双碳视角下乡村地域系统碳效应研究进展

张千禧; 曹智; 王介勇

doi:10.12357/cjea.20220798

双碳视角下乡村地域系统碳效应研究进展

doi: 10.12357/cjea.20220798

张千禧^{1, 2,},
曹智^1, ,,
王介勇¹

1.
中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所/中国科学院区域可持续发展分析与模拟重点实验室　北京　100101
2.
中国科学院大学资源与环境学院　北京　100049

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目(41931293, 42271279, 41801175)资助

详细信息

作者简介:
张千禧, 研究方向为乡村转型机理与模式。E-mail: zhangqianxi22@mails.ucas.ac.cn

通讯作者:
曹智, 研究方向为土地利用与乡村发展。E-mail: caoz@igsnrr.ac.cn

中图分类号: F323.22
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-10-19
- 录用日期: 2023-03-03
- 网络出版日期: 2023-03-06
- 刊出日期: 2023-08-10

Research progress of rural regional system carbon effect from the perspective of Dual Carbon

ZHANG Qianxi^{1, 2
,},
CAO Zhi^{1
, ,},
WANG Jieyong¹

1.
Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences / Key Laboratory of Regional Sustainable Development Modeling, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
2.
College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

Funds: The study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41931293, 42271279, 41801175).

More Information

Corresponding author: E-mail: caoz@igsnrr.ac.cn

摘要

摘要: 乡村是国土空间的重要组成部分, 乡村减排增汇是实现双碳目标的关键举措。乡村碳效应包括碳排放效应和碳汇效应, 因核算范畴、方法、指标等不同, 各研究结果间差异较大, 尚未达成一致结论。本文基于人地关系地域系统理论构建乡村碳循环体系, 使用Meta分析方法综述乡村碳效应定量研究成果, 以期为形成乡村空间碳效应的系统认知提供参考。结果表明: 1)农业生产碳排放占乡村碳排放总量的20%, 作物种植和禽畜养殖碳排放分别占农业碳排放的30%和70%。少施1 t氮肥可减排9.526 t CO₂, 相当于节约9555 kWh电, 可用于生产27 t大米; 减少1%的牛羊数量可减少4.48%的养殖业碳排放。2)乡村居民生活碳排放占乡村碳排放总量的80%, 其碳减排潜力高于农业生产; 燃煤占直接碳排放的80%, 若将1%煤炭消费替换为生物质能, 乡村生活将减排3624.8万t CO₂, 节电3636 kWh。3)1990—2022年间, 我国乡村净碳汇呈增长态势, 乡村年均净碳汇50 025.8万t, 相当于节约7.36亿 t 标准煤, 123亿元固碳成本。建议增加新型长效肥料研发投资, 推广种养一体化生态农业模式, 加大低碳生活理念宣传力度, 推进乡村数字化能源系统建设, 以充分发挥乡村减排增汇潜力。
- “双碳”目标 /
- 乡村地域系统 /
- 碳效应 /
- 碳排放 /
- 碳汇 /
- 碳减排 /
- 碳增汇
Abstract: As an important constituent of national land space, rural carbon emission reduction and sink increase are crucial for achieving the Dual Carbon goal. The rural carbon effect involves carbon emissions and sinks, and the estimation results vary widely between studies, with no consistent conclusions owing to different accounting scopes, methods, indicators, and other factors. First, this study constructed a rural carbon cycle system based on the human-earth system theory. Second, a meta-analysis was used to integrate previous quantitative studies on rural carbon effects and estimate the overall effect size. Finally, factors influencing the rural carbon effect were summarized and suggestions for rural governance were proposed. This study aims to provide a reference for a quantitative understanding of the carbon effect of the rural regional system. The results show that 1) carbon emissions from agricultural production account for approximately 20% of the total rural carbon emissions, while carbon emissions from agriculture account for 10.37% of the total average annual carbon emissions in China, with approximately 30% originating from crop cultivation and approximately 70% from livestock farming. Fertilizer application accounts for 58.23% of crop cultivation carbon emissions, whereas 67.40% of livestock farming carbon emissions originats from animal enteric fermentation. Applying 1 t less nitrogen fertilizer can reduce carbon emissions by 9.526 t CO₂, which is equivalent to an electricity saving of 9555 kWh and can be used to produce 27 t of rice. Improving nitrogen use efficiency by 1% conserves 375 000 t of raw coal, and reducing the number of cattle and sheep by 1% can reduce carbon emissions from livestock farming by 4.48%. 2) Approximately 80% of rural carbon emissions originates from residential living, which has a higher carbon reduction potential than agricultural production. Nearly 65% of residential living carbon emissions are indirectly generated, with housing construction accounting for 45.32%. Coal burning contributes to approximately 80% of direct carbon emissions, and replacing coal consumption by 1% with biomass energy can reduce residential living carbon emissions by 36 248 000 t CO₂, corresponding to an electricity saving of 3636 kWh. Additionally, in the process of urbanization, the cost of eliminating 91.54 million tons of increased carbon emissions from a 1% rural-to-urban population shift would account for at least 6.1 billion Yuan. 3) Between 1990 and 2022, the net carbon sink of rural China assumed a growth trend, and the average annual rural net carbon sink was 500 258 200 t·a⁻¹, equivalent to saving 736 million tons of standard coal and 12.3 billion Yuan in carbon sequestration costs. Net rural carbon emissions in China increased from 1990 to 2022; however, the carbon sequestration potential of farmland protection cultivation has not yet been fully exploited. Increasing the rural environmental governance level by 2% using emerging technologies can reduce the carbon emissions from rural agricultural production by 2%. Therefore, it is proposed to increase investment in the research and development of new long-acting fertilizers, promote an ecological agriculture model that integrates planting and breeding, enhance efforts to publicize the low-carbon living concept, and advance the construction of rural digital energy systems to fully utilize the potential for rural emission reduction and sink increase.
- Dual Carbon goals /
- Rural regional system /
- Carbon effect /
- Carbon emission /
- Carbon sink /
- Carbon emission reduction /
- Carbon sink increase

