农业机械对化肥施用影响的路径及效果研究

万凌霄; 杨果

doi:10.12357/cjea.20220686

农业机械对化肥施用影响的路径及效果研究

doi: 10.12357/cjea.20220686

万凌霄,
杨果^,

重庆社会科学院农业农村研究所　重庆　400020

基金项目: 2021年度重庆市社会科学规划重大委托项目(2021WT41)、2022年度重庆社会科学院自主项目“数字经济促进城乡融合发展研究”(2022ZZ0102)和“加快建设宜居宜业和美乡村研究”资助

详细信息

作者简介:
万凌霄, 主要研究方向为农业资源与环境、农村经济。E-mail: lindseywan@126.com

通讯作者:
杨果, 主要研究方向为农村经济、生态经济等。E-mail: 1090526699@qq.com

中图分类号: F325.2
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-09-05
- 录用日期: 2022-10-21
- 网络出版日期: 2022-12-12
- 刊出日期: 2023-04-10

Influence pathways and effects of agricultural mechanization on the application of chemical fertilizers

WAN Lingxiao,
YANG Guo^,

Institute of Agricultural and Rural Research, Chongqing Academy of Social Sciences, Chongqing 400020, China

Funds: This study was supported by the Municipal Social Science Planning Major Commissioned Project of Chongqing in 2021 (2021WT41), the Autonomous Projects “Research on Digital Economy for Integrated Urban-Rural Development” (2022ZZ0102) and “Accelerating the Construction of Livable, Workable and Beautiful Villages” of Chongqing Academy of Social Sciences in 2022.

More Information

Corresponding author: E-mail: 1090526699@qq.com

摘要

摘要: 实现农业绿色生产有赖于小农户生产方式的转变。相比以往研究多聚焦于人工施肥, 本研究关注农户使用机械后, 通过机械搭配使用化肥对化肥施用量以及施肥均匀度的影响。利用2017年中国农村家庭追踪调查(CRHPS)数据, 通过最小二乘估计法(OLS)以及处理效应模型探讨农业机械化对小麦化肥使用影响, 并关注到不同机械使用来源化肥施用差异。研究结果表明: 整体而言, 使用机械并不会降低小麦化肥使用量, 但能够缩小农户间施肥差异。分环节来看, 只有机播环节能够降低化肥施用量以及施肥不均等, 这主要是因为小麦在机播环节施肥占比较高。区分农户农业机械使用来源差异后, 发现相比农户自购机械, 购买机械服务每公顷能够减少150.45 kg化肥施用量并提升施肥均匀度。其中, 购买机播服务同自购机械播种相比, 每公顷能降低213.45 kg施肥量并提升0.32个单位施肥均匀度。此外, 农户采用机播可使每公顷化肥投入下降283.95元, 购买机械服务则可使每公顷化肥投入平均下降394.50元, 购买机播服务能降低352.80元。这说明, 农业机械化能够实现化肥减量并降低农户间施肥不均等, 且主要通过服务外包实现。本文结论有助于扩展理解农业机械化与现代农业之间的关系, 从而为我国农业绿色转型以及可持续发展提供有力支撑。
- 农业机械化 /
- 服务外包 /
- 化肥减量 /
- 施肥均匀度
Abstract: Achieving green agricultural production depends on changes in smallholder farmers’ production methods. Compared with previous studies that focused on manual fertilizer application, this study focused on the effect of machinery use and use links on fertilizer application and uniformity among farmers. Using data from the 2017 China Rural Household Panel Survey (CRHPS), the impact of agricultural mechanization on fertilizer application in wheat was explored through ordinary least squares (OLS) method, as well as treatment effect models, with attention to differences in fertilizer application across sources of machinery use. The results show that the use of machinery does not reduce fertilizer use in wheat but can reduce inter-farmer fertilizer application differences. Only machine sowing decreased fertilizer application and uniformity, mostly because wheat has a higher fertilizer application rate at sowing. After separating the various sources of farm machinery use, it is discovered that using machinery services rather than buying machinery equipment reduces the amount of fertilizer applied per hectare by 150.45 kg, and increases fertilizer uniformity. For instance, compared with purchasing machine equipment, the purchase of machine services lowered fertilizer application by 213.45 kg per hectare and increased fertilizer application uniformity by 0.32 units per hectare during seeding. Additionally, farmers can cut their fertilizer input by 283.95 ¥∙hm⁻² by adopting machine sowing. Purchasing machinery services can lower fertilizer input by 394.50 ¥∙hm⁻², especially during seeding the input was decreased by 352.80 ¥∙hm⁻². This suggests that agricultural mechanization can achieve fertilizer reduction and reduce inequality in fertilizer application among farmers, mainly through outsourcing. The findings of this study can help expand our understanding of the relationship between agricultural mechanization and modern agriculture and can also provide strong support for the green transformation and sustainable development of agriculture in China.
- Agricultural mechanization /
- Service outsourcing /
- Fertilizer reduction /
- Fertilizer application uniformity

