加入合作社对家庭农场绿色生产的影响

张明月; 郑军; 赵晓颖

doi:10.12357/cjea.20220817

加入合作社对家庭农场绿色生产的影响基于422家省级示范家庭农场的实证分析

doi: 10.12357/cjea.20220817

张明月^1,,
郑军^1, ,,
赵晓颖²

1.
山东农业大学经济管理学院　泰安　271018
2.
山东科技大学财经学院　泰安　271019

基金项目: 国家社会科学基金项目(19BGL160)、教育部人文社科规划基金青年项目(22YJC790163)和山东省自然科学基金青年项目(ZR2021QG009)资助

详细信息

作者简介:
张明月, 主要研究方向为农业经济管理。E-mail: zhangmingyue3@163.com

通讯作者:
郑军, 主要研究方向为农业经济理论与政策。E-mail: zhengjun9200@126.com

中图分类号: F323.3
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-10-20
- 录用日期: 2023-01-12
- 修回日期: 2023-02-02
- 网络出版日期: 2023-02-10

Impact of joining cooperatives on green production of family farms: an empirical analysis based on 422 provincial demonstration family farms

1.
School of Economics and Management, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
2.
School of Finance and Economics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Tai’an 271019, China

Funds: The study was supported by the National Social Science Foundation of China (19BGL160), the Humanities and Social Science Planning Foundation of the Ministry of Education of China (22YJC790163) and the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2021QG009).

More Information

Corresponding author: E-mail: zhengjun9200@126.com

摘要

摘要: 绿色生产是农业可持续发展的必由之路, 家庭农场作为现代农业的关键主体, 探索其绿色生产的有效方式具有重要理论价值和现实意义。本文基于山东省422家省级示范家庭农场的调研数据, 运用排序选择模型和解释结构模型, 实证分析家庭农场加入合作社对其绿色生产的影响。研究发现: 1)加入合作社可以显著促进家庭农场绿色生产, 且对节水灌溉、施用有机肥、水肥一体化的促进作用更明显。2)不同农场加入合作社后的绿色生产行为存在明显差异, 作为领办人的农场要优于作为普通社员的农场, 加入合作社对粮食、蔬菜类农场影响显著, 对中等规模(10~20人)农场影响显著。3)家庭农场的经营类型、劳动力数量、产品质量认证、原产地追溯、绿色生产认知和意愿均对其绿色生产行为产生影响。4)解释结构模型发现, 加入合作社作为深层根源因素直接影响家庭农场绿色生产认知, 并进而影响绿色生产意愿, 最终促成绿色生产行为。为此, 应鼓励并支持家庭农场加入合作社, 重视农场间的异质性, 通过合作社的培训与监督促进农场绿色生产。
- 绿色生产 /
- 家庭农场 /
- 参与合作社 /
- 排序选择模型 /
- 解释结构模型
Abstract: Green production is the inevitable course to develop agriculture sustainably. To explore the effective methods of green production, the key area of modern agriculture, for family farms is of considerable theoretical value and practical significance. This study empirically analyzed the influence of family farms joining cooperatives on green production and its mechanism using the ranking selection and explanatory structure models based on the investigation data of 422 provincial demonstration family farms in Shandong Province. 1) Quantitative analysis showed that the proportion of green production of family farms joining cooperatives was evidently higher than that of farms not joining cooperatives. 2) From heterogeneity analysis, the proportion of green production by cooperative leaders’ farms was higher than that of farms with ordinary members. Joining cooperatives was significant for the green production of grain and vegetable family farms but not for fruit and livestock breeding farms. Joining the cooperative had a significant impact on the green production of medium-sized (10–20 people) farms but had no significant impact on the behavior of small-scale (less than 10 persons) and large-scale (more than 20 persons) farms. 3) After the family farm joined the cooperative, the three green production behaviors with the highest adoption rates were applying organic fertilizer (74.35%), water-saving irrigation (68.17%), and subsoiling (65.80%). In contrast, the three green production behaviors with the lowest adoption rates were ecological treatment of livestock and poultry breeding waste (26.84%), recycling pesticide waste (41.81%), and integration of water and fertilizer. 4) The regression equation results showed that family farms significantly increased the possibility of green production by joining cooperatives. Under the control of other variables, joining the cooperative had a significant positive impact on the green production of family farms at the 1% level, with an impact coefficient of 0.554, and the promotion of water-saving irrigation, application of organic fertilizer, and integration of water and fertilizer were more prominent. After considering other control variables, family farm management type, labor force, product quality certification, traceability of origin, and awareness and willingness toward green production all influenced green production. 5) From the explanatory structure model analysis, seven significant influencing factors played independent roles and were also interrelated, forming a complete chain of influencing factors for family farms to participate in green production. Joining the cooperative as a deep-rooted factor directly affected the origin traceability and product quality certification of family farm products and affected the green production of family farms from the source along the positive conduction relationship of “family farm green production cognition → green production willingness →green production behavior”. Therefore, we should encourage and support family farms to join cooperatives, focus on the heterogeneity between farms, and promote green production on farms through the training and supervision of cooperatives.
- Green production /
- Family farms /
- Participating cooperatives /
- Ranking selection model /
- Explanatory structural model

