Effects of long-term cotton straw return and application of manure on soil nutrients and enzyme activity in cotton fields
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摘要: 为探究长期棉花秸秆还田和施用有机肥对连作棉田土壤养分含量和酶活性的影响, 本研究依托山西农业科学院棉花研究所始于2007年牛家凹棉花长期定位试验, 设置了氮磷化肥+秸秆清茬(NP)、氮磷化肥+秸秆还田(NPS)、氮磷化肥+有机肥(NPM)及氮磷化肥+秸秆还田+有机肥(NPSM)共4个处理, 测定不同处理在棉花不同生育期对土壤养分含量和酶活性的影响, 并对两者之间的关系进行了探究。结果表明: 与处理NP相比, 处理NPS、NPM和NPSM的棉花产量分别显著增加10.23%、11.10%和26.22% (P<0.05)。处理NPSM对土壤养分含量提升幅度最大, 与同期处理NP相比, 全氮、全磷、碱解氮、速效钾和有效磷含量分别显著提高48.76%~60.18%、91.23%~112.18%、140.63%~229.17%、35.86%~60.54%和146.92%~483.34% (P<0.05), 均达显著水平。同样, 处理NPSM明显提高了土壤的酶活性, 与同期的处理NP相比, 土壤脲酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶活性分别显著提高118.50%~151.84%、76.81%~93.11%、30.53%~41.33%和83.41%~129.32% (P<0.05)。相关性分析表明, 土壤养分含量的增加会促进酶活性的提升。因此, 长期秸秆还田配施有机肥后可显著提高连作棉田产量, 增加土壤的养分含量, 提升土壤中酶活性, 从而达到优化土壤结构、提升土壤肥力的目的。Abstract: Incorporation of straw and manure into soil plays an important role in nutrient management, maintenance of crop productivity, and improvement of soil quality. An experiment was conducted to clarify the effects of long-term cotton straw returning and manure application on soil nutrient and enzyme activities in continuous cropping cotton fields, and to provide scientific evidence for cotton straw returning and manure application. The experiment relied on a long-term experiment (since 2007) in an agricultural system conducted by the Niujiawa Cotton Agroecosystem Experimental Station of the Cotton Research Institute, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Four treatments were established on the base of application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, namely straw stubble removal (NP), straw returning (NPS), organic fertilizer application (NPM), and straw returning + organic fertilizer application (NPSM). The cotton yields of the treatments of NPS, NPM, and NPSM significantly increased by 10.23%, 11.10%, and 26.22% (P<0.05), respectively, compared with that of the NP treatment. The contents of soil total nitrogen, total phosphorus, alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen, available potassium, and available phosphorus in the NPSM treatment significantly increased by 48.76%–60.18%, 91.23%–112.18%, 140.63%–229.17%, 35.86%–60.54%, and 146.92%–483.34% (P<0.05), compared with those of the NP treatment, respectively. NPSM treatment significantly increased soil enzymes activities (P<0.05): urease activity by 118.50%–151.84%, phosphatase activity by 76.81%–93.11%, catalase activity by 30.53%–41.33%, and invertase activity by 83.41%–129.32%, compared with those of the NP treatment. There were significant positive correlations between soil nutrient content and soil enzyme activity. Therefore, long-term straw return with manure application can significantly increase cotton yield, nutrient content, and enzyme activity for soil fertility improvement in continuously cropped cotton fields.
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图 1 不同处理对棉花不同生育期土壤酶活性的影响
G1: 蕾期; G2: 花期; G3: 吐絮期; G4: 拔杆期。同一生育期不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。G1: bud stage; G2: florescence stage; G3: boll opening stage; G4: pole pulling stage. Different lowercase letters of the same stage indicate significant differences among treatments (P<0.05).
