Influence pathways and effects of agricultural mechanization on the application of chemical fertilizers
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摘要: 实现农业绿色生产有赖于小农户生产方式的转变。相比以往研究多聚焦于人工施肥, 本研究关注农户使用机械后, 通过机械搭配使用化肥对化肥施用量以及施肥均匀度的影响。利用2017年中国农村家庭追踪调查(CRHPS)数据, 通过最小二乘估计法(OLS)以及处理效应模型探讨农业机械化对小麦化肥使用影响, 并关注到不同机械使用来源化肥施用差异。研究结果表明: 整体而言, 使用机械并不会降低小麦化肥使用量, 但能够缩小农户间施肥差异。分环节来看, 只有机播环节能够降低化肥施用量以及施肥不均等, 这主要是因为小麦在机播环节施肥占比较高。区分农户农业机械使用来源差异后, 发现相比农户自购机械, 购买机械服务每公顷能够减少150.45 kg化肥施用量并提升施肥均匀度。其中, 购买机播服务同自购机械播种相比, 每公顷能降低213.45 kg施肥量并提升0.32个单位施肥均匀度。此外, 农户采用机播可使每公顷化肥投入下降283.95元, 购买机械服务则可使每公顷化肥投入平均下降394.50元, 购买机播服务能降低352.80元。这说明, 农业机械化能够实现化肥减量并降低农户间施肥不均等, 且主要通过服务外包实现。本文结论有助于扩展理解农业机械化与现代农业之间的关系, 从而为我国农业绿色转型以及可持续发展提供有力支撑。Abstract: Achieving green agricultural production depends on changes in smallholder farmers’ production methods. Compared with previous studies that focused on manual fertilizer application, this study focused on the effect of machinery use and use links on fertilizer application and uniformity among farmers. Using data from the 2017 China Rural Household Panel Survey (CRHPS), the impact of agricultural mechanization on fertilizer application in wheat was explored through ordinary least squares (OLS) method, as well as treatment effect models, with attention to differences in fertilizer application across sources of machinery use. The results show that the use of machinery does not reduce fertilizer use in wheat but can reduce inter-farmer fertilizer application differences. Only machine sowing decreased fertilizer application and uniformity, mostly because wheat has a higher fertilizer application rate at sowing. After separating the various sources of farm machinery use, it is discovered that using machinery services rather than buying machinery equipment reduces the amount of fertilizer applied per hectare by 150.45 kg, and increases fertilizer uniformity. For instance, compared with purchasing machine equipment, the purchase of machine services lowered fertilizer application by 213.45 kg per hectare and increased fertilizer application uniformity by 0.32 units per hectare during seeding. Additionally, farmers can cut their fertilizer input by 283.95 ¥∙hm−2 by adopting machine sowing. Purchasing machinery services can lower fertilizer input by 394.50 ¥∙hm−2, especially during seeding the input was decreased by 352.80 ¥∙hm−2. This suggests that agricultural mechanization can achieve fertilizer reduction and reduce inequality in fertilizer application among farmers, mainly through outsourcing. The findings of this study can help expand our understanding of the relationship between agricultural mechanization and modern agriculture and can also provide strong support for the green transformation and sustainable development of agriculture in China.