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图 1 家庭农场加入合作社与其绿色生产关系图

Figure 1. Relationship between family farms joining cooperatives and their green production

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图 2 家庭农场参与绿色生产影响因素间的逻辑关系

M表示行要素直接或间接影响列要素, N表示列要素直接或间接影响行要素。

Figure 2. Logical relationship among influencing factors of family farm participation in green production

M means the line elements directly or indirectly impact column elements, N means the column elements directly or indirectly impact line elements.

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图 3 家庭农场参与绿色生产影响因素间的骨干矩阵

Figure 3. Backbone matrix of influencing factors of family farm participation in green production

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图 4 家庭农场参与绿色生产的影响因素的解释结构模型

Figure 4. Explanatory structural model of influencing factors of family farm participation in green production

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表 1 数据来源区域及家庭农场数量分布

Table 1. Data source areas and quantity distribution of family farms

地区 Region	数量 Amount	地区 Region	数量 Amount	地区 Region	数量 Amount	地区 Region	数量 Amount
济南市 Jinan	43	泰安市 Tai’an	21	东营市 Dongying	21	德州市 Dezhou	34
青岛市 Qingdao	52	威海市 Weihai	14	烟台市 Yantai	19	聊城市 Liaocheng	17
淄博市 Zibo	18	日照市 Rizhao	15	潍坊市 Weifang	44	滨州市 Binzhou	21
枣庄市 Zaozhuang	19	临沂市 Linyi	44	济宁市 Jining	23	菏泽市 Heze	16

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表 2 家庭农场样本的基本特征

Table 2. Basic characteristics of the sampled family farms

农场主特征 Farmer characteristics	分类 Type	数量 Households number	比例 Ratio (%)	农场基础特征 Basic characteristics of farm	分类 Type	数量 Households number	比例 Ratio (%)
性别 Gender	男 Male	333	79.10	农场经营年限 Farm operating years (a)	<5	21	4.99
性别 Gender	女 Female	88	20.90		5~7	240	57.01
年龄 Age	≤30	6	1.43		8~10	156	37.05
	31~40	52	12.35		>10	4	1.00
	41~50	144	34.20	农场土地经营面积 Farm land area (hm²)	≤6.67	57	13.54
	51~60	185	43.94		6.67~13.33	107	25.42
	≥60	34	8.08		13.33~33.33	165	39.19
教育程度 Education	小学及以下 Primary school and below	7	1.66		33.33~66.70	59	14.01
	初中 Junior school	108	25.65		≥66.70	33	7.84
	高中或中专 High school or technical secondary school	188	44.66	农业劳动力数量 Agricultural labor force (persons)	≤5	140	33.25
	大专或高职 College or higher vocational education	90	21.38		6~10	153	36.34
	大学及以上 University and above	28	6.65		11~20	87	20.67
	大学及以上 University and above	28	6.65		>20	41	9.74