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表 1 变量定义及描述性统计

Table 1. Definition and descriptive statistics of variables

变量 Variable	含义与赋值 Definition and assignment	平均值 Mean	标准差 Standard deviation
化肥施用量 Fertilizer application amount	小麦单位面积施肥量 Fertilizer application amount per unit area of wheat (kg∙hm⁻²)	531.23	36.94
施肥均匀度 Fertilizer application uniformity	小麦化肥施用量与村平均化肥施用量差异绝对值再除以村平均化肥施用量 \|Amount of fertilizer applied to wheat by farmers − average amount of fertilizer applied in the village\| / average amount of fertilizer applied in the village	0.36	0.91
化肥投入金额 Amount of fertilizer input	小麦单位面积化肥投入金额 Amount of fertilizer input per unit area of wheat (¥∙hm⁻²)	2080.95	55.08
机械使用状况 Mechanical application	使用=1; 未使用=0 Use = 1; not use = 0	0.75	0.43
机械服务使用状况 Mechanical service usage	使用=1; 未使用=0 Use = 1; not use = 0	0.54	0.50
性别 Gender	女=0; 男=1 Female = 0; male = 1	0.91	0.29
年龄 Age	2017年户主年龄 Age of the head of household in 2017	55.94	11.25
受教育年限 Education	受教育类型最高年限 Maximum years of education type (a)	7.46	3.21
健康状况 Health	1=非常不好; 2=不好; 3=一般; 4=好; 5=非常好 1 = very bad; 2 = bad; 3 = fair; 4 = good; 5 = very good	3.21	1.08
家庭劳动力占比 Household labor force share	家庭16岁以上人口占家庭总人口比例 Proportion of household population over 16 years old to total household population	0.88	0.16
家庭收入 Income	家庭总收入取对数 Logarithm of total household income	42.81	65.71
耕地质量 Soil quality	正常=0; 差=1 Normal = 0; poor = 1	0.03	0.16
经营规模 Scale	小麦种植规模 Scale of wheat cultivation (hm²)	0.56	1.04
农业组织合作状况 Cooperation of organizations	有合作=1; 未合作=0 With cooperation = 1; without cooperation = 0	0.32	0.47
农业技术培训状况 Agricultural technique training	有人接受过农业技术培训=1; 无人接受过农业技术培训=0 Someone trained = 1; no one trained = 0	0.12	0.32
化肥价格 Fertilizer price	化肥价格 Fertilizer prices (¥∙kg⁻¹)	2.18	1.01
村级农业机械使用比例 Proportion of machinery	农业机械使用面积占村级耕地面积比例 Proportion of agricultural machinery use area to village arable land (%)	68.21	42.47
村级农业生产组织数量 Number of organizations	新型经营主体数量 Number of new business entities	3.68	8.62
根据2017年中国农村家庭追踪调查(CRHPS)数据库整理而成。Compiled from the 2017 China Rural Household Panel Survey (CRHPS) database.

