典型铅锌企业周边农田重金属富集植物筛选

何孟轲; 郭俊娒; 杨俊兴; 郑国砥; 陈同斌; 孟晓飞; 李玉峰; 刘杰

doi:10.12357/cjea.20220711

典型铅锌企业周边农田重金属富集植物筛选

doi: 10.12357/cjea.20220711

何孟轲^{1, 2,},
郭俊娒³,
杨俊兴^{1, 2, ,},
郑国砥^{1, 2},
陈同斌^{1, 2},
孟晓飞^{1, 2},
李玉峰^{1, 2},
刘杰⁴

1.
中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所环境修复中心　北京　100101
2.
中国科学院大学　北京　100049
3.
太原理工大学环境科学与工程学院　晋中　030600
4.
北京农学院生物与资源环境学院　北京　102206

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目(4227071531)、国家重点研究发展计划项目(2018YFC1802604)、人才培养质量建设-高水平人才交叉培养计划-实培计划项目(PXM2020_014207_000009)和中国科学院大学生创新实践训练计划(20224000892)资助

详细信息

作者简介:
何孟轲, 主要研究方向为资源利用与环境污染治理修复。E-mail: hemengke21@mails.ucas.ac.cn

通讯作者:
杨俊兴, 主要研究方向为资源利用与环境污染治理修复。E-mail: yangajx@igsnrr.ac.cn

中图分类号: X53
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-09-16
- 录用日期: 2023-02-09
- 网络出版日期: 2023-02-16
- 刊出日期: 2023-06-10

Screening of accumulating plants in farmland surrounding typical lead and zinc smelting enterprises

HE Mengke^{1, 2
,},
GUO Junmei³,
YANG Junxing^{1, 2
, ,},
ZHENG Guodi^{1, 2},
CHEN Tongbin^{1, 2},
MENG Xiaofei^{1, 2},
LI Yufeng^{1, 2},
LIU Jie⁴

1.
Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
2.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3.
College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong 030600, China
4.
College of Bioscience and Resources Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China

Funds: This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (4227071531), National Key R&D Program of China (2018YFC1802604), Personnel Training Quality Construction-Cross Training Plan for High-level Talents-Practical Training Program of Beijing, China (PXM2020_014207_000009) and Innovation Practice Training Program for College Students of Chinese Academy of Sciences (20224000892).

