Distribution characteristics of the soil fungi community in the rhizosphere of foxtail millet under different planting patterns
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摘要: 为了解谷子连作对土壤真菌群落结构的影响, 以撂荒地为对照, 以谷子-玉米轮作、谷子连作3年、连作5年根际土壤为研究对象, 采用真菌ITS高通量测序技术, 探究不同种植模式下谷子土壤真菌群落分布特征。结果表明: 不同种植模式下, 谷子根际土壤共检测到真菌10门24纲46目79科136属和146种。在门和纲水平上群体结构相对稳定, 谷子田土壤优势门主要包括子囊菌门和担子菌门, 优势纲为粪壳菌纲、座囊菌纲和盘菌纲。在目水平谷子根际土壤粪壳菌目相对丰度是撂荒地的2倍以上; 在科水平和属水平轮作土壤被孢霉、球腔菌相对丰度高于连作土壤, 链格孢菌、亚隔孢壳菌和粉红螺旋聚孢霉菌相对丰度低于连作土壤。Alpha多样性分析显示, 谷子-玉米轮作与谷子连作根际土壤真菌丰度差异达显著水平(P<0.05), 轮作土壤真菌丰度最高。Beta多样性分析显示连作3年和连作5年根际土壤真菌结构相似, 与撂荒地以及轮作根际土壤真菌结构存在差异, 表明不同种植模式谷子根际土壤真菌群落结构发生了改变。相关性分析显示, 碱解氮与有机质呈极显著正相关(P<0.01), 与有效磷、脲酶活性呈显著相关(P<0.05), 多酚氧化酶活性与速效钾呈显著正相关(P<0.05), 真菌群落的Chao1指数、Observed species指数与多酚氧化酶活性呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。冗余分析(RDA)表明, 撂荒地受毛壳菌影响, 轮作受球腔菌属和微结节霉属的影响, 连作3年和连作5年受毛葡孢属、毛喙壳属、亚隔孢壳属等影响。LEfSe分析确定了谷子根际土壤特定标志物, 轮作根际土壤的标志物包含被孢霉属和球腔菌属, 连作3年根际土壤标志物包含毛葡孢属、亚隔孢壳属和粉红螺旋聚孢霉属, 连作5年根际土壤标志物包含链格孢菌属和亚隔孢壳属。因此, 谷子-玉米轮作与谷子连作相比, 土壤真菌群落结构差异较大, 轮作土壤腐生菌较多, 连作土壤病原菌较多。Abstract: Continuous cropping obstacles occur in foxtail millet. To understand the effects of continuous cropping of foxtail millet on the soil fungal community structure, we explored the distribution characteristics of the fungal community of the rhizosphere soil using the fungal ITS high-throughput sequencing technology under different cropping strategies, including foxtail millet-maize rotation, foxtail millet continuous cropping for three years and five years, and the abandoned land taken as a control. The results showed that a total of ten phyla, 24 classes, 46 orders, 79 families, 136 genera, and 146 species of fungi were detected in the rhizosphere soil of foxtail millet under different cropping strategies. The population structure was relatively stable at the phylum and class levels. The dominant phyla in the soil mainly consisted of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, whereas the dominant classes were Sordariomycetes, Dothideomycetes, and Pezizomycetes. At the order level, the relative abundance of Sordariales in the rhizosphere of foxtail millet was two times greater than that in abandoned land. At the family and genus levels, the relative abundance of Mortierellaceae and Mycosphaerellaceae was higher, whereas the relative abundance of Alternaria, Didymella, and Clonostachys was lower in the rotation soil than in the continuous cropping soil. Alpha diversity analysis showed that the fungal abundance of the rhizosphere soil was significantly different under foxtail millet-maize rotation and foxtail millet continuous cropping (P<0.05), and that under that rotation, soil diversity was the highest. Beta diversity analysis revealed that the fungal structures of the rhizosphere soil under continuous cropping for three and five years were similar, and they were different from those under abandoned land or rotating cropping, indicating that the fungal community structure in the rhizosphere soil of foxtail millet changed under different cropping strategies. Correlation analysis showed that alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen was significantly positively correlated with organic matter (P<0.01) and significantly correlated with available phosphorus and urease activities (P<0.05), while the activity of polyphenol oxidase was positively correlated with available potassium (P<0.05) and significantly positively correlated with the Chao1 index and the observed species index (P<0.01). Redundancy analysis (RDA) indicated that CK were affected by Chaetomium, CR was affected by Mycosphaerella and Microdochium, TC and FC were affected by Botryotrichum, Chaetomidium, and Didymella. LEfSe analysis identified distinctly specific markers in the rhizosphere soil of foxtail millet under different cropping strategies. The markers of rhizosphere soil contained Mortierella and Mycosphaerella for the rotating cropping, Botryotrichum, Didymella, and Clonostachys for three years of continuous cropping, and Alternaria and Didymella for five years of continuous cropping. Overall, the soil fungal community structure under millet-maize rotation cropping, exhibiting more saprophytic fungi and fewer pathogenic fungi, was significantly different from that under foxtail millet continuous cropping, which provided useful information for the study of the continuous cropping obstacles of foxtail millet.