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表 1 变量定义及描述性统计
Table 1. Definition and descriptive statistics of variables
变量
Variable含义与赋值
Definition and assignment平均值
Mean标准差
Standard
deviation化肥施用量
Fertilizer application amount小麦单位面积施肥量
Fertilizer application amount per unit area of wheat (kg∙hm−2)531.23 36.94 施肥均匀度
Fertilizer application uniformity小麦化肥施用量与村平均化肥施用量差异绝对值再除以村平均化肥施用量
|Amount of fertilizer applied to wheat by farmers − average amount of fertilizer applied in the village| / average amount of fertilizer applied in the village0.36 0.91 化肥投入金额
Amount of fertilizer input小麦单位面积化肥投入金额
Amount of fertilizer input per unit area of wheat (¥∙hm−2)2080.95 55.08 机械使用状况
Mechanical application使用=1; 未使用=0
Use = 1; not use = 00.75 0.43 机械服务使用状况
Mechanical service usage使用=1; 未使用=0
Use = 1; not use = 00.54 0.50 性别 Gender 女=0; 男=1 Female = 0; male = 1 0.91 0.29 年龄 Age 2017年户主年龄 Age of the head of household in 2017 55.94 11.25 受教育年限 Education 受教育类型最高年限 Maximum years of education type (a) 7.46 3.21 健康状况 Health 1=非常不好; 2=不好; 3=一般; 4=好; 5=非常好
1 = very bad; 2 = bad; 3 = fair; 4 = good; 5 = very good3.21 1.08 家庭劳动力占比
Household labor force share家庭16岁以上人口占家庭总人口比例
Proportion of household population over 16 years old to total household population0.88 0.16 家庭收入 Income 家庭总收入取对数 Logarithm of total household income 42.81 65.71 耕地质量 Soil quality 正常=0; 差=1 Normal = 0; poor = 1 0.03 0.16 经营规模 Scale 小麦种植规模 Scale of wheat cultivation (hm2) 0.56 1.04 农业组织合作状况
Cooperation of organizations有合作=1; 未合作=0
With cooperation = 1; without cooperation = 00.32 0.47 农业技术培训状况
Agricultural technique training有人接受过农业技术培训=1; 无人接受过农业技术培训=0
Someone trained = 1; no one trained = 00.12 0.32 化肥价格 Fertilizer price 化肥价格 Fertilizer prices (¥∙kg−1) 2.18 1.01 村级农业机械使用比例
Proportion of machinery农业机械使用面积占村级耕地面积比例
Proportion of agricultural machinery use area to village arable land (%)68.21 42.47 村级农业生产组织数量
Number of organizations新型经营主体数量
Number of new business entities3.68 8.62 根据2017年中国农村家庭追踪调查(CRHPS)数据库整理而成。Compiled from the 2017 China Rural Household Panel Survey (CRHPS) database. 表 2 农户机械使用状况与化肥施用相关描述性统计
Table 2. Descriptive statistics related to machinery use status and fertilizer application of farmers
变量
Variable机械使用状况
Mechanical application机械服务使用状况
Mechanical service usage自购机械使用状况
Self-purchased machinery usage使用 Use 未使用 Not use 使用 Use 未使用 Not use 使用 Use 未使用 Not use 化肥施用量 Average fertilizer application rate (kg∙hm−2) 1041.45 1125.15 1021.05 1112.1 1093.65 1125.15 施肥均匀度 Fertilizer application uniformity 0.32 0.48 0.30 0.43 0.36 0.48 化肥投入金额 Average amount of fertilizer input (¥∙hm−2) 2100.00 2024.30 2069.91 2088.27 2153.78 2024.30 样本量 Observations 817 271 588 500 238 271 根据2017年中国农村家庭追踪调查(CRHPS)数据库整理而成。Compiled from the 2017 China Rural Household Panel Survey (CRHPS) database. 表 3 机械使用及不同应用环节对化肥施用状况影响估计结果
Table 3. Estimation results of the effects of machinery use and use links on fertilizer application
变量
Variable因变量: 单位面积平均施肥量
Dependent variable: average fertilizer application rate (kg∙hm−2)因变量: 施肥均匀度
Dependent variable: fertilization uniformity机械使用
Mechanical application−29.33
(21.15)−0.14*
(0.07)机耕
Mechanical ploughing−12.08
(18.23)−0.10
(0.07)机播