More Information

Corresponding author: E-mail: yangajx@igsnrr.ac.cn

摘要

摘要: 为探究有色金属企业周边农田重金属污染状况, 筛选修复与安全利用优势植物, 本研究在河南省济源市某铅锌冶炼企业周边农田开展调查, 探明研究区土壤重金属污染特征, 并选用17种重金属富集植物, 开展田间试验, 比较其生物量及重金属含量、富集系数、提取量及去除率等, 建立适合研究区的土壤重金属污染植物修复技术模式。结果表明, 试验区土壤镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)存在超标情况, 超标率Cd>Pb, 污染物主要分布在0~20 cm耕作层, 属典型的轻、中度Cd、Pb污染农田土壤。试验区主要农产品小麦籽粒Cd、Pb超标率为100%, 部分样品As超标, 玉米籽粒符合标准。17种富集植物生物量和对重金属的富集能力差异较大, 籽粒苋生物量最高, 达29 598 kg∙hm⁻², 是遏蓝菜的46.61倍, 体内重金属Cd、Pb、As含量分别为2.90~30.90 mg∙kg⁻¹、7.81~93.07 mg∙kg⁻¹、3.76~22.90 mg∙kg⁻¹。不同植物对土壤中重金属的去除率存在明显差异, 籽粒苋、冬油菜‘中油千斤旱’、向日葵‘S606’表现出良好的Cd、Pb提取修复潜力, 对土壤中Cd的去除率均高于1.90%。此外, 油菜和向日葵可进一步加工生产食用油、饲料或有机肥料, 实现边修复边生产, 应用前景较好。在研究区采用籽粒苋-冬油菜轮作和向日葵单作两种修复模式均能达到较高的修复效果, 具备一定的推广应用潜力。
- 重金属 /
- 土壤污染 /
- 富集植物 /
- 修复能力 /
- 修复模式
Abstract: As one of the most important lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) smelting production bases in China, the heavy metal content in the farmland surrounding the enterprises in Jiyuan City of Henan Province seriously exceeded the national standard due to the backward technology and large pollutant discharge. In order to explore the characteristics of heavy metal contamination in farmland around Pb and Zn smelting enterprises in Jiyuan City, select the dominant plants for remediation and safe utilization of heavy metal-contaminated farmland, and establish a preliminary remediation model, field experiments were conducted on farmland surrounding Pb and Zn smelting enterprises in Jiyuan City. The study included investigating the characteristics of cadmium (Cd), Pb, and arsenic (As) pollution in soil, analyzing the heavy metal content in main agricultural products, selecting 17 kinds of heavy metal-accumulating plants for field cultivation, and studying their biomass, heavy metal contents, bioconcentration factor, extraction amount, and remediation efficiency. The results showed that the average content of Cd, Pb, and As in soil was 2.22 mg·kg⁻¹, 173.1 mg·kg⁻¹ and 18.38 mg∙kg⁻¹, respectively, which were mainly distributed in the cultivated layer. Among them, the content of Cd and Pb exceeded the risk screening values in the Environmental Quality Standard for Soils (GB 15618—2018), and the single factor pollution index reached 3.71 and 1.02, respectively. In terms of the wheat and maize cultivated on the contaminated farmland, the content of Cd, Pb, and As in maize seeds did not exceed the values in the National Food Safety Standards (GB 2762—2022), but the Cd and Pb content in wheat seeds exceeded the standards, while the exceeding rates both reached 100%. In plant cultivation experiments, the biomass and heavy metal enrichment capacities of the 17 kinds of accumulating plants differed significantly. The biomass of Amaranthus hypochondriacus was the highest, reaching 29 598 kg·hm⁻², which was 46.61 times that of Noccaea caerulescens (635 kg·hm⁻²). The contents of Cd, Pb, and As in the 17 plant species were 2.90−30.90 mg·kg⁻¹, 7.81−93.07 mg·kg⁻¹, and 3.76−22.90 mg·kg⁻¹, respectively. The bioconcentration factors of Cd, Pb, and As were 1.31 to 13.92, 0.05 to 0.54, and 0.20 to 1.24, respectively. Helianthus annuus ‘S606’ had the largest Cd, Pb, and As comprehensive bio-concentration index of 2.3. Combining plant biomass and enrichment capacity, 17 plant species showed clear differences in the removal efficiency of contaminated soil. Cluster analysis showed that Amaranthus hypochondriacus, Brassica napus ‘Zhongyou 1000’, and Helianthus annuus ‘S606’ had higher Cd and Pb accumulation and remediation capacities in soil. The removal efficiency of these three species was higher than 1.90% for Cd and 0.07% for Pb, showing a promising potential for remediation of Cd and Pb-contaminated soils. In addition, Brassica napus and Helianthus annuus can be further processed to produce edible oil, feed, or fertilizer, which can bring economic benefits while remediating soil. In conclusion, the farmland surrounding the Pb and Zn smelting enterprise in Jiyuan City was typically light to moderately contaminated with Cd and Pb. In response to this situation, two technical modes of heavy metals-contaminated farmland remediation were proposed: Amaranthus hypochondriacus-Brassica napus rotation remediation mode and Helianthus annuus monoculture remediation mode. Both modes can achieve high remediation efficiency and were viable and extendable.
- Heavy metals /
- Soil pollution /
- Accumulating plants /
- Remediation capacity /
- Remediation mode

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图 1 试验区不同深度土壤重金属含量分布特征

图中虚线代表各重金属的风险筛选值, 根据GB 15618—2018中农用地重金属含量(pH>7.5), Cd的风险筛选值为0.6 mg∙kg⁻¹, Pb的风险筛选值为170 mg∙kg⁻¹, As的风险筛选值为25 mg∙kg⁻¹。The dotted lines in the figure represent the risk screening value of each heavy metal. According to the heavy metal content of farmland in GB 15618—2018 (pH>7.5), the risk screening values of Cd, Pb, and As are 0.6 mg∙kg⁻¹, 170 mg∙kg⁻¹, and 25 mg∙kg⁻¹, respectively.