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图 1 乡村碳循环体系

Figure 1. Rural carbon cycle system

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图 2 中国乡村农业生产和居民生活碳排放核算结果汇总

Figure 2. Summary of the carbon emission accounting results of rural agricultural production and residential living in China

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图 3 中国养殖业(1995—2013年)与种植业(2003—2019年)碳排放变化情况

Figure 3. Carbon emission changes in breeding industry (1995−2013) and planting industry (2003−2019) in China

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图 4 中国乡村碳汇核算结果汇总

Figure 4. Summary of the accounting results of rural carbon sink in China

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图 5 中国乡村净碳汇核算及其变化研究结果对比

Figure 5. Comparison of various studies on rural net carbon sink accounting and its changes in China

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表 1 中国乡村碳排放与碳汇相关文献的筛选结果

Table 1. Screening results of literatures concerning rural carbon emission and carbon sink in China

核算内容 Accounting content		文献的作者, 出版时间 Author and publishing date of literature	碳核算时期 Carbon accounting period	节点年份数 Number of node years
乡村农业生产碳排放 Carbon emission of rural agricultural production	广义农业 (种植业和养殖业) Generalized agriculture (planting and breeding industry)	田成诗等, 2021 TIAN C S, et al., 2021	2006—2016	3
		江艳军等, 2019 JIANG Y J, et al., 2019	2008—2016	9
		田云等, 2012 TIAN Y, et al., 2012	1995—2010	16
		徐嘉琦, 2022 XU J Q, 2022	2004—2020	17
		韦沁, 2018 WEI Q, 2018	1997—2015	19
		张俊飚等, 2014 ZHANG J B, et al., 2014	2002—2011	4
	狭义农业 (种植业) Narrow agriculture (planting industry)	张颂心, 2021 ZHANG S X, 2021	2000—2018	19
		杨雪, 2022 YANG X, 2022	2003—2020	18
		黄晓慧等, 2022 HUANG X H, et al., 2022	2007—2019	13
		贺青等, 2021 HE Q, et al., 2021	2003—2018	16
		田云等, 2011 TIAN Y, et al., 2011	1993—2008	16
		戴小文等, 2020 DAI X W, et al., 2020	2007—2016	10
	养殖业 Breeding industry	田云等, 2012 TIAN Y, et al., 2012	1995—2010	16
		陈瑶, 2016 CHEN Y, 2016	2001—2013	13
		姚成胜等, 2017 YAO C S, et al., 2017	2000—2014	15
		胡向东等, 2010 HU X D, et al., 2010	2000—2007	8
		张金鑫等, 2020 ZHANG J X, et al., 2020	1997—2017	21
		苏旭峰等, 2022 SU X F, et al., 2022	2000—2018	19
乡村居民生活碳排放 Carbon emission of rural residential living		朱琳, 2018 ZHU L, 2018	2005—2014	10
		黄芳等, 2013 HUANG F, et al., 2013	2000—2010	11
		张咪咪, 2011 ZHANG M M, 2011	1997—2007	11
		凤振华等, 2010 FENG Z H, et al., 2010	2005—2007	3
		万文玉等, 2017 WAN W Y, et al., 2017	2001—2013	13
乡村农业碳汇 Carbon sink of rural agriculture		曹执令等, 2022 CAO Z L, et al., 2022	2007—2022	14
