Impact of joining cooperatives on green production of family farms: an empirical analysis based on 422 provincial demonstration family farms
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摘要: 绿色生产是农业可持续发展的必由之路, 家庭农场作为现代农业的关键主体, 探索其绿色生产的有效方式具有重要理论价值和现实意义。本文基于山东省422家省级示范家庭农场的调研数据, 运用排序选择模型和解释结构模型, 实证分析家庭农场加入合作社对其绿色生产的影响。研究发现: 1)加入合作社可以显著促进家庭农场绿色生产, 且对节水灌溉、施用有机肥、水肥一体化的促进作用更明显。2)不同农场加入合作社后的绿色生产行为存在明显差异, 作为领办人的农场要优于作为普通社员的农场, 加入合作社对粮食、蔬菜类农场影响显著, 对中等规模(10~20人)农场影响显著。3)家庭农场的经营类型、劳动力数量、产品质量认证、原产地追溯、绿色生产认知和意愿均对其绿色生产行为产生影响。4)解释结构模型发现, 加入合作社作为深层根源因素直接影响家庭农场绿色生产认知, 并进而影响绿色生产意愿, 最终促成绿色生产行为。为此, 应鼓励并支持家庭农场加入合作社, 重视农场间的异质性, 通过合作社的培训与监督促进农场绿色生产。Abstract: Green production is the inevitable course to develop agriculture sustainably. To explore the effective methods of green production, the key area of modern agriculture, for family farms is of considerable theoretical value and practical significance. This study empirically analyzed the influence of family farms joining cooperatives on green production and its mechanism using the ranking selection and explanatory structure models based on the investigation data of 422 provincial demonstration family farms in Shandong Province. 1) Quantitative analysis showed that the proportion of green production of family farms joining cooperatives was evidently higher than that of farms not joining cooperatives. 2) From heterogeneity analysis, the proportion of green production by cooperative leaders’ farms was higher than that of farms with ordinary members. Joining cooperatives was significant for the green production of grain and vegetable family farms but not for fruit and livestock breeding farms. Joining the cooperative had a significant impact on the green production of medium-sized (10–20 people) farms but had no significant impact on the behavior of small-scale (less than 10 persons) and large-scale (more than 20 persons) farms. 3) After the family farm joined the cooperative, the three green production behaviors with the highest adoption rates were applying organic fertilizer (74.35%), water-saving irrigation (68.17%), and subsoiling (65.80%). In contrast, the three green production behaviors with the lowest adoption rates were ecological treatment of livestock and poultry breeding waste (26.84%), recycling pesticide waste (41.81%), and integration of water and fertilizer. 4) The regression equation results showed that family farms significantly increased the possibility of green production by joining cooperatives. Under the control of other variables, joining the cooperative had a significant positive impact on the green production of family farms at the 1% level, with an impact coefficient of 0.554, and the promotion of water-saving irrigation, application of organic fertilizer, and integration of water and fertilizer were more prominent. After considering other control variables, family farm management type, labor force, product quality certification, traceability of origin, and awareness and willingness toward green production all influenced green production. 5) From the explanatory structure model analysis, seven significant influencing factors played independent roles and were also interrelated, forming a complete chain of influencing factors for family farms to participate in green production. Joining the cooperative as a deep-rooted factor directly affected the origin traceability and product quality certification of family farm products and affected the green production of family farms from the source along the positive conduction relationship of “family farm green production cognition → green production willingness →green production behavior”. Therefore, we should encourage and support family farms to join cooperatives, focus on the heterogeneity between farms, and promote green production on farms through the training and supervision of cooperatives.
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图 2 家庭农场参与绿色生产影响因素间的逻辑关系
M表示行要素直接或间接影响列要素, N表示列要素直接或间接影响行要素。
Figure 2. Logical relationship among influencing factors of family farm participation in green production
M means the line elements directly or indirectly impact column elements, N means the column elements directly or indirectly impact line elements.