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图 1 不同种植模式谷子根际土壤真菌群落的稀疏曲线
CK: 撂荒地; CR: 谷子-玉米轮作; TC: 谷子连作3年; FC: 谷子连作5年。CK: abandoned land; CR: foxtail millet rotation with maize; TC: continuous cropping for 3 years of foxtail millet; FC: continuous cropping for 5 years of foxtail millet.
Figure 1. Sparse curves of soil fungal community of foxtail millet rhizosphere soils with different cropping patterns
图 2 不同种植模式谷子根际土壤真菌ITS序列(ASV)分类
A: 不同种植模式真菌ITS序列(ASV)分布Venn图; B: 不同分类级别下不同种植模式ASV数; C: 不同种植模式谷子土壤真菌圈堆积图。CK: 撂荒地; CR: 谷子-玉米轮作; TC: 谷子连作3年; FC: 谷子连作5年。图C中, 在绘制土壤真菌分类等级树图的前提下, 将每个ASV分组的丰度数据以饼图的形式添加到了图中。展示了谷子根际土壤真菌群落分类学构成, 最大的圈代表门水平, 逐渐缩小的圈按照梯度依次代表纲、目、科、属和种, 最内层圆点面积代表ASV的丰度大小, 同时也表示该ASV在各组中的组成比例。A: Venn diagram of fungi ASV (amplicon sequence variants) of different cropping patterns; B: ASV number of different plant patterns at different classification levels; C: taxonomic tree in packed circles of soil fungi classification of foxtail millet under different cropping patterns. CK: abandoned land; CR: foxtail millet rotation with maize; TC: continuous cropping for 3 years of foxtail millet; FC: continuous cropping for 5 years of foxtail millet. For the figure C, on the premise of drawing the tree map of soil fungi classification, the abundance of each ASV group was added to the map in the form of pie chart. The largest circle represents phylum level, and the gradually shrinking circle represents class, order, family, genus and species according to the gradient. The innermost dot area represents the abundance of ASV, and also represents the composition proportion of ASV in each group.
Figure 2. Amplicon sequence variants (ASV) classification of fungi of foxtail millet rhizosphere soil in different planting patterns
图 3 不同种植模式谷子根际土壤真菌在不同分类水平的相对丰度
A-E表示分类单元在门、纲、目、科和属水平上的百分比。CK: 撂荒地; CR: 谷子-玉米轮作; TC: 谷子连作 3 年; FC: 谷子连 作 5 年。Figure A-E show the percentage of taxa at the phylum, class, order, family, and genus levels. CK: abandoned land; CR: foxtail millet rotation with maize; TC: continuous cropping for 3 years of foxtail millet; FC: continuous cropping for 5 years of foxtail millet.
Figure 3. Relative abundance of fungi in foxtail millet rhizosphere soil under different cropping patterns at different classification levels
图 4 不同种植模式谷子根际土壤真菌群落的Alpha多样性分析
A: α多样性指数; B: 丰度等级曲线。CK: 撂荒地; CR: 谷子-玉米轮作; TC: 谷子连作3年; FC: 谷子连作5年。A: α diversity index; B: abundance grade curve. CK: abandoned land; CR: foxtail millet rotation with maize; TC: continuous cropping for 3 years of foxtail millet; FC: continuous cropping for 5 years of foxtail millet. ASV: amplicon sequence variants.
Figure 4. Alpha diversity analysis of fungi community of foxtail millet rhizosphere soil under different cropping patterns
图 5 不同种植模式谷子根际土壤真菌群落β多样性分析
A: PCoA分析; B: 组间差异分析。CK: 撂荒地; CR: 谷子-玉米轮作; TC: 谷子连作3年; FC: 谷子连作5年。A: PCoA analysis; B: analysis of differences among four groups. CK: abandoned land; CR: foxtail millet rotation with maize; TC: continuous cropping for 3 years of foxtail millet; FC: continuous cropping for 5 years of foxtail millet.
Figure 5. β diversity analysis of fungi community of foxtail millet rhizosphere soil under different cropping patterns
图 6 不同种植模式谷子根际土壤真菌群落冗余分析
CK: 撂荒地; CR: 谷子-玉米轮作; TC: 谷子连作3年; FC: 谷子连作5年。AN: alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen; AK: available potassium; AP: available phosphorus; OM: organic matter; PPO: polyphenol oxidase; CAT: catalase. CK: abandoned land; CR: foxtail millet rotation with maize; TC: continuous cropping for 3 years of foxtail millet; FC: continuous cropping for 5 years of foxtail millet.
Figure 6. Redundancy analysis of fungi community of foxtail millet rhizosphere soil under different cropping patterns
图 7 不同种植模式谷子根际土壤真菌群落LEfSe分析
由里到外, 依次是门、纲、目、科、属和种水平, 其中实心节点代表在CK、CR、TC和FC中起重要作用的微生物类群, 空心节点表示不起重要作用的物种。CK: 撂荒地; CR: 谷子-玉米轮作; TC: 谷子连作3年; FC: 谷子连作5年。From inside to outside is the gorups at phylum, class, order, family, genus and species levels successively. Solid nodes represent that the microbial groups play an important role in CK, CR, TC and FC, while hollow nodes represent the groups do not play an important role in the four treatments. CK: abandoned land; CR: foxtail millet rotation with maize; TC: continuous cropping for 3 years of foxtail millet; FC: continuous cropping for 5 years of foxtail millet.