		陈罗烨等, 2016 CHEN L Y, et al., 2016	1991—2011	21
		田云等, 2015 TIAN Y, et al., 2015	2000—2012	4
		张俊飚等, 2013 ZHANG J B, et al., 2013	1995—2010	16
		李强等, 2022 LI Q, et al., 2022	2005—2020	16
		李翠菊, 2012 LI C J, 2012	1990—2010	21

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表 2 化肥碳排放系数

Table 2. Fertilizers carbon emission factors

t(CE)∙t⁻¹
化肥类型 Fertilizer type	生产、运输、包装过程 Production, transportation and pack process	使用过程 Utilization process	总量 Gross	来源 Source
氮肥 Nitrogen fertilizer	7.759	1.767	9.526	[42-43]
磷肥 Phosphate fertilizer	2.332	0.733	3.065	[42-44]
钾肥 Potash fertilizer	0.660	0.550	1.210	[42-44]
对参考文献中的数据进行了单位换算, 统一为t(CE)∙t⁻¹。数量关系为: CE=(12/44)×CO₂, CE为碳当量。 The unit of data in the reference is converted to CE. The quantitative relationship is CE=(12/44)×CO₂ and CE is carbon equivalent.

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表 3 乡村居民生活碳排放的影响因素及其作用效果

Table 3. Influencing factors and their effects of rural residential living carbon emission

影响因素 Influencing factor	可量化指标 Quantifiable index	每提升1%所带来的碳排放变化 Change in carbon emission resulting from 1% uplift (%)	来源 Source
经济增长 Economic growth	乡村居民人均收入 Income per rural inhabitant	0.43	[47]
技术进步 Technological progress	能源利用效率 Energy efficiency	−2.12	[48]
能源结构 Energy structure	煤炭消费占比 Coal consumption percentage	0.26	[49]
能源结构 Energy structure	生物质能消费占比 Biomass energy consumption percentage	−1.50	[50]
产业结构 Industrial structure	第一产业产值占比 Primary industry output percentage	−1.99	[51]
人口规模 Population size	乡村人口总数 Rural population	−3.98	[47]

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表 4 中国主要粮食作物年均碳汇量及碳投入价值

Table 4. Average annual carbon sink and carbon input value of major grain crops in China

作物 Crop	固碳量 Carbon sequestration [t(C)∙hm⁻²∙a⁻¹]	大气CO₂吸收量 Absorption of atmospheric CO₂ [t(C)∙hm⁻²∙a⁻¹]	碳投入价值 Carbon input value [¥∙hm⁻²∙a⁻¹]	来源 Source
小麦 Wheat	3.62	13.28	245	[56–57]
玉米 Maize	3.98	14.58	162	[56–57]
水稻 Rice	4.32	15.83	254	[56–57]
1)大气CO₂吸收量=单位面积作物固碳量×作物种植面积; 2)面积数据来源于《2021年中国统计年鉴》; 3)碳投入价值指作物种植耗能和化肥、农药等生产资料使用造成的碳排放量与碳价格的乘积。1) Atmospheric CO₂ absorption = carbon sequestration per unit area multiplied by crop area; 2) Crops area data from China Statistical Yearbook (2021). 3) Carbon input value refers to the multiplication of the total carbon emission caused by the consumption of energy (diesel, electricity, etc.) and production materials (fertilizers, pesticides, etc.) in the cultivation of crops and the price of carbon.