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表 2 农户机械使用状况与化肥施用相关描述性统计

Table 2. Descriptive statistics related to machinery use status and fertilizer application of farmers

变量 Variable	机械使用状况 Mechanical application		机械服务使用状况 Mechanical service usage		自购机械使用状况 Self-purchased machinery usage
变量 Variable	使用 Use	未使用 Not use	使用 Use	未使用 Not use	使用 Use	未使用 Not use
化肥施用量 Average fertilizer application rate (kg∙hm⁻²)	1041.45	1125.15	1021.05	1112.1	1093.65	1125.15
施肥均匀度 Fertilizer application uniformity	0.32	0.48	0.30	0.43	0.36	0.48
化肥投入金额 Average amount of fertilizer input (¥∙hm⁻²)	2100.00	2024.30	2069.91	2088.27	2153.78	2024.30
样本量 Observations	817	271	588	500	238	271
根据2017年中国农村家庭追踪调查(CRHPS)数据库整理而成。Compiled from the 2017 China Rural Household Panel Survey (CRHPS) database.

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表 3 机械使用及不同应用环节对化肥施用状况影响估计结果

Table 3. Estimation results of the effects of machinery use and use links on fertilizer application

变量 Variable	因变量: 单位面积平均施肥量 Dependent variable: average fertilizer application rate (kg∙hm⁻²)				因变量: 施肥均匀度 Dependent variable: fertilization uniformity
机械使用 Mechanical application	−29.33 (21.15)				−0.14^* (0.07)
机耕 Mechanical ploughing		−12.08 (18.23)				−0.10 (0.07)
机播 Mechanical sowing			−47.63^*** (17.63)				−0.14^** (0.06)
机械撒药 Mechanical spreading of pesticides				−12.75 (19.28)				−0.03 (0.05)
性别 Gender	−19.95 (28.58)	−22.58 (28.58)	−20.93 (28.58)	−23.03 (28.58)	0.10^* (0.05)	0.09^* (0.05)	0.09^* (0.05)	0.09^* (0.05)
年龄 Age	0.15 (0.08)	0.15 (0.08)	0.23 (0.08)	0.15 (0.75)	2.0E−03 (2.0E−03)	2.0E−03 (2.0E−03)	2.0E−03 (2.0E−03)	2.0E−03 (2.0E−03)
受教育年限 Education	−0.68 (0.37)	−1.13 (0.36)	0.08 (0.38)	−1.28 (0.36)	−2.7E−05 (0.01)	−1.0E−04 (0.01)	−1.0E−04 (0.01)	−3.0E−04 (0.01)
健康状况 Health	3.75 (7.28)	3.53 (7.28)	4.13 (7.28)	3.52 (7.28)	0.01 (0.01)	0.01 (0.01)	0.01 (0.01)	0.01 (0.02)
家庭劳动力占比 Share of household labor	81.00 (51.83)	79.50 (52.05)	77.40 (51.68)	82.73 (52.13)	−0.08 (0.14)	−0.08 (0.14)	−0.09 (0.14)	−0.08 (0.15)
家庭收入 Household income	0.08 (0.15)	0.08 (0.15)	0.08 (0.15)	0.02 (0.11)	−3.2E−04 (2.4E−04)	−3.2E−04 (2.4E−04)	−2.9E−04 (2.3E−04)	−3.3E−04 (2.4E−04)
耕地质量 Soil quality	−19.20 (46.20)	−17.78 (46.20)	−26.18 (46.95)	−15.08 (46.50)	0.01 (0.08)	0.01 (0.08)	0.01 (0.08)	0.01 (0.08)
经营规模 Operation scale	−0.98^*** (0.30)	−1.05^*** (0.38)	−0.90^*** (0.38)	−0.98^*** (0.38)	−1.0E−04^** (5.6E−04)	−1.0E−04^*** (5.8E−04)	−1.0E−04^** (5.7E−04)	−1.0E−04^** (6.9E−04)
农业组织合作 Cooperation of organizations	−12.60 (17.03)	−15.30 (17.10)	−9.98 (17.18)	−16.05 (17.18)	−0.01 (0.05)	−0.01 (0.05)	−0.01 (0.05)	−0.02 (0.05)
农业技术培训 Tech training	18.98 (26.33)	18.00 (26.33)	18.32 (26.18)	18.23 (26.33)	−0.05 (0.05)	−0.06 (0.05)	−0.06 (0.05)	−0.06 (0.05)
化肥价格 Fertilizer prices	−129.68^*** (8.85)	−129.98^*** (8.93)	−129.75^*** (8.85)	−130.42^*** (8.93)	−0.02 (0.04)	−0.02 (0.04)	−0.02 (0.04)	−0.02 (0.04)
区域特征 Regional characteristics	已控制 Control	已控制 Control	已控制 Control	已控制 Control	已控制 Control	已控制 Control	已控制 Control	已控制 Control
常数 constant	834.83^*** (67.65)	828.98^*** (67.65)	829.59^*** (67.35)	824.10^*** (66.83)	0.04^** (0.15)	0.36^** (0.15)	0.34^** (0.15)	0.32^** (0.15)
观测值 Observations	1088	1088	1088	1088	1088	1088	1088	1088
*、、分别表示1%、5%以及10%的显著性水平; 括号内为稳健标准误。, and * indicate significant effects of the variables at 1%, 5% and 10% levels, respectively. The robust standard errors are shown in parentheses.