表 1 数据来源区域及家庭农场数量分布
Table 1. Data source areas and quantity distribution of family farms
地区
Region数量
Amount地区
Region数量
Amount地区
Region数量
Amount地区
Region数量
Amount济南市 Jinan 43 泰安市 Tai’an 21 东营市 Dongying 21 德州市 Dezhou 34 青岛市 Qingdao 52 威海市 Weihai 14 烟台市 Yantai 19 聊城市 Liaocheng 17 淄博市 Zibo 18 日照市 Rizhao 15 潍坊市 Weifang 44 滨州市 Binzhou 21 枣庄市 Zaozhuang 19 临沂市 Linyi 44 济宁市 Jining 23 菏泽市 Heze 16 表 2 家庭农场样本的基本特征
Table 2. Basic characteristics of the sampled family farms
农场主特征
Farmer characteristics分类
Type数量
Households number比例
Ratio
(%)农场基础特征
Basic characteristics
of farm分类
Type数量
Households number比例
Ratio
(%)性别
Gender男 Male 333 79.10 农场经营年限
Farm operating years (a)<5 21 4.99 女 Female 88 20.90 5~7 240 57.01 年龄
Age≤30 6 1.43 8~10 156 37.05 31~40 52 12.35 >10 4 1.00 41~50 144 34.20 农场土地经营面积
Farm land area (hm2)≤6.67 57 13.54 51~60 185 43.94 6.67~13.33 107 25.42 ≥60 34 8.08 13.33~33.33 165 39.19 教育程度
Education小学及以下
Primary school and below7 1.66 33.33~66.70 59 14.01 初中
Junior school108 25.65 ≥66.70 33 7.84 高中或中专
High school or technical secondary school188 44.66 农业劳动力数量
Agricultural labor force (persons)≤5 140 33.25 大专或高职
College or higher vocational education90 21.38 6~10 153 36.34 大学及以上
University and above28 6.65 11~20 87 20.67 >20 41 9.74 表 3 家庭农场绿色生产相关变量定义及数据特征
Table 3. Definition and data characteristics of variables related to green production in family farms
变量类型
Variable type变量名
Variable name定义及赋值
Definition and assignment平均值 Mean 标准差
Standard deviation参与合作社
Participating in a cooperative未参与合作社
Not participating in a cooperative被解释变量
Explained
variable绿色生产
Green production (Y)采纳绿色生产行为累计加总值
Cumulative total value of green production behavior5.672 5.000 2.278 核心解释
变量
Core explanatory variable是否加入合作社
Whether to join a cooperative (X1)否=0, 是=1
No=0; yes=11.000 0 0.457 控制变量
Control variables性别
Gender (X2)女=0, 男=1
Female=0, male=10.769 0.806 0.407 年龄
Age (X3)负责人实际年龄
Actual age of person in charge48.902 49.435 8.894 受教育程度
Education level (X4)负责人的受教育程度: 小学及以下=1, 初中=2, 高中或中专=3,
大专或高职=4, 大学及以上=5
Education level of person in charge: primary school or below=1; junior high school=2; high school or technical secondary school=3; junior college or vocational college=4; college or above=53.000 3.097 0.895 经营类型
Type of business (X5)粮食=1, 蔬菜=2, 水果=3, 畜禽养殖=4, 其他=5
Grain=1, vegetable=2, fruit=3, livestock and poultry
breeding=4, others=52.392 2.723 1.330 农场经营年限
Years of farm operation (X6)实际注册年限
Actual years of registration6.740 6.980 1.323 农场土地面积
Farm land area (hm2) (X7)实际面积数: 对数处理
Actual area: logarithmic processing2.480 2.369 0.433 农场劳动力数量
Number of farm labor (X8)实际人数
Actual labor number (persons)10.734 10.665 11.593 产品销售质检
Product sales quality inspection (X9)农产品销售过程是否有质检: 否=0, 是=1
Whether there is quality inspection in the sales process of agricultural products: no=0; yes=10.821 0.794 0.396 产品原产地追溯
Product origin tracing (X10)农场产品是否能实现原产地可追溯: 否=0, 是=1
Whether farm products is traceable for origin: no=0, yes=10.780 0.661 0.454 产品质量认证
Product quality certification (X11)农场农产品是否“三品一标”: 否=0, 是=1