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表 5 不同估算条件下的乡村农田土壤碳汇潜力(中国、美国与全球)

Table 5. Soil carbon sink potential of rural farmland under different assessment conditions (China, USA and world)

研究区 Study area	固碳潜力 Carbon sequestration potential [10⁸ t(C)∙a⁻¹)]	估算条件 Assessment condition	来源 Source
中国 China	0.25~0.37	综合养分管理, 作物轮作及有效的保护系统 Comprehensive nutrient management, rotation of crops and effective protection system	[60]
	0.110~0.365	作物产量提高且作物残茬清除量减少 Crop yield increased and crop residue removal reduced	[61]
	0.325	50%的免耕以及50%秸秆还田 50% no-tillage and 50% straw returning	[62]
	0.16~0.20	保护性耕作和水土流失综合治理 Conserving cultivation and soil erosion comprehensive harness	[63]
	0.20~0.25	改善土壤管理和农田经营机制 Improving soil management and farmland management mechanism	[64]
	0.33	20世纪80年代农业生产条件 On the basis of agricultural production condition in the 1980s	[65]
	0.121~0.344	施氮与100%秸秆还田 Nitrogen fertilizer and 100% straw returning	[66]
美国 USA	0.75~2.08	RMP(资源管理计划)和优化土地利用 Resource Management Plans and land use optimization	[67]
	0.9~1.8	退耕还草 Restoring farmland to grassland	[68]
	0.6~0.7	IPCC(联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会)推荐方法 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change recommended methods	[69]
全球 World	4.0~8.0	RMP(资源管理计划)与保护性耕作 Resource Management Plans and conserving cultivation	[70]
	5.0~20.0	应用土壤管理新技术 Applying new soil management technologies	[68]
	3.0~15.0	土地利用/土地覆被变化研究和氮沉降 Land use/land cover change studies and nitrogen deposition	[71]

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表 6 不同农田管理措施下农田土壤固碳率的区域差异

Table 6. Regional differences in soil carbon sequestration rate under various farmland management measures in China