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表 4 机械应用及应用环节对化肥施用影响内生性处理估计结果

Table 4. Endogeneity treatment estimation results of effects of machinery use and use links on fertilizer application

				第1阶段 First stage
变量 Variable	是否使用机械/使用机械环节 Whether to use machine / link using machine			是否使用机械服务/使用机械服务环节 Whether to use mechanical services / links using mechanical services
变量 Variable	机械应用 Mechanical application	机械播种 Mechanical sowing	机械撒药 Mechanical spreading	机械应用 Mechanical application	机播 Mechanical sowing	机械撒药 Mechanical spreading
村级农业机械使用比例 Proportion of machinery of village	0.02^*** (2.0E−03)	0.02^*** (1.0E−03)	0.02^*** (2.0E−03)	0.02^*** (2.0E−03)	0.02^*** (2.0E−03)	0.02^*** (2.0E−03)
村级农业生产组织数量 Number of organizations of village	−0.01^* (0.01)	−0.01^* (0.01)	−0.02^** (0.01)	−0.01 (0.15)	−0.01 (0.15)	−0.01^** (0.01)
LR test	3.23^*	3.41^*	4.17^**	3.41^*	2.98^**	3.57^**
Prob>chi2	0.07	0.07	0.04	0.08	0.04	0.05

				第2阶段 Second stage
变量 Variable	单位面积平均施肥量 Average fertilizer application rate (kg∙hm⁻²)			施肥均匀度 Fertilization uniformity
机械应用 Mechanical application	−54.98 (35.18)			−0.21^** (0.10)
机播 Mechanical sowing		−83.63^** (33.75)			−1.02^*** (0.07)
机械撒药 Mechanical spreading of pesticids			−61.73 (45.53)			−0.02^** (0.01)
其他控制变量 Others	已控制 Control	已控制 Control	已控制 Control	已控制 Control	已控制 Control	已控制 Control
区域特征 Regional characteristics	已控制 Control	已控制 Control	已控制 Control	已控制 Control	已控制 Control	已控制 Control
Lamda (λ)	6.19^** (3.25)	9.72^*** (3.91)	8.89^** (4.03)	0.10^* (0.05)	0.12^** (0.05)	0.12^** (0.05)
ρ	0.19^* (0.01)	0.21^* (0.01)	0.31^** (0.13)	0.11^* (0.06)	0.13^** (0.06)	0.16^** (0.06)
*、、分别表示1%、5%以及10%的显著性水平; 括号内为稳健标准误。, and * indicate significant effects of the variables at 1%, 5% and 10% levels, respectively. The robust standard errors are shown in parentheses.