Farm produce whether “three products a standard”: no=0, yes=10.561 0.520 0.499 绿色生产认知
Green production cognition (X12)是否参加过绿色生产方面的培训: 否=0, 是=1
Have you participated in green production training? no=0, yes=10.572 0.456 0.501 绿色生产意愿
Green production intention (X13)绿色生产技术的采纳意愿: 非常不愿意=1, 不愿意=2,
一般=3, 愿意=4, 非常愿意=5
Willingness to adopt green production technology: very reluctant=1, not willing=2, generally=3, willing=4, very willing=54.387 4.407 0.699 绿色产品认可度
Green product recognition (X14)您认为目前绿色农产品销售难易程度如何:
非常难=1, 比较难=2, 一般=3, 比较容易=4, 非常容易=5
How difficult do you think it is to sell green agricultural products at present: very difficult=1, relatively difficult=2, generally=3, relatively easy=4, very easy=53.202 3.250 0.952 表 4 加入合作社对家庭农场绿色生产的影响定量分析
Table 4. Quantitative analysis of the influence of joining cooperatives on green production of family farms
绿色生产行为类别
Green production behavior category总体(421家)
Overall (421 farms)加入合作社(125家) Join cooperatives (125 farms) 未加入合作社(296家)
Not join cooperatives (296 farms)总体
Overall领办人(82家)
Leader (82 farms)普通社员(43家)
Ordinary members (43 farms)深松耕作
Deep loosening cultivation277(65.80%) 81(64.80%) 57(69.51%) 24(55.81%) 196(66.26%) 秸秆还田
Straw returned276(65.56%) 77(61.60%) 54(65.85%) 23(53.49%) 199(67.23%) 测土配方施肥
Soil testing formula fertilization230(54.63%) 80(64.00%) 51(62.20%) 29(67.44%) 150(50.68%) 节水灌溉(喷灌、滴灌等)
Water-saving irrigation
(sprinkler irrigation, drip irrigation, etc.)287(68.17%) 101(80.80%) 66(80.49%) 35(81.40%) 186(62.84%) 病虫害绿色防控
Green prevention and control of diseases
and insect pests256(60.81%) 85(68.00%) 57(69.51%) 28(65.12%) 171(57.77%) 施用有机肥
Application of organic fertilizer313(74.35%) 104(83.20%) 67(81.71%) 37(86.05%) 209(70.61%) 水肥一体化
Water and fertilizer integration199(47.27%) 72(57.60%) 46(56.10%) 26(60.47%) 127(42.91%) 回收农药包装废弃物
Recycling pesticide packaging waste176(41.81%) 61(48.80%) 43(52.44%) 18(41.86%) 115(38.85%) 畜禽养殖废弃物生态处理
Ecological treatment of livestock and poultry breeding waste113(26.84%) 34(27.20%) 26(31.71%) 8(18.60%) 79(26.69%) 1)表中参与合作社的家庭农场+未参与合作社的家庭农场=全样本; 作为合作社普通社员的家庭农场+作为合作社领办人的家庭农场=参与合作社的家庭农场。2)表中括号内数据为采纳绿色生产的家庭农场数量与所在列家庭农场数量的比值。1) Family farms participating in cooperatives + family farms not participating in cooperatives in the table = full sample; family farms as ordinary members of cooperatives + family farms as cooperative leaders = family farms participating in cooperatives. 2) The data in brackets in the table are the ratio of the number of family farms adopting green production to the number of family farms in the column. 表 5 加入合作社对家庭农场绿色生产影响的排序回归结果
Table 5. Sorting regression results of the influence of joining cooperatives on green production of family farms
模型
ModelLogit模型 Logit model Probit模型 Probit model 模型1
Model 1模型2
Model 2模型3
Model 3模型4
Model 4模型5
Model 5是否加入合作社
Whether to join a cooperative (X1)0.554***(0.186) 0.352*(0.189) 0.368**(0.188) 0.229**(0.108) 0.242**(0.111) 性别
Gender (X2)0.233(0.218) 0.223(0.218) 0.086(0.125) 年龄
Age (X3)0.002(0.010) 0.002(0.010) 0.000(0.006) 受教育程度
Education level (X4)−0.057(0.106) −0.059(0.106) −0.036(0.060) 经营类型