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表 3 家庭农场绿色生产相关变量定义及数据特征

Table 3. Definition and data characteristics of variables related to green production in family farms

变量类型 Variable type	变量名 Variable name	定义及赋值 Definition and assignment	平均值 Mean		标准差 Standard deviation
变量类型 Variable type	变量名 Variable name	定义及赋值 Definition and assignment	参与合作社 Participating in a cooperative	未参与合作社 Not participating in a cooperative	标准差 Standard deviation
被解释变量 Explained variable	绿色生产 Green production (Y)	采纳绿色生产行为累计加总值 Cumulative total value of green production behavior	5.672	5.000	2.278
核心解释变量 Core explanatory variable	是否加入合作社 Whether to join a cooperative (X₁)	否=0, 是=1 No=0; yes=1	1.000	0	0.457
控制变量 Control variables	性别 Gender (X₂)	女=0, 男=1 Female=0, male=1	0.769	0.806	0.407
	年龄 Age (X₃)	负责人实际年龄 Actual age of person in charge	48.902	49.435	8.894
	受教育程度 Education level (X₄)	负责人的受教育程度: 小学及以下=1, 初中=2, 高中或中专=3, 大专或高职=4, 大学及以上=5 Education level of person in charge: primary school or below=1; junior high school=2; high school or technical secondary school=3; junior college or vocational college=4; college or above=5	3.000	3.097	0.895
	经营类型 Type of business (X₅)	粮食=1, 蔬菜=2, 水果=3, 畜禽养殖=4, 其他=5 Grain=1, vegetable=2, fruit=3, livestock and poultry breeding=4, others=5	2.392	2.723	1.330
	农场经营年限 Years of farm operation (X₆)	实际注册年限 Actual years of registration	6.740	6.980	1.323
	农场土地面积 Farm land area (hm²) (X₇)	实际面积数: 对数处理 Actual area: logarithmic processing	2.480	2.369	0.433
	农场劳动力数量 Number of farm labor (X₈)	实际人数 Actual labor number (persons)	10.734	10.665	11.593
	产品销售质检 Product sales quality inspection (X₉)	农产品销售过程是否有质检: 否=0, 是=1 Whether there is quality inspection in the sales process of agricultural products: no=0; yes=1	0.821	0.794	0.396
	产品原产地追溯 Product origin tracing (X₁₀)	农场产品是否能实现原产地可追溯: 否=0, 是=1 Whether farm products is traceable for origin: no=0, yes=1	0.780	0.661	0.454
	产品质量认证 Product quality certification (X₁₁)	农场农产品是否“三品一标”: 否=0, 是=1 Farm produce whether “three products a standard”: no=0, yes=1	0.561	0.520	0.499
	绿色生产认知 Green production cognition (X₁₂)	是否参加过绿色生产方面的培训: 否=0, 是=1 Have you participated in green production training? no=0, yes=1	0.572	0.456	0.501
	绿色生产意愿 Green production intention (X₁₃)	绿色生产技术的采纳意愿: 非常不愿意=1, 不愿意=2, 一般=3, 愿意=4, 非常愿意=5 Willingness to adopt green production technology: very reluctant=1, not willing=2, generally=3, willing=4, very willing=5	4.387	4.407	0.699
	绿色产品认可度 Green product recognition (X₁₄)	您认为目前绿色农产品销售难易程度如何: 非常难=1, 比较难=2, 一般=3, 比较容易=4, 非常容易=5 How difficult do you think it is to sell green agricultural products at present: very difficult=1, relatively difficult=2, generally=3, relatively easy=4, very easy=5	3.202	3.250	0.952

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表 4 加入合作社对家庭农场绿色生产的影响定量分析

Table 4. Quantitative analysis of the influence of joining cooperatives on green production of family farms