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表 5 机械服务与自购机械对化肥施用影响处理效应模型估计结果

Table 5. Estimated results of treatment effect model (TEM) for the effect of machinery services and self-purchased machinery on fertilizer application

			第1阶段 First stage
变量 Variable	是否使用机械/使用机械环节 Whether to use machine / link using machine		是否使用机械服务/使用机械服务环节 Whether to use mechanical services / links using mechanical services
变量 Variable	机械服务 Mechanical services	机播服务 Sowing services	机械服务 Mechanical services	机播服务 Sowing services
村级农业机械使用比例 Proportion of machinery of village	0.01^*** (1.0E−03)	0.02^*** (2.0E−03)	4.0E−03^*** (1.0E−03)	0.02^*** (2.0E−03)
村级农业生产组织数量 Number of organizations of village	−0.02^*** (0.010)	−0.02^*** (0.01)	−0.01^*** (0.004)	−0.02^** (0.008)
LR test	17.45	10.90	15.53	4.37
Prob>chi2	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.04

			第2阶段 Second stage
变量 Variable	单位面积平均施肥量 Average fertilizer application rate (kg∙hm⁻²)		施肥均匀度 Fertilization uniformity
机械服务 Mechanical services	−150.45^*** (44.47)		−1.17^*** (0.08)
机播服务 Sowing services		−213.45^*** (48.90)		−0.32^*** (0.30)
其他控制变量 Others	已控制 Control	已控制 Control	已控制 Control	已控制 Control
区域特征 Regional characteristics	已控制 Control	已控制 Control	已控制 Control	已控制 Control
Lamda (λ)	22.90^*** (3.35)	16.73^*** (4.21)	0.89^*** (0.04)	0.16^** (0.07)
ρ	0.75^*** (0.07)	0.60^*** (0.12)	0.92^*** (0.01)	0.20^** (0.08)
*、、分别表示1%、5%以及10%的显著性水平; 括号内为稳健标准误。*, and * indicate significant effects of the variables at 1%, 5% and 10% levels, respectively. The robust standard errors are shown in parentheses.

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表 6 机械及机械服务应用对化肥施用的稳健性检验估计结果

Table 6. Robustness test estimation results of effects of machinery use and use links on fertilizer application

		第1阶段 First stage
变量 Variable	使用机械环节 Link using machine	是否使用机械服务/使用机械服务环节 Whether to use mechanical services / links using mechanical services
变量 Variable	机播 Mechanical sowing	机械服务 Mechanical services	机播服务 Sowing services
村级农业机械使用比例 Proportion of machinery of village	0.02^*** (2.0E−03)	0.02^*** (2.0E−03)	0.02^*** (2.0E−03)
村级农业生产组织数量 Number of organizations of village	−0.01^* (0.01)	−0.01^* (0.01)	−0.02^*** (0.01)
LR test	5.23	9.30	5.09
Prob>chi2	0.02	2.0E−03	0.02

第2阶段 Second stage
变量 Variable	单位面积平均化肥投入 Average fertilizer application rate (¥∙hm⁻²)
机播 Mechanical sowing	−283.95^*** (104.55)
机械服务 Mechanical services		−394.50^*** (131.25)
机播服务 Sowing services			−352.80^*** (126.75)
其他控制变量 Others	已控制 Control	已控制 Control	已控制 Control
区域特征 Regional characteristics	已控制 Control	已控制 Control	已控制 Control
Lamda (λ)	11.37^** (4.94)	18.82^*** (5.88)	13.68^** (5.90)
ρ	0.25^** (0.11)	0.41^*** (0.12)	0.30^** (0.13)
*、、分别表示1%、5%以及10%的显著性水平; 括号内为稳健标准误。, and * indicate significant effects of the variables at 1%, 5% and 10% levels, respectively. The robust standard errors are shown in parentheses.

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