Figure 1. Distribution characteristics of heavy metals contents at different depths in the study area

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图 2 不同富集植物的生物量

序号P1~P17详见表1中富集植物; 不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。P1−P17 refer to the numbers of accumulating plants in Table 1. Different lowercase letters mean significant differences at P<0.05 level.

Figure 2. Biomass of different accumulating plants

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图 3 不同富集植物重金属含量

Figure 3. Cd、Pb and As contents in different accumulating plants

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图 4 不同富集植物对重金属的综合生物富集指数(CBCI)

序号P1~P17详见表1中富集植物。P1−P17 refer to the numbers of accumulating plants in Table 1.

Figure 4. Comprehensive bio-concentration indexes (CBCI) of heavy metals of different accumulating plants

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图 5 不同植物Cd、Pb和As提取量及去除率

Figure 5. Cd, Pb, and As extraction amounts and removal efficiencies of different accumulating plants

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图 6 不同植物Cd、Pb富集能力聚类热图

序号P1~P17详见表1中富集植物。9项聚类指标(Index 1~Index9)分别为: 生物量、Cd含量、Pb含量、Cd富集系数、Pb富集系数、Cd提取量、Pb提取量、Cd去除率和Pb去除率。P1−P17 refer to the numbers of accumulating plants in Table 1. Index 1−Index 9 respectively represent: biomass, Cd content, Pb content, bioconcentration factor of Cd, bioconcentration factor of Pb, Cd extraction amount, Pb extraction amount, Cd removal efficiency, and Pb removal efficiency.

Figure 6. Clustering heat map of Cd、Pb accumulation capacity of different plants

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表 1 供试富集植物基本信息及种植条件

Table 1. Basic information of accumulating plants and planting conditions tested in the study

序号 Number	种 Species	科 Family	生活型 Life form	播种量 Seeding rate (kg∙hm⁻²)	定苗数量 Singling density (×10⁴seedlings∙hm⁻²)	种植方式 Planting way
P1	德国景天 Sedum hybridum ‘Immergrunchett’	景天科 Crassulaceae	多年生草本植物 Perennial herb	/	25	扦插 Cuttage
P2	三七景天 Sedum aizoon	景天科 Crassulaceae	多年生草本植物 Perennial herb	/	12	扦插 Cuttage
P3	伴矿景天 Sedum plumbizincicola	景天科 Crassulaceae	多年生草本植物 Perennial herb	/	12	扦插 Cuttage
P4	印度芥菜 Brassica juncea	十字花科 Brassicaceae	一年生草本植物 Annual herb	30	12	直播 Sowing
P5	鬼针草 Bidens pilosa	菊科 Asteraceae	一年生草本植物 Annual herb	15	7.5	直播 Sowing
P6	龙葵 Solanum nigrum	茄科 Solanaceae	一年生草本植物 Annual herb	30	12	直播 Sowing
P7	紫茉莉 Mirabilis jalapa	紫茉莉科 Nyctaginaceae	一年生草本植物 Annual herb	15	3	直播 Sowing
P8	遏蓝菜 Thlaspi arvense	十字花科 Brassicaceae	一年生草本植物 Annual herb	2.25	12	直播 Sowing
P9	红叶甜菜 Beta vulgaris	藜科 Chenopodiaceae	二年生草本植物 Biennial herb	7.5	6	直播 Sowing
P10	红苋菜 Amaranthus caudatus	苋科 Amaranthaceae	一年生草本植物 Annual herb	75	12	直播 Sowing
P11	籽粒苋 Amaranthus hypochondriacus	苋科 Amaranthaceae	一年生草本植物 Annual herb	15	12	直播 Sowing
P12	油菜‘早熟100天’ Brassica napus ‘Zaoshu 100’	十字花科 Brassicaceae	二年生草本植物 Biennial herb	9	12	直播 Sowing
P13	油菜‘极旱98’ Brassica napus ‘Jihan 98’	十字花科 Brassicaceae	二年生草本植物 Biennial herb	9	12	直播 Sowing
P14	油菜‘中油千斤旱’ Brassica napus ‘Zhongyou 1000’	十字花科 Brassicaceae	二年生草本植物 Biennial herb	9	12	直播 Sowing
P15	向日葵‘S606’ Helianthus annuus ‘S606’	菊科 Asteraceae	一年生草本植物 Annual herb	30	6	直播 Sowing
P16	向日葵‘桃之春’ Helianthus annuus ‘Taozhichun’	菊科 Asteraceae	一年生草本植物 Annual herb	30	6	直播 Sowing
P17	向日葵‘三阳开泰’ Helianthus annuus ‘Sanyangkaitai’	菊科 Asteraceae	一年生草本植物 Annual herb	30	6	直播 Sowing

