂
Conditioner rate (kg∙hm−2)CK 不施氮肥和调理剂
No nitrogen fertilizer and conditioner— — N80 80%氮肥
80% nitrogen fertilizer240 — N100 100%氮肥
100% nitrogen fertilizer300 — PN80 调理剂+80%氮肥
Conditioner+80% nitrogen fertilizer240 12 PN100 调理剂+100%氮肥
Conditioner+100% nitrogen fertilizer300 12 
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表 2 不同氮用量添加调理剂对土壤物理及化学性质的影响
Table 2. Change of physical and chemical properties of soil under different treatments of soil conditioner and nitrogen dosage
处理
Treatment容重
Bulk density
(g∙cm−3)含水量
Moisture
(%)孔隙度
Porosity
(%)田间持水量
Field capacity
(%)电导率
Electrical conductivity
(dS∙m−1)pH CK 1.333±0.019b 16.2±0.5b 50.0±0.4b 36.1±0.5c 120.5±0.3a 8.49±0.01a N80 1.257±0.012c 15.4±0.5c 52.6±0.6a 39.8±0.7b 109.5±0.7c 8.35±0.01c N100 1.360±0.016a 15.5±0.8c 48.7±0.7c 38.1±0.6bc 112.3±0.4b 8.42±0.01b PN80 1.247±0.005c 16.8±0.4a 52.7±0.5a 44.9±2.3a 113.7±1.0b 8.47±0.01a PN100 1.277±0.029c 17.0±0.6a 51.8±1.0a 43.7±2.4a 120.3±1.0a 8.43±0.01b 表中数据为平均数±标准偏差, 同列不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。The data in the table is the average ± standard deviation. Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant differences among different treatments at P<0.05 level.
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表 3 不同氮用量添加调理剂对莜麦养分及产量的变化特征
Table 3. Changes of nutrient and yield of naked oats under different treatments of soil conditioner addition and nitrogen dosage
处理
Treatment全氮
Total nitrogen (g∙kg−1)全磷
Total phosphorus (g∙kg−1)全钾
Total potassium (g∙kg−1)产量
Yield (kg∙hm−2)CK 9.36±0.24d 2.26±0.06c 2.85±0.05d 2115.64±153.11c N80 11.05±0.70c 2.02±0.00d 2.98±0.08c 2595.40±98.52b N100 12.53±0.35b 2.44±0.01b 3.25±0.02b 2762.73±148.34b PN80 14.15±0.06a 2.81±0.14a 3.37±0.02a 3280.11±69.94a PN100 12.59±0.20b 2.29±0.15bc 3.32±0.07ab 3270.94±70.35a 表中数据为平均值±标准偏差, 同列不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。The data in the table is the average ± standard deviation. Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant differences among different treatments at P<0.05 level.
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