Mechanical sowing−47.63***
(17.63)−0.14**
(0.06)机械撒药
Mechanical spreading of pesticides−12.75
(19.28)−0.03
(0.05)性别
Gender−19.95
(28.58)−22.58
(28.58)−20.93
(28.58)−23.03
(28.58)0.10*
(0.05)0.09*
(0.05)0.09*
(0.05)0.09*
(0.05)年龄
Age0.15
(0.08)0.15
(0.08)0.23
(0.08)0.15
(0.75)2.0E−03
(2.0E−03)2.0E−03
(2.0E−03)2.0E−03
(2.0E−03)2.0E−03
(2.0E−03)受教育年限
Education−0.68
(0.37)−1.13
(0.36)0.08
(0.38)−1.28
(0.36)−2.7E−05
(0.01)−1.0E−04
(0.01)−1.0E−04
(0.01)−3.0E−04
(0.01)健康状况
Health3.75
(7.28)3.53
(7.28)4.13
(7.28)3.52
(7.28)0.01
(0.01)0.01
(0.01)0.01
(0.01)0.01
(0.02)家庭劳动力占比
Share of household labor81.00
(51.83)79.50
(52.05)77.40
(51.68)82.73
(52.13)−0.08
(0.14)−0.08
(0.14)−0.09
(0.14)−0.08
(0.15)家庭收入
Household income0.08
(0.15)0.08
(0.15)0.08
(0.15)0.02
(0.11)−3.2E−04
(2.4E−04)−3.2E−04
(2.4E−04)−2.9E−04
(2.3E−04)−3.3E−04
(2.4E−04)耕地质量
Soil quality−19.20
(46.20)−17.78
(46.20)−26.18
(46.95)−15.08
(46.50)0.01
(0.08)0.01
(0.08)0.01
(0.08)0.01
(0.08)经营规模
Operation scale−0.98***
(0.30)−1.05***
(0.38)−0.90***
(0.38)−0.98***
(0.38)−1.0E−04**
(5.6E−04)−1.0E−04***
(5.8E−04)−1.0E−04**
(5.7E−04)−1.0E−04**
(6.9E−04)农业组织合作
Cooperation of organizations−12.60
(17.03)−15.30
(17.10)−9.98
(17.18)−16.05
(17.18)−0.01
(0.05)−0.01
(0.05)−0.01
(0.05)−0.02
(0.05)农业技术培训
Tech training18.98
(26.33)18.00
(26.33)18.32
(26.18)18.23
(26.33)−0.05
(0.05)−0.06
(0.05)−0.06
(0.05)−0.06
(0.05)化肥价格
Fertilizer prices−129.68***
(8.85)−129.98***
(8.93)−129.75***
(8.85)−130.42***
(8.93)−0.02
(0.04)−0.02
(0.04)−0.02
(0.04)−0.02
(0.04)区域特征
Regional characteristics已控制
Control已控制
Control已控制
Control已控制
Control已控制
Control已控制
Control已控制
Control已控制
Control常数
constant834.83***
(67.65)828.98***
(67.65)829.59***
(67.35)824.10***
(66.83)0.04**
(0.15)0.36**
(0.15)0.34**
(0.15)0.32**
(0.15)观测值
Observations1088 1088 1088 1088 1088 1088 1088 1088 ***、**、*分别表示1%、5%以及10%的显著性水平; 括号内为稳健标准误。***, ** and * indicate significant effects of the variables at 1%, 5% and 10% levels, respectively. The robust standard errors are shown in parentheses. 表 4 机械应用及应用环节对化肥施用影响内生性处理估计结果
Table 4. Endogeneity treatment estimation results of effects of machinery use and use links on fertilizer application
第1阶段 First stage 变量
Variable是否使用机械/使用机械环节
Whether to use machine / link using machine是否使用机械服务/使用机械服务环节
Whether to use mechanical services / links using mechanical services机械应用
Mechanical
application机械播种
Mechanical
sowing机械撒药
Mechanical
spreading机械应用
Mechanical
application机播
Mechanical
sowing机械撒药
Mechanical
spreading村级农业机械使用比例
Proportion of machinery of village0.02***
(2.0E−03)0.02***
(1.0E−03)0.02***
(2.0E−03)0.02***
(2.0E−03)0.02***
(2.0E−03)0.02***
(2.0E−03)村级农业生产组织数量
Number of organizations of village−0.01*
(0.01)−0.01*
(0.01)−0.02**
(0.01)−0.01
(0.15)−0.01
(0.15)−0.01**
(0.01)LR test 3.23* 3.41* 4.17** 3.41* 2.98** 3.57** Prob>chi2 0.07 0.07 0.04 0.08 0.04 0.05 第2阶段 Second stage 变量
Variable单位面积平均施肥量
Average fertilizer application rate (kg∙hm−2)施肥均匀度
Fertilization uniformity机械应用
Mechanical application−54.98
(35.18)−0.21**
(0.10)机播
Mechanical sowing−83.63**
(33.75)−1.02***
(0.07)机械撒药
Mechanical spreading of pesticids−61.73
(45.53)−0.02**
(0.01)其他控制变量
Others已控制
Control已控制
Control已控制
Control已控制
Control已控制
Control已控制