农田管理方式 Farmland management method	具体措施 Concrete measure	研究区 Study area	土壤类别 Soil type	作物熟制 Crop cropping system	固碳率 Carbon sequestration [kg(C)∙hm⁻²∙a⁻¹]	来源 Source
秸秆还田模式 Straw returning pattern	堆沤还田 Composting return	华东地区 East China	壤土 Loam soil	小麦-玉米两熟制 Wheat-maize cropping system	447.05	[72]
	堆沤还田 Composting return	华中地区 Central China	麦田土 Wheat soil	小麦一熟制 Wheat single cropping system	676.8	[73]
	覆盖还田 Straw mulching return	华东地区 East China	壤土 Loam soil	小麦-玉米两熟制 Wheat-maize cropping system	118.63	[72]
		华中地区 Central China	麦田土 Wheat soil	小麦一熟制 Wheat single cropping system	410.4	[73]
		华南地区 South China	水稻土 Paddy soil	水稻两熟制 Double rice cropping system	906.8	[74]
		东北地区 Northeast China	中层黑土 Middle layer black soil	玉米一熟制 Maize single cropping system	770	[75]
		西北地区 Northwest China	黄壤 Yellow soil	两年三熟制 Two-year triple cropping system	160	[76]
	过腹还田 Straw return after livestock digestion	华东地区 East China	壤土 Loam soil	小麦-玉米两熟制 Wheat-maize cropping system	604.44	[72]
	过腹还田 Straw return after livestock digestion	华中地区 Central China	麦田土 Wheat soil	小麦一熟制 Wheat single cropping system	758.4	[73]
	炭化还田 Carbonization returning	华南地区 South China	水稻土 Paddy soil	水稻两熟制 Double rice cropping system	1118.2	[74]
	粉碎翻压还田 Breaking and ploughing return	东北地区 Northeast China	中层黑土 Middle layer black soil	玉米一熟制 Maize single cropping system	1740	[75]
耕作模式 Cultivation pattern	翻耕 Plough tillage	华北地区 North China	潮褐土 Meadow cinnamon soil	小麦-玉米两熟制 Wheat-maize cropping system	615.5	[77]
		南方地区 Southern China	水稻土 Paddy soil	水稻-小麦两熟制 Rice-wheat cropping system	449.89	[78]
		西北地区 Northwest China	黑垆土 Black loessial soil	小麦一熟制 Wheat single cropping system	76.85	[79]
		南方地区 Southern China	水稻土 Paddy soil	水稻两熟制 Double rice cropping system	1008	[74]
	免耕 No-tillage	华北地区 North China	砂壤土 Sandy loam soil	玉米一熟制 Maize single cropping system	144	[80]
		西北地区 Northwest China	人为土 Anthropic soils	小麦-玉米两熟制 Wheat-maize cropping system	1090.7	[81]
		华北地区 North China	砂壤土 Sandy loam soil	小麦一熟制 Wheat single cropping system	410	[80]
		华北地区 North China	壤土 Loam soil	小麦-玉米两熟制 Wheat-maize cropping system	1137	[82]
		华北地区 North China	潮褐土 Meadow cinnamon soil	小麦-玉米两熟制 Wheat-maize cropping system	329.1	[77]
		南方地区 Southern China	水稻土 Paddy soil	水稻-小麦两熟制 Rice-wheat cropping system	2333.71	[78]
		西北地区 Northwest China	黑垆土 Black loessial soil	小麦一熟制 Wheat single cropping system	148.58	[79]
		南方地区 Southern China	水稻土 Paddy soil	水稻两熟制 Double rice cropping system	888	[74]