绿色生产行为类别 Green production behavior category	总体(421家) Overall (421 farms)	加入合作社(125家) Join cooperatives (125 farms)			未加入合作社(296家) Not joining cooperatives (296 farms)
绿色生产行为类别 Green production behavior category	总体(421家) Overall (421 farms)	总体 Overall	领办人(82家) Leader (82 farms)	普通社员(43家) Ordinary members (43 farms)	未加入合作社(296家) Not joining cooperatives (296 farms)
深松耕作 Deep loosening cultivation	277(65.80%)	81(64.80%)	57(69.51%)	24(55.81%)	196(66.26%)
秸秆还田 Straw returned	276(65.56%)	77(61.60%)	54(65.85%)	23(53.49%)	199(67.23%)
测土配方施肥 Soil testing formula fertilization	230(54.63%)	80(64.00%)	51(62.20%)	29(67.44%)	150(50.68%)
节水灌溉(喷灌、滴灌等) Water-saving irrigation (sprinkler irrigation, drip irrigation, etc.)	287(68.17%)	101(80.80%)	66(80.49%)	35(81.40%)	186(62.84%)
病虫害绿色防控 Green prevention and control of diseases and insect pests	256(60.81%)	85(68.00%)	57(69.51%)	28(65.12%)	171(57.77%)
施用有机肥 Application of organic fertilizer	313(74.35%)	104(83.20%)	67(81.71%)	37(86.05%)	209(70.61%)
水肥一体化 Water and fertilizer integration	199(47.27%)	72(57.60%)	46(56.10%)	26(60.47%)	127(42.91%)
回收农药包装废弃物 Recycling pesticide packaging waste	176(41.81%)	61(48.80%)	43(52.44%)	18(41.86%)	115(38.85%)
畜禽养殖废弃物生态处理 Ecological treatment of livestock and poultry breeding waste	113(26.84%)	34(27.20%)	26(31.71%)	8(18.60%)	79(26.69%)
1)表中参与合作社的家庭农场+未参与合作社的家庭农场=全样本; 作为合作社普通社员的家庭农场+作为合作社领办人的家庭农场=参与合作社的家庭农场。2)表中括号内数据为采纳绿色生产的家庭农场数量与所在列家庭农场数量的比值。1) Family farms participating in cooperatives + family farms not participating in cooperatives in the table = full sample; family farms as ordinary members of cooperatives + family farms as cooperative leaders = family farms participating in cooperatives. 2) The data in brackets in the table are the ratio of the number of family farms adopting green production to the number of family farms in the column.

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表 5 加入合作社对家庭农场绿色生产影响的排序回归结果

Table 5. Sorting regression results of the influence of joining cooperatives on green production of family farms

模型 Model	Logit模型 Logit model			Probit模型 Probit model
模型 Model	模型1 Model 1	模型2 Model 2	模型3 Model 3	模型4 Model 4	模型5 Model 5
是否加入合作社 Whether to join a cooperative (X₁)	0.554^***(0.186)	0.352^*(0.189)	0.368^**(0.188)	0.229^**(0.108)	0.242^**(0.111)
性别 Gender (X₂)		0.233(0.218)		0.223(0.218)	0.086(0.125)
年龄 Age (X₃)		0.002(0.010)		0.002(0.010)	0.000(0.006)
受教育程度 Education level (X₄)		−0.057(0.106)		-0.059(0.106)	−0.036(0.060)
经营类型 Type of business (X₅)		−0.235^***(0.071)	−0.252^***(0.067)	−0.234^***(0.071)	−0.130^***(0.041)
农场经营年限 Years of farm operation (X₆)		−0.102(0.070)		−0.100(0.070)	−0.048(0.038)
农场土地面积 Farm land area (X₇)		0.364(0.235)		0.351(0. 236)	0.277^**(0.128)
农场劳动力数量 Number of farm labor (X₈)		0.015^**(0.008)	0.019^**(0.008)	0.015^***(0.008)	0.009^**(0.005)
产品销售质检 Product sales quality inspection (X₉)		0.313(0.228)		0.318(0.229)	0.192(0.134)
产品原产地追溯 Product origin tracing (X₁₀)		0.335^*(0.198)	0.382^**(0.194)	0.337^*(0.198)	0.168(0.115)
产品质量认证 Product quality certification (X₁₁)		0.330^*(0.190)	0.338^**(0.185)	0.334^*(0.190)	0.167(0.111)
绿色生产认知 Green production cognition (X₁₂)		0.752^***(0.185)	0.756^***(0.183)	0.746^***(0.185)	0.441^***(0.108)
绿色生产意愿 Green production intention (X₁₃)		0.582^***(0.132)	0.539^***(0.129)	0.587^***(0.132)	0.306^***(0.075)
绿色产品认可度 Green product recognition (X₁₄)		−0.078(0.095)		−0.076(0.095)	−0.046(0.054)
准R²Quasi-R²	0.0052	0.0524	0.0481	0.0529	0.0522
、和*分别表示在10%、5%和1%水平显著。括号内数字为标准差。, and * respectively represent significant at the statistical level of 10%, 5% and 1%. Date in brackets are standard deviation.