Figure 7. LEfSe analysis of fungi community of foxtail millet rhizosphere soil under different cropping patterns
表 1 不同种植模式谷子根际土壤的真菌高通量测序结果
Table 1. High-throughput sequencing results of fungi in foxtail millet rhizosphere soils with different cropping patterns
样本 Sample 去引物 Input 质量过滤 Filtered 去噪 Denoised 拼接 Merged 去嵌合体 Nonchimeric 非单丰度序列 Nonsingleton CK1 84 027 72 625 72 198 71 545 70 622 70 622 CK2 126 381 113 085 112 560 111 845 109 959 109 959 CK3 89 761 78 138 77 541 76 793 75 687 75 687 CR1 191 960 176 283 175 227 174 315 166 205 166 205 CR2 107 110 94 546 93 956 93 200 92 359 92 358 CR3 117 377 102 500 101 873 101 068 98 463 98 463 TC1 137 752 120 634 120 061 119 468 117 184 117 184 TC2 99 344 86 259 85 673 85 041 82 241 82 241 TC3 88 864 78 645 78 247 77 656 77 136 77 136 FC1 116 128 102 142 101 466 100 870 98 526 98 526 FC2 104 460 91 841 91 398 90 841 90 022 90 022 FC3 96 306 84 106 83 632 82 980 82 011 82 011 CK: 撂荒地; CR: 谷子-玉米轮作; TC: 谷子连作3年; FC: 谷子连作5年。各处理缩写后的数据为重复。CK: abandoned land; CR: foxtail millet rotation with maize; TC: continuous cropping for 3 years of foxtail millet; FC: continuous cropping for 5 years of foxtail millet. The data after abbreviation of treatment is the replicate. 
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表 2 谷子根际土壤酶活性与理化性质的相关性分析
Table 2. Correlation analysis between enzyme activity and physicochemical properties of foxtail millet rhizosphere soil
pH 碱解氮
Alkaline hydrolysis
nitrogen有效磷
Available
phosphorus速效钾
Available
potassium有机质
Organic matter多酚氧化酶
Polyphenol oxidase过氧化氢酶
Catalase脲酶
Urease蔗糖酶
SucrasepH 1.000 0.466 0.521 0.303 0.314 −0.291 −0.331 −0.203 −0.616* 碱解氮
Alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen0.466 1.000 0.588* 0.272 0.906** 0.170 0.360 0.628* 0.081 有效磷
Available phosphorus0.521 0.588* 1.000 0.216 0.614* 0.012 0.024 0.281 0.131 速效钾
Available potassium0.303 0.272 0.216 1.000 0.147 0.669* 0.451 0.326 0.230 有机质
Organic matter0.314 0.906** 0.614* 0.147 1.000 0.145 0.367 0.654* 0.175 多酚氧化酶
Polyphenol oxidase−0.291 0.170 0.012 0.669* 0.145 1.000 0.855** 0.681* 0.769** 过氧化氢酶
Catalase−0.331 0.360 0.024 0.451 0.367 0.855** 1.000 0.840** 0.682* 脲酶
Urease−0.203 0.628* 0.281 0.326 0.654* 0.681* 0.840** 1.000 0.691* 蔗糖酶 Sucrase −0.616* 0.081 0.131 0.230 0.175 0.769** 0.682* 0.691* 1.000 * 表示在0.05水平差异显著, ** 表示在0.01水平差异显著。* correlation is significant at the 0.05 level; ** correlation is significant at the 0.01 level.
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表 3 谷子根际土壤真菌群落多样性指数与理化性质、酶活性的相关性分析
Table 3. Correlation analysis of fungi community diversity indexes with physicochemical properties and enzyme activities of foxtail millet rhizosphere soil
Chao1指数
Chao1 indexGood’s coverage指数
Good’s coverage indexObserved species指数
Observed species indexShannon指数
Shannon indexPH −0.339 0.265 −0.316 −0.108 碱解氮 Alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen −0.038 0.369 0.006 0.024 有效磷 Available phosphorus −0.105 0.381 −0.065 −0.076 速效钾 Available potassium 0.505 0.097 0.539 0.227 有机质 Organic matter −0.048 0.389 −0.002 −0.054 多酚氧化酶 Polyphenol oxidase 0.776** −0.398 0.770** 0.038 过氧化氢酶 Catalase 0.633* −0.380 0.625* 0.034 脲酶 Urease 0.348 −0.021 0.363 −0.088 蔗糖酶 Sucrase 0.613* −0.210 0.614* −0.048 *和**分别表示在P<0.05和P<0.01水平显著相关。* and ** mean significant correlation at P<0.05 and P<0.01 levels, respectively.
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