	旋耕 Rotary tillage	西北地区 Northwest China	人为土 Anthropic soils	小麦-玉米两熟制 Wheat-maize cropping system	877.2	[81]
耕作模式 Cultivation pattern	旋耕 Rotary tillage	华北地区 North China	潮褐土 Meadow cinnamon soil	小麦-玉米两熟制 Wheat-maize cropping system	1011.1	[77]
	旋耕 Rotary tillage	南方地区 Southern China	水稻土 Paddy soil	水稻两熟制 Double rice cropping system	1065.02	[74]
	深松 Deep scarification	西北地区 Northwest China	人为土 Anthropic soil	小麦-玉米两熟制 Wheat-maize cropping system	1048.9	[81]
	深松 Deep scarification	华北地区 North China	壤土 Loam soil	小麦-玉米两熟制 Wheat-maize cropping system	959	[82]
施肥模式 Fertilization pattern	单施化肥 Single application of chemical fertilizer	南方地区 Southern China	水稻土 Paddy soil	水稻两熟制 Double rice cropping system	140	[83]
		东北地区 Northeast China	淋溶土 Alfisols	—	23.5	[84]
		华北地区 North China	砂壤土 Sandy loam soil	小麦-玉米两熟制 Wheat-maize cropping system	104.67	[85]
		华北地区 North China	砂壤土 Sandy loam soil	小麦-玉米两熟制 Wheat-maize cropping system	76	[86]
		南方地区 Southern China	黄泥土 Yellow clayey soil	水稻一熟制 Rice single cropping system	950	[87]
		南方地区 Southern China	黄泥土 Yellow clayey soil	水稻两熟制 Double rice cropping system	620	[87]
		南方地区 Southern China	黄壤 Yellow soil	玉米一熟制 Maize single cropping system	839.05	[88]
		华中地区 Central China	水稻土 Paddy soil	水稻两熟制 Double rice cropping system	1525	[89]
		西北地区 Northwest China	壤土 Loam soil	—	240.51	[90]
	单施有机肥 Single application of organic fertilizer	南方地区 Southern China	水稻土 Paddy soil	水稻两熟制 Double rice cropping system	100	[83]
		东北地区 Northeast China	淋溶土 Alfisols	—	195.3	[84]
		华北地区 North China	砂壤土 Sandy loam soil	小麦-玉米两熟制 Wheat-maize cropping system	1653	[86]
		南方地区 Southern China	黄壤 Yellow soil	玉米一熟制 Maize single cropping system	1300.48	[88]
		西北地区 Northwest China	壤土 Loam soil	—	215.91	[90]
	混施有机肥化肥 Mixed application of organic and chemical fertilizers	南方地区 Southern China	水稻土 Paddy soil	水稻两熟制 Double rice cropping system	170	[83]
		东北地区 Northeast China	淋溶土 Alfisols	—	489	[84]
		华北地区 North China	砂壤土 Sandy loam soil	小麦-玉米两熟制 Wheat-maize cropping system	564	[85]
		华北地区 North China	砂壤土 Sandy loam soil	小麦-玉米两熟制 Wheat-maize cropping system	798	[86]
		南方地区 Southern China	黄泥土 Yellow clayey	水稻一熟制 Rice single cropping system	1090	[87]
		南方地区 Southern China	黄泥土 Yellow clayey	水稻两熟制 Double rice cropping system	990	[87]
		南方地区 Southern China	黄壤 Yellow soil	玉米一熟制 Maize single cropping system	1153.33	[88]
		华中地区 Central China	水稻土 Paddy soil	水稻两熟制 Double rice cropping system	3120	[89]