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表 6 加入合作社对家庭农场不同绿色生产行为的回归分析

Table 6. Regression analysis of joining cooperatives on different green production behaviors of family farms

	深松耕作 Deep loosening cultivation	秸秆还田 Straw returned	测土配方施肥 Soil testing formula fertilization	节水灌溉 Water saving irrigation	病虫害绿色防控 Green prevention and control of diseases and insect pests	施用有机肥 Application of organic fertilizer	水肥一体化 Water and fertilizer integration	回收农药包装废弃物 Recycling pesticide packaging waste	畜禽养殖废弃物生态处理 Ecological treatment of livestock and poultry breeding waste
加入合作社 Join a cooperative	−0.063 (0.224)	−0.246 (0.222)	0.548^** (0.220)	0.912^*** (0.257)	0.440^** (0.225)	0.723^*** (0.271)	0.592^*** (0.216)	0.406^* (0.215)	0.026 (0.240)
其他变量 Other variables	控制 Control	控制 Control	控制 Control	控制 Control	控制 Control	控制 Control	控制 Control	控制 Control	控制 Control
常数项 Constant term	0.672^*** (0.123)	0.719^*** (0.124)	0.027 (0.116)	0.525^*** (0.120)	0.313^*** (0.118)	0.876^*** (0.128)	−0.286^** (0.117)	−0.454^*** (0.119)	−1.010 (0.131)
准R² Quasi-R²	0.0001	0.0023	0.0110	0.0263	0.0070	0.0161	0.0131	0.0062	0.0000
、和*分别表示在10%、5%和1%水平显著。括号内数字为标准差。, and * respectively represent significant at the statistical level of 10%, 5% and 1%. Date in brackets are standard deviation.

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表 7 不同特征的家庭农场加入合作社对绿色生产行为的回归分析

Table 7. Regression analysis on green production behavior of family farms with different characteristics joining cooperatives

作物类型 Crop type	粮食 Grain	蔬菜 Vegetables	水果 Fruit	畜禽养殖 Livestock and poultry breeding	其他 Other
加入合作社 Join a cooperative	0.902^**(0.355)	0.756^**(0.391)	~0.105(0.349)	0.370(0.600)	0.309(0.654)
其他解释变量 Other explanatory variables	控制 Control	控制 Control	控制 Control	控制 Control	控制 Control
准R² Quasi R²	0.0143	0.0104	0.0002	0.0015	0.0010

劳动力数量 Labor force numbers (person)	<5	6~10	10~20	>20
加入合作社 Joine in a cooperative	0.229(0.320)	0.440(0.313)	1.337^***(0.432)	0.323(0.556)
其他解释变量 Other explanatory variables	控制 Control	控制 Control	控制 Control	控制 Control
准R² Quasi-R²	0.0009	0.0031	0.0263	0.0020

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