一年一作玉米产量性状和籽粒灌浆特性对播期的响应及其与气象因子的关系

Responses of yield traits and grain filling characteristics of maize to sowing dates and their relationships with meteorological factors

  • 摘要: 本文通过研究限水灌溉条件下, 播期对一作玉米产量、产量性状和籽粒灌浆特性的影响及阶段气象因子与产量、产量性状及灌浆参数的相关关系, 探讨播期对一年一作玉米产量的影响机制, 为低平原区玉米高产高效生产提供数据支撑。试验采用‘先玉335’和‘郑单958’ 两个玉米品种, 设置5个播期: 5月5日(SD1)、5月20日(SD2)、6月5日(SD3)、6月20日(SD4)和6月30日(SD5)。结果表明: 1)播期对产量影响显著, 且受品种和年型综合影响。随播期的延后, 产量呈先增加后降低的趋势, 两年平均以SD1产量最低, SD4产量最高, SD3和SD4间产量差异不显著。SD4产量高的主要原因是穗粒数和百粒重较高。2)通径分析表明, 产量要素对产量的贡献相互影响, 其中对产量直接作用最大的是百粒重。3)采用Logistic模型研究粒重变化特征(R2>0.98, P<0.01) , 粒重的大小由平均灌浆速率(V)和灌浆持续期(D)的乘积决定, 其中D对粒重的直接贡献最大。4)从气象因子对产量和百粒重的影响来看, 播种到吐丝的日平均气温(TAvsf)越高, 吐丝到成熟的日均温差(TRAvfm)越大, 产量越高; 吐丝后10 d ≥35 ℃的天数(D1fa)越多, 吐丝到成熟的日均气温(TAvfm)越高, 产量和百粒重越低; 其中TAvfm对产量和百粒重的直接贡献最大, 且各气象因子对产量和百粒重的作用相互影响。SD1粒重较低的主要原因是TAvfm高、TRAvfm小, 且D1fa高, D较短。SD3和SD4 粒重较高的主要原因是TRAvsf较大, VD较高。SD5虽然TRAvfm较大, 但因TAvfm较低, 总体D缩短, 最终粒重降低。5)从品种来看, ‘先玉 335’较‘郑单 958’产量高的主要原因是穗粒数和百粒重高, 且‘先玉 335’的VV×D分别较‘郑单958’高0.19 mg∙grain−1∙d−1和0.73 mg∙grain−1∙d−1。这说明选用产量潜力大、灌浆速率高的品种, 在6月上旬到6月中下旬播种可优化生育期气象要素, 进而提高粒重和产量。

     

    Abstract: This study discussed the influence of sowing dates on maize yield. Under the condition of limited water irrigation, the effects of different sowing dates on yield, yield traits, and grain-filling characteristics of maize of one crop cultivation per year, and the correlation of meteorological factors with yield, yield traits, and grain-filling parameters of maize were studied to provide data-based support for high yield and high-efficiency production in low-plain areas. ‘Xianyu 335’ and ‘Zhengdan 958’ were used in the experiment. Five sowing dates were set: May 5 (SD1), May 20 (SD2), June 5 (SD3), June 20 (SD4), and June 30 (SD5). The results showed that: 1) the sowing date had a significant effect on maize yield, which was affected by variety and climate. The grain yield increased initially, followed by a subsequent decrease with the extension of sowing dates. The two-year average yield of SD1 was the lowest, and that of SD4 was the highest. The difference in yield between SD3 and SD4 was not significant. The high yield of SD4 was mainly due to the high grain number per spike and the 100-grain weight. 2) Path analysis showed that the contribution of yield factors to yield affected each other, and the most direct effect on yield was 100-grain weight. 3) For the variation characteristics of grain weight described by the Logistic model, the determination coefficient, R2, was above 0.98, and the difference was significant at P<0.01. The grain weight was determined by the average grain-filling rate (V) and grain-filling duration (D), and D had the largest direct contribution to the grain weight. 4) From the effect of meteorological factors on yield and yield components, the higher the daily average temperature from sowing to silking and the larger the daily temperature difference (TRAvfm) from silking to maturity, the higher the yield. The more days that had temperatures ≥35 ℃ (D1fa) after 10 days of silking, the higher the daily average temperature (TAvfm) from silking to maturity, and the lower the yield and 100-grain weight. TAvfm had the largest direct contribution to the yield and 100-grain weight, and the effects of various meteorological factors on the yield and grain weight were mutually affected. The main reason for the lower grain weight of SD1 was that the accumulated temperature of ≥10 ℃ during the whole growth period and the accumulated temperature of ≥10 ℃ from sowing to silking were higher, TAvfm was higher, TRAvfm was smaller, the days of D1fa were higher, and D was shorter. SD3 and SD4 had larger TRAvfm, higher V and D values, and higher grain weights. Although the sowing date of SD5 was relatively late, the lower TAvfm resulted in a decrease in the accumulated temperature from silking to maturity, and the filling stage was shortened, thereby reducing the final grain weight. 5) In terms of varieties, the main reasons for the higher yield of ‘Xianyu 335’ compared with ‘Zhengdan 958’ were the higher grain number per spike and 100-grain weight, and the product of V and V×D of ‘Xianyu 335’ were 0.19 mg·grain−1 and 0.73 mg·grain−1 higher than those of ‘Zhengdan 958’, respectively. This showed that selecting varieties with high yield potential and a high filling rate and sowing from early June to middle and late June could optimize meteorological factors during the growth period, thereby increasing grain weight and yield.

     

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