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表 2 塘石试验区表层土壤重金属含量

Table 2. Heavy metal content of topsoil in Tangshi experiment area

	Cd	Pb	As
平均值 Mean value (mg∙kg⁻¹)	2.22±0.28	173.1±14.33	18.38±1.85
GB 15618—2018风险筛选值(pH>7.5) GB 15618—2018 risk screening value (mg∙kg⁻¹) (pH>7.5)	0.6	170	25
超标率 Standard-exceeding ratio (%)	100.0	54.2	0
单因子污染指数 Single factor pollution	3.71	1.02	0.74

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表 3 塘石试验区小麦、玉米籽粒中重金属含量

Table 3. Heavy metals contents in wheat and corn grains in Tangshi experiment area

作物 Seed	品种 Cultivar	Cd		Pb		As
作物 Seed	品种 Cultivar	含量 Content (mg∙kg⁻¹)	超标率 Exceeding rate (%)	含量 Content (mg∙kg⁻¹)	超标率 Exceeding rate (%)	含量 Content (mg∙kg⁻¹)	超标率 Exceeding rate (%)
小麦 Wheat	矮抗58 Aikang 58	0.26±0.05	100	0.53±0.13	100	0.61±0.08	75
小麦 Wheat	洛麦23 Luomai 23	0.29±0.06	100	0.77±0.23	100	0.62±0.17	100
玉米 Maize	郑单 958 Zhengdan 958	0.01±0	0	0.11±0.02	0	0.10±0.01	0
GB 2762—2022 限量 National Food Safety Standards (GB 2762—2022)		0.1	—	0.2	—	0.5	—

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表 4 不同植物重金属富集系数

Table 4. Bioconcentration factors of different accumulationg plants

植物 Plant	富集系数 Bioconcentration factor
植物 Plant	Cd	Pb	As
德国景天 Sedum hybridusm ‘Immergrunchett’	8.88±0.22b	0.11±0.01hi	0.46±0.03cde
三七景天 Sedum aizoon	2.56±0.26fg	0.11±0.02hi	0.60±0.11cd
伴矿景天 Sedum plumbizincicola	13.92±1.54a	0.30±0.01d	0.52±0.09cd
印度芥菜 Brassica juncea	2.32±0.19fg	0.14±0.02gh	0.26±0.02efg
鬼针草 Bidens pilosa	3.15±0.31efg	0.24±0.02def	0.43±0.05def
龙葵 Solanum nigrum	5.72±1.22cd	0.22±0.06ef	0.65±0.16c
紫茉莉 Mirabilis jalapa	1.31±0.12g	0.07±0.02hi	0.25±0.02fg
遏蓝菜 Thlaspi arvense	6.97±1.64bc	0.05±0.01i	0.20±0.05g
红叶甜菜 Beta vulgaris	2.75±0.42fg	0.19±0.01fg	0.26±0.03fg
红苋菜 Amaranthus caudatus	1.55±0.05g	0.07±0.01hi	0.25±0.05fg
籽粒苋 Amaranthus hypochondriacus	3.98±0.35def	0.19±0.01fg	1.24±0.10a
油菜‘早熟100天’ Brassica napus ‘Zaoshu 100’	2.18±0.17fg	0.29±0.03de	0.26±0.02efg
油菜‘极旱98’ Brassica napus ‘Jihan 98’	2.88±1.08fg	0.45±0.04bc	0.44±0.01def
油菜‘中油千斤旱’ Brassica napus ‘Zhongyou 1000’	2.28±0.57fg	0.48±0.02ab	0.41±0.06defg
向日葵‘S606’ Helianthus annuus ‘S606’	5.31±0.27cde	0.54±0.02a	1.24±0.06a
向日葵‘桃之春’ Helianthus annuus ‘Taozhichun’	4.21±0.08def	0.45±0.002bc	1.16±0.04ab
向日葵‘三阳开泰’ Helianthus annuus ‘Sanyangkaitai’	6.81±0.28bc	0.40±0.02c	0.97±0.01b
同列不同字母表示差异显著( P<0.05)。Different lowercase letters in the same column mean significant differences at P<0.05 level.