Figure 1. Effects of different treatments on soil enzyme activities in different growth stages of cotton
表 1 不同处理的施肥种类和施肥量
Table 1. Fertilizers and application rates of each treatment
处理 Treatment 种类及用量 Type and application rate NP 氮磷化肥+秸秆清茬
Nitrogen and phosphorus chemical fertilizer +
straw stubble cleaningN: 172.5 kg(N)∙hm−2; P: 138 kg(P2O5)∙hm−2 NPS 氮磷化肥+秸秆还田
Nitrogen and phosphorus chemical fertilizer +
straw returningN、P量同上; 3702 kg∙hm−2棉花秸秆还田, 还田秸秆含N 34 kg、P2O5 9.7 kg
Doses of N and P as above and 3702 kg∙hm−2 cotton straw returning
(the returned straws contain N 34 kg, P2O5 9.7 kg)NPM 氮磷化肥+有机肥
Nitrogen and phosphorus chemical fertilizer +
manureN、P量同上, M为发酵鸡粪肥, 施入量22.5 m3∙hm−2, 发酵鸡粪含1.86% N, 3.67% P2O5, 1.74% K2O
Doses of N and P as above and 22.5 m3∙hm−2 fermented chicken manure application
(chicken manure contains 1.86% N, 3.67% P2O5, 1.74% K2O)NPSM 氮磷化肥+秸秆还田+有机肥
Nitrogen and phosphorus chemical fertilizer +
straw returning + manureN、P和M量同上, 4752 kg∙hm−2棉花秸秆还田, 还田秸秆含N 43.7 kg、P2O5 12.4 kg
Doses of N, P and manure as above and 4752 kg∙hm−2 cotton straw returning
(the returned straws contain N 43.7 kg, P2O5 12.4 kg)
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表 2 长期不同施肥处理的棉花产量
Table 2. Yield of cotton under different treatments of long term fertilization
kg∙hm−2 处理
Treatment籽棉产量
Seed cotton yieldNP 3470±35c NPS 3825±159b NPM 3855±30b NPSM 4380±60a 不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。Different lowercase letters mean significant differences among treatments (P<0.05).
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表 3 长期不同施肥处理下棉花不同生育期土壤养分含量
Table 3. Soil nutrients contents of cotton fields at different growth stages under different treatments of long term fertilization
土壤养分
Soil nutrient处理
Treatment蕾期
Bud stage花期
Florescence吐絮期
Boll opening stage拔杆期
Pole pulling period全氮
Total nitrogen
(g∙kg−1)NP 1.06±0.10d 1.17±0.02c 1.12±0.03d 1.00±0.06d NPM 1.25±0.04c 1.44±0.02b 1.31±0.11c 1.19±0.02c NPS 1.44±0.04b 1.50±0.03a 1.48±0.06b 1.42±0.07b NPSM 1.69±0.06a 1.74±0.08a 1.67±0.04a 1.53±0.04a 全磷
Total phosphorus
(g∙kg−1)NP 1.86±0.02d 1.81±0.06d 1.84±0.02d 1.97±0.06d NPM 3.16±0.08b 2.87±0.12b 2.96±0.02b 2.90±0.03b NPS 2.36±0.08c 2.54±0.14c 2.48±0.05c 2.38±0.05c NPSM 3.56±0.04a 3.66±0.11a 3.90±0.09a 3.89±0.09a 碱解氮
Alkali hydrolyzed nitrogen
(mg∙kg−1)NP 67.67±3.30d 74.67±3.30c 56.00±5.71d 56.00±0d NPM 95.67±4.35c 95.67±8.73b 91.00±5.71c 84.00±5.71c NPS 128.33±8.73b 109.67±3.29b 128.33±6.60b 114.33±3.30b NPSM 170.33±8.73a 179.67±11.90a 184.33±3.30a 175.00±5.72a 速效钾
Available potassium
(mg∙kg−1)NP 245.52±4.91d 228.55±6.23d 245.05±5.80d 252.47±10.45d NPM 347.59±6.82b 329.26±8.22b 327.12±11.62b 306.44±9.21b NPS 291.35±5.92c 273.02±8.43c 289.02±8.39c 284.73±9.51c NPSM 394.17±6.08a 360.85±4.67a 359.17±10.53a 343.01±8.19a 有效磷
Available phosphorus
(g∙kg−1)NP 79.17±4.38d 53.52±4.73d 28.08±1.66c 20.59±2.09d NPM 137.55±6.99b 109.68±7.05b 119.20±2.65b 86.22±2.04b NPS 94.43±2.44c 64.79±2.19c 32.48±2.09c 28.01±3.49c NPSM 195.49±4.92a 156.92±3.55a 134.53±4.01a 120.11±3.76a 同列同一指标不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著。Different lowercase letters in the same column of the same indicator mean significant differences among treatment (P<0.05).
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表 4 棉田土壤酶活性与土壤养分相关系数
Table 4. Correlation coefficients between soil enzymes activities and nutrients contents of cotton field
蔗糖酶 Sucrase 脲酶 Urease 磷酸酶 Phosphatase 过氧化氢酶 Catalase 碱解氮 Alkali hydrolyzed nitrogen 0.912** 0.687** 0.843** 0.848** 速效钾 Available potassium 0.718** 0.870** 0.874** 0.857** 有效磷 Available phosphorus 0.566** 0.767** 0.705** 0.660** 全氮 Total nitrogen 0.429** 0.240 0.483** 0.517** 全磷 Total phosphorus 0.815** 0.900** 0.888** 0.882** **: P<0.01.
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