Effects of combined application of chemical and organic fertilizer on soil bulk density, pH, and carbon and nitrogen metabolism in ratooning rice fields
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摘要: 再生稻模式在我国粮食生产中具有重要地位, 研究化肥与有机肥配施对再生稻稻田土壤肥力性状的影响, 可为土壤肥力维持和再生稻高效生产提供科学依据。大田试验于2020—2021年进行, 各试验处理磷(P2O5)、钾(K2O)养分施用量分别为75 kg∙hm−2和150 kg∙hm−2, 氮(N)施用量200 kg∙hm−2 (不包括不施氮处理N0)。按化肥与有机肥施用情况分为5种基肥处理: 不施氮肥(N0); 基肥氮(N 75 kg∙hm−2)全部来自常规尿素(CK); 两种物料配施时, 基肥氮由2种物料各提供一半, 两种物料配施包括缓释尿素与常规尿素(T1)、生物炭与常规尿素(T2)、畜牧粪便与常规尿素(T3)。T2处理区在2021年不再施入生物炭, 施肥与CK处理相同。结果表明: T2和T3处理均可降低土壤容重, 以T2处理效果更佳; T2处理第1年, 土壤pH、有机碳和总氮显著提高; 在第1年头季稻分蘖期、抽穗期和再生稻抽穗期, 土壤无机氮含量分别以CK、T1和T3处理最高; T3和T2处理可提高土壤微生物量碳和微生物量氮含量, 其中在头季稻拔节期前T2处理的效果较好, 拔节期后以T3处理的效果较好。此外, 在T3处理下, β-葡萄糖苷酶和脲酶活性较高。比较而言, T3处理在降低土壤容重、提高有机碳和总氮的效果上次于T2处理, 在提高无机氮、微生物生物量和土壤酶活性上效果优于T2处理, 因此, 建议基肥采用畜牧粪便与化肥配施, 由畜牧粪便取代其中50%的化肥氮。Abstract: Ratooning rice has the advantages of saving production costs and improving grain yield. However, there are less reports on the effect of the combination of nitrogen fertilizer and organic materials on the soil in the ratooning rice mode. This study compared the effects of different nitrogen fertilizer combinations with organic materials on the soil properties of ratooning rice paddy fields to provide a reference for the sustainable development of ratooning rice models. A two-year (2020–2021) single-factor experiment was conducted in Jingzhou, Hubei, China. The experiment included five base fertilizer treatments: no nitrogen fertilizer (N0), base fertilizer nitrogen from conventional urea (CK), 50% base fertilizer nitrogen from conventional urea and 50% from slow-release urea (T1), biochar (T2), or animal manure (T3). The fertilization mode of T2 was only conducted in 2020, which was the same as that of CK in 2021; The fertilization modes of the other treatments were the same for both years. Compared with N0, the bulk density (BD) in the 0–20 cm soil layer at the heading stage of the main season rice and at the heading stage of the ratooning season rice decreased by 3.92%–6.15% in CK and by 4.38%–6.74% in T1, whereas the BD at the 0–40 cm soil layer during the whole growth period decreased by 9.82%–17.87% in T2 and by 9.48%–14.21% in T3. The order of soil pH in 2020 was T2>T3>N0>T1>CK. Compared with CK, pH in 2020 increased by 0.51−0.68 in T2. The order of soil pH in 2021 was T3>T2>N0>T1>CK. Compared with CK, the pH in 2021 increased by 0.14−0.32 in T3. The content of soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) in the 0–20 cm and 20–40 cm soil layers were T2>T3>T1>CK>N0. Compared with N0, other treatments increased the content of SOC and TN in the 0−20 cm soil layer by 4.79%−29.12% and 11.36%−28.49%, respectively; and they increased the contents of SOC and TN in the 20−40 cm soil layer by 5.43%−30.79% and 6.08%−20.02%, respectively. The contents of NH4+ and NO3− at the tillering and heading stages of the main season rice and the heading stage of the ratooning season rice were the highest under the CK, T1, and T3 treatments. Compared with N0, the contents of NH4+ and NO3− at the tillering stage of the main season rice increased by 131.26% and 153.59% under the CK treatment, respectively; the contents NH4+ and NO3− at the heading stage of the main season rice increased by 217.15% and 153.91%, respectively, under the T1 treatment; and the contents of NH4+ and NO3− at the heading stage of ratooning season rice increased by 246.76% and 126.70%, respectively, under the T3 treatment. Microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), and urease (UR) activity in T2 and T3 were higher than in the other treatments. Compared with N0, MBC content increased by 18.29%−45.18% in T2 and 21.46%−46.10% in T3, MBN content increased by 49.25%−140.37% in T2 and 59.62%−142.57% in T3, and UR activity increased by 31.45%−225.04% in T2 and 60.83%−246.65% in T3. The β-glucosidase (BG) activity was the highest in the T3 treatment. Compared with N0, the BG activity increased by 21.26%−44.87% under the T3 treatment. A comparative analysis showed that the effect of animal manure on reducing BD and improving SOC and TN was similar to that of biochar, and its effect on improving inorganic nitrogen, microbial biomass, and soil enzyme activity was better than that of biochar. Therefore, animal manure and chemical fertilizers should be used as base fertilizers, and animal manure should replace 50% of the chemical fertilizer nitrogen.