Type of business (X5)−0.235***(0.071) −0.252***(0.067) −0.234***(0.071) −0.130***(0.041) 农场经营年限
Years of farm operation (X6)−0.102(0.070) −0.100(0.070) −0.048(0.038) 农场土地面积
Farm land area (X7)0.364(0.235) 0.351(0. 236) 0.277**(0.128) 农场劳动力数量
Number of farm labor (X8)0.015**(0.008) 0.019**(0.008) 0.015***(0.008) 0.009**(0.005) 产品销售质检
Product sales quality inspection (X9)0.313(0.228) 0.318(0.229) 0.192(0.134) 产品原产地追溯
Product origin tracing (X10)0.335*(0.198) 0.382**(0.194) 0.337*(0.198) 0.168(0.115) 产品质量认证
Product quality certification (X11)0.330*(0.190) 0.338**(0.185) 0.334*(0.190) 0.167(0.111) 绿色生产认知
Green production cognition (X12)0.752***(0.185) 0.756***(0.183) 0.746***(0.185) 0.441***(0.108) 绿色生产意愿
Green production intention (X13)0.582***(0.132) 0.539***(0.129) 0.587***(0.132) 0.306***(0.075) 绿色产品认可度
Green product recognition (X14)−0.078(0.095) −0.076(0.095) −0.046(0.054) 准R2 Quasi-R2 0.0052 0.0524 0.0481 0.0529 0.0522 *、**和***分别表示在10%、5%和1%水平显著。括号内数字为标准差。*, ** and *** respectively represent significant at the statistical level of 10%, 5% and 1%. Date in brackets are standard deviation. 表 6 加入合作社对家庭农场不同绿色生产行为的回归分析
Table 6. Regression analysis of joining cooperatives on different green production behaviors of family farms
深松
耕作
Deep loosening
cultivation秸秆
还田
Straw
returned测土配方
施肥
Soil testing formula fertilization节水灌溉
Water saving irrigation病虫害
绿色防控
Green prevention and control of diseases and
insect pests施用有机肥
Application of organic fertilizer水肥一体化
Water and fertilizer integration回收农药
包装废弃物
Recycling pesticide packaging waste畜禽养殖废弃物生态处理
Ecological treatment of livestock and poultry breeding waste加入合作社
Join a cooperative−0.063
(0.224)−0.246
(0.222)0.548**
(0.220)0.912***
(0.257)0.440**
(0.225)0.723***
(0.271)0.592***
(0.216)0.406*
(0.215)0.026
(0.240)其他变量
Other variables控制
Control控制
Control控制
Control控制
Control控制
Control控制
Control控制
Control控制
Control控制
Control常数项
Constant term0.672***
(0.123)0.719***
(0.124)0.027
(0.116)0.525***
(0.120)0.313***
(0.118)0.876***
(0.128)−0.286**
(0.117)−0.454***
(0.119)−1.010
(0.131)准R2
Quasi-R20.0001 0.0023 0.0110 0.0263 0.0070 0.0161 0.0131 0.0062 0.0000 *、**和***分别表示在10%、5%和1%水平显著。括号内数字为标准差。*, ** and *** respectively represent significant at the statistical level of 10%, 5% and 1%. Date in brackets are standard deviation. 表 7 不同特征的家庭农场加入合作社对绿色生产行为的回归分析
Table 7. Regression analysis on green production behavior of family farms with different characteristics joining cooperatives
作物类型
Crop type粮食
Grain蔬菜
Vegetables水果
Fruit畜禽养殖
Livestock and poultry breeding其他
Other加入合作社
Join a cooperative0.902**(0.355) 0.756**(0.391) ~0.105(0.349) 0.370(0.600) 0.309(0.654) 其他解释变量
Other explanatory variables控制
Control控制
Control控制
Control控制
Control控制
Control准R2
Quasi R20.0143 0.0104 0.0002 0.0015 0.0010 劳动力数量
Labor force numbers (person)<5 6~10 10~20 >20 加入合作社
Join a cooperative0.229(0.320) 0.440(0.313) 1.337***(0.432) 0.323(0.556) 其他解释变量
Other explanatory variables控制
Control控制
Control控制
Control控制
Control准R2
Quasi-R20.0009 0.0031 0.0263 0.0020 -
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