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表 7 中国乡村减排增汇措施及其效果

Table 7. Measures and their effects of rural emission reduction and sink increase in China

乡村地域系统 Rural regional system	活动 Activity	属性 Attribute	减排增汇重点 Emission reduction and sink increase focus	途径 Approach	具体措施 Concrete measure	减排效果 Emission reduction effect	增汇效果 Sink increase effect	来源 Source
农业系统 Agricultural system	种植业 Planting industry	碳源/碳汇 Carbon source/ carbon sink	肥料施用 Fertilizer application	使用生物炭 Using biochar	15 t∙hm⁻²生物碳 15 t∙hm⁻² Biochar	1322.34 kg(CO₂)∙hm⁻²∙a⁻¹	16.88 g(C)∙kg⁻¹	[92]
				添加抑制剂 Adding inhibitors	施用硝化抑制剂 Application of nitrification inhibitors	2.42 kg(N₂O)∙hm⁻²	228.5 kg(C)∙hm⁻²	[93]
				改用长效肥料 Switching to slow-acting fertilizer	施用长效碳酸氢铵 Application of long-effect ammonium bicarbonate	0.03 kg(CO₂)∙kg⁻¹	4.53 g(C)∙kg⁻¹	[94]
				测土配方培肥 Soil testing formula fertilization	施用控释肥 Application of controlled-release fertilizer	13.26 μg(C)∙m⁻²∙h⁻¹	617 kg(C)∙hm⁻²	[95]
			农田管理 Farmland management	水分管理 Water management	间歇灌溉 Intermittent irrigation	2854.5 kg(CO₂)∙hm⁻²	2526.6 kg(C)∙hm⁻²	[96]
				水分管理 Water management	烤田处理 Drying treatment	469.9 kg(CH₄)∙hm⁻²∙a⁻¹	0.24 t(C)∙hm⁻²∙a⁻¹	[96]
				肥料控制 Fertilizer control	氮肥减量施用 Reducing nitrogen application	1034 kg(CO₂)∙hm⁻²	570 kg(C)∙hm⁻²	[86]
				品种选育控制 Variety breeding control	种植杂交水稻 Planting hybrid rice	13.93 mg∙m⁻²∙h⁻¹	7.66 g∙m⁻²∙d⁻¹	[97-98]
				燃烧秸秆转化 Converting burning straw	秸秆炭化 Straw carbonization	602.82 kg(CO₂)∙kg⁻¹∙a⁻¹	164.45 kg(CO₂)∙kg⁻¹∙a⁻¹	[99]
				燃烧秸秆转化 Converting burning straw	秸秆沼气化 Straw biogasification	27 530 kg(CO₂)∙kg⁻¹∙a⁻¹	—	[100]
	养殖业 Breeding industry	碳源 Carbon sink	肠道发酵 Enteric fermentation	沼气工程 Biogas project	秸秆全量利用技术 Whole straw utilization	1.2634 ×10⁸ t(CO₂)∙a⁻¹	—	[101]
				沼气工程 Biogas project	8 m³水压式沼气池 Hydraulic biogas digester	1612 g(CO₂)∙a⁻¹	—	[102]
				提高饲料消化率 Increasing digestibility of feed	使用舔砖或营养添加剂 Utilization of lick block or nutritional additives	CH₄减排25% 25% reduction of CH₄ emission	—	[103]
				改善饲料质量 Improve feed quality	秸秆氨化处理 Straw ammoniation treatment	11.04 kg(CH₄)∙head⁻¹∙a⁻¹	—	[104]
农业系统 Agricultural system	养殖业 Breeding industry	碳源 Carbon sink	肠道发酵 Enteric fermentation	改善饲料质量 Improve feed quality	饲喂青贮玉米秸秆 Silage corn straw as feed	32.68 L(CH₄)∙d⁻¹	—	[104]
			粪便管理 Manure management	固体粪便利用 Solid manure utilization	反应器式堆肥 Reactor composting	33.27 g(CO₂)∙kg⁻¹	—	[105]
				添加覆盖物 Mulching	表面罩多孔渗水膜 Porous permeable membrane coverage	0.42 g(C)∙m⁻³∙h⁻¹	—	[106]
				添加覆盖物 Mulching	稻草覆盖粪便表面 Straw covering the surface of manure	0.28 g(C)∙m⁻³∙h⁻¹	—	[107]
村庄系统 Village system	居民生活 Residential living	碳源 Carbon source	劳动力 Labor	人力资源投入 Human resource input	(地区总人口/地区GDP)提高1% Ratio of regional population to GDP increased by 1%	903.8 ×10⁴ t(CO₂)∙a⁻¹	—	[108]
乡域系统 Rural system			劳动力 Labor	城镇化 Urbanization	(地区总人口/农村总人口)降低1% Ratio of regional population to rural population decreased by 1%	1897.23×10⁴ t(CO₂)∙a⁻¹	—	[51]
城镇系统 Township system			产业 Industry	农业产业结构 Agricultural industrial structure	(种植业产值/农林牧渔产值)降低1% Ratio of planting industry output to agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery output decreased by 1%	246.12×10⁴ t(CO₂)∙a⁻¹	—	[51]
			产业 Industry	农业对外开放度 Agricultural openness degree	(农产品进口量/粮食总产量)提高1% Ratio of agricultural product imports to grain output increased by 1%	307.4×10⁴ t(CO₂)∙a⁻¹	—	[109]
			技术 Technology	农业科技进步 Agricultural scientific and technological progress	农业科技支出提高1% Agricultural science and technology expenditure increased by 1 %	491.66×10⁴ t(CO₂)∙a⁻¹	—	[110]
			技术 Technology	农业机械化程度 Agricultural mechanization degree	农业机械总动力降低1% Total power of agricultural machinery reduced by 1%	150.13×10⁴ t(CO₂)∙a⁻¹	—	[51]
				乡村环境治理水平 Rural environmental governance level	(环境治理完成项目额/地区GDP)提高1% Ratio of completed environmental governance projects to regional GDP increased by 1%	487.98×10⁴ t(CO₂)∙a⁻¹	—	[111]
			经济 Economy	经济发展水平 Economic development level	(地区GDP/地区总人口)降低1% Ratio of regional GDP to regional population decreased by 1%	3718.88×10⁴ t(CO₂)∙a⁻¹	—	[51]
			经济 Economy	经济规模 Economic scale	地区GDP降低1% Regional GDP decreased by 1%	959.81×10⁴ t(CO₂)∙a⁻¹	—	[109]

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