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图 1 2020年和2021年不同施肥处理下再生稻模式不同生育期土壤pH
各处理介绍见表1。S1~S7分别表示头季稻分蘖期、头季稻拔节期、头季稻抽穗期、头季稻灌浆期、再生稻拔节期、再生稻抽穗期和再生稻灌浆期。不同字母表示同一生育期不同处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。Details of the treatments can be seen in Table 1. S1−S7 indicate the tillering stage, jointing stage, heading stage and filling stage of the main season rice, and jointing stage, heading stage and filling stage of the ratooning season rice, respectively. Different letters indicate significant differences among treatments at the same growth stage (P<0.05).
Figure 1. Soil pH at different growth stages of ratoon rice system under different fertilization treatments in 2020 and 2021
图 2 2020年和2021年不同施肥处理下再生稻模式不同生育期不同土层有机碳和总氮含量
各处理介绍见表1。S1~S5分别表示2020年头季稻收获期、2020年再生稻收获期、2021年头季稻移栽前、2021年头季稻收获期和2021年再生稻收获期。不同字母表示同一生育期不同处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。Details of the treatments can be seen in Table 1. S1−S5 represents the main season rice harvest stage in 2020, the ratooning rice harvest stage in 2020, before the main season rice transplanting in 2021, the main season rice harvest stage in 2021 and the ratooning rice harvest stage in 2021, respectively. Different letters indicate significant differences among treatments at the same growth stage (P<0.05).
Figure 2. Soil organic carbon and total ntirogne contents in different soil layers at different growth stages of ratoon rice system under different fertilization treatments in 2020 and 2021
图 3 2020年和2021年不同施肥处理下再生稻模式不同生育期土壤无机氮含量
各处理介绍见表1。S1~S3分别表示头季稻分蘖期、头季稻抽穗期和再生稻抽穗期。不同字母表示同一生育期不同处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。Details of the treatments can be seen in Table 1. S1−S3 indicate the tillering stage and heading stage of the main season rice, and the heading stage of the ratooning season rice, respectively. Different letters indicate significant differences among treatments at the same gorwth stage (P<0.05).
Figure 3. Soil inorganic nitrogen contents at different growth stages of ratoon rice system under different fertilization treatments in 2020 and 2021
图 4 2020年和2021年不同施肥处理下再生稻模式不同生育期土壤微生物生物量含量
各处理介绍见表1。S1~S5分别表示头季稻分蘖期、头季稻抽穗期、头季稻灌浆期、再生稻抽穗期和再生稻灌浆期。不同字母表示同一生育期不同处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。Details of the treatments can be seen in Table 1. S1−S5 represent the tillering stage, heading stage and filling stage of the main season rice, and the heading stage and filling stage of the ratooning season rice, respectively. Different letters indicate significant differences among treatments at the same growth stage (P<0.05).
Figure 4. Soil microbial biomass at different growth stages of ratoon rice system under different fertilization treatments in 2020 and 2021
图 5 2020年和2021年不同施肥处理下再生稻模式不同生 育期的土壤酶活性
各处理介绍见表1。S1~S5分别表示头季稻分蘖期、头季稻抽穗期、头季稻灌浆期、再生稻抽穗期和再生稻灌浆期。不同字母表示同一生育期不同处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。Details of the treatments can be seen in Table 1. S1−S5 represent the tillering stage, heading stage and filling stage of the main season rice, and the heading stage and filling stage of the ratooning season rice, respectively. Different letters indicate significant differences among treatments at the same growth stage (P<0.05).
Figure 5. Soil enzyme activity at different growth stages of ratoon rice system under different fertilization treatments in 2020 and 2021
表 1 2020年肥料施用方式
Table 1. Application method of fertilizer in 2020
kg∙hm−2 处理
Treatment肥料类型
Type of fertilizer头季稻基肥
Base fertilizer for main