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表 5 富集植物对Cd污染土壤的修复效果比较

Table 5. Comparison of phytoremediation efficiency of Cd hyperaccumulators

植物 Plant	种植模式 Planting mode	种植时间 Planting time (d)	土壤pH Soil pH	土壤Cd含量 Soil Cd content (mg·kg⁻¹)	地上部Cd含量 Shoot Cd content (mg·kg⁻¹)	地上部生物量 Shoot biomass (g·plant⁻¹)	修复后土壤 Cd含量 Cd content after remediation (mg·kg⁻¹)	修复效率 Efficiency (%)	参考文献 Reference
德国景天 Phedimus hybridus ‘Immergrunchett’	盆栽 Pot	30	6.83	25	4.46	2.30	—	—	[34]
三七景天 Sedum spetabilis	盆栽 Pot	100	7.82	20	17.05	5.50	—	—	[35]
伴矿景天 Sedum plumbizincicola	田间 Field	60	6.90	0.65	47.00	16.18	0.55	13.7	[36]
印度芥菜 Brassica juncea	盆栽 Pot	90	8.10	2.20	3.18	4.31	—	0.20	[37]
印度芥菜 Brassica juncea	盆栽 Pot	90	8.08	7.49	14.89	5.95	—	0.40	[37]
鬼针草 Bidens pilosa	盆栽 Pot	60	6.78	2.57	11.90	10.50	—	—	[38]
三叶鬼针草 Bidens pilosa	盆栽 Pot	180	7.5~8.2	1.250	—	10.114	0.862	—	[39]
三叶鬼针草 Bidens pilosa	盆栽 Pot	180	7.5~8.2	12.033	—	7.782	10.021	—	[39]
三叶鬼针草 Bidens pilosa	盆栽 Pot	90	8.10	2.20	10.44	12.81	—	2.40	[37]
三叶鬼针草 Bidens pilosa	盆栽 Pot	90	8.08	7.49	28.03	12.76	—	1.59	[37]
龙葵 Solanum nigrum	盆栽 Pot	60	8.57	1.83	18.60	1.48	—	—	[40]
龙葵 Solanum nigrum	田间 Field	60	8.34	1.57	3.34	1.50	—	0.67	[41]
龙葵 Solanum nigrum	田间 Field	60	6.48	3.89	41.39	3.07	—	1.59	[41]
紫茉莉 Mirabilis jalapa	盆栽 Pot	90	6.50	5.00	10.36	3.71	—	—	[42]
紫茉莉 Mirabilis jalapa	盆栽 Pot	180	7.5~8.2	1.1467	—	2.934	1.0425	—	[39]
紫茉莉 Mirabilis jalapa	盆栽 Pot	180	7.5~8.2	12.561	—	3.968	11.155	—	[39]
遏蓝菜 Noccaea caerulescens	田间 Field	180	7.60	1.90	17.74	4.45	—	—	[43]
红叶甜菜 Beta vulgaris	盆栽 Pot	60	6.21	1.55	16.44	24.94	—	—	[44]
红苋菜 Amaranthus mangostanus	盆栽 Pot	60	5.09	2.81	1.83	1.28	—	—	[45]
苋菜 Amaranthus mangostanus	盆栽 Pot	60	8.57	1.83	1.21	1.99	—	—	[40]
籽粒苋 Amaranthus hypochondriacus	田间 Field	60	8.34	1.57	2.07	2.02	—	0.27	[41]
籽粒苋 Amaranthus hypochondriacus	田间 Field	60	6.48	3.89	22.59	2.50	—	1.45	[41]

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