Control区域特征
Regional characteristics已控制
Control已控制
Control已控制
Control已控制
Control已控制
Control已控制
ControlLamda (λ) 6.19**
(3.25)9.72***
(3.91)8.89**
(4.03)0.10*
(0.05)0.12**
(0.05)0.12**
(0.05)ρ 0.19*
(0.01)0.21*
(0.01)0.31**
(0.13)0.11*
(0.06)0.13**
(0.06)0.16**
(0.06)***、**、*分别表示1%、5%以及10%的显著性水平; 括号内为稳健标准误。***, ** and * indicate significant effects of the variables at 1%, 5% and 10% levels, respectively. The robust standard errors are shown in parentheses. 表 5 机械服务与自购机械对化肥施用影响处理效应模型估计结果
Table 5. Estimated results of treatment effect model (TEM) for the effect of machinery services and self-purchased machinery on fertilizer application
第1阶段 First stage 变量
Variable是否使用机械/使用机械环节
Whether to use machine / link using machine是否使用机械服务/使用机械服务环节
Whether to use mechanical services / links using mechanical services机械服务
Mechanical services机播服务
Sowing services机械服务
Mechanical services机播服务
Sowing services村级农业机械使用比例
Proportion of machinery of village0.01***
(1.0E−03)0.02***
(2.0E−03)4.0E−03***
(1.0E−03)0.02***
(2.0E−03)村级农业生产组织数量
Number of organizations of village−0.02***
(0.010)−0.02***
(0.01)−0.01***
(0.004)−0.02**
(0.008)LR test 17.45 10.90 15.53 4.37 Prob>chi2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 第2阶段 Second stage 变量
Variable单位面积平均施肥量
Average fertilizer application rate (kg∙hm−2)施肥均匀度
Fertilization uniformity机械服务 Mechanical services −150.45*** (44.47) −1.17*** (0.08) 机播服务 Sowing services −213.45*** (48.90) −0.32*** (0.30) 其他控制变量 Others 已控制 Control 已控制 Control 已控制 Control 已控制 Control 区域特征 Regional characteristics 已控制 Control 已控制 Control 已控制 Control 已控制 Control Lamda (λ) 22.90*** (3.35) 16.73*** (4.21) 0.89*** (0.04) 0.16** (0.07) ρ 0.75*** (0.07) 0.60*** (0.12) 0.92*** (0.01) 0.20** (0.08) ***、**、*分别表示1%、5%以及10%的显著性水平; 括号内为稳健标准误。****, ** and * indicate significant effects of the variables at 1%, 5% and 10% levels, respectively. The robust standard errors are shown in parentheses. 表 6 机械及机械服务应用对化肥施用的稳健性检验估计结果
Table 6. Robustness test estimation results of effects of machinery use and use links on fertilizer application
第1阶段 First stage 变量
Variable使用机械环节
Link using machine是否使用机械服务/使用机械服务环节
Whether to use mechanical services / links using mechanical services机播
Mechanical sowing机械服务
Mechanical services机播服务
Sowing services村级农业机械使用比例
Proportion of machinery of village0.02***
(2.0E−03)0.02***
(2.0E−03)0.02***
(2.0E−03)村级农业生产组织数量
Number of organizations of village−0.01*
(0.01)−0.01*
(0.01)−0.02***
(0.01)LR test 5.23 9.30 5.09 Prob>chi2 0.02 2.0E−03 0.02 第2阶段 Second stage 变量
Variable单位面积平均化肥投入
Average fertilizer application rate (¥∙hm−2)机播 Mechanical sowing −283.95*** (104.55) 机械服务 Mechanical services −394.50*** (131.25) 机播服务 Sowing services −352.80*** (126.75) 其他控制变量 Others 已控制 Control 已控制 Control 已控制 Control 区域特征 Regional characteristics 已控制 Control 已控制 Control 已控制 Control Lamda (λ) 11.37** (4.94) 18.82*** (5.88) 13.68** (5.90) ρ 0.25** (0.11) 0.41*** (0.12) 0.30** (0.13) ***、**、*分别表示1%、5%以及10%的显著性水平; 括号内为稳健标准误。***, ** and * indicate significant effects of the variables at 1%, 5% and 10% levels, respectively. The robust standard errors are shown in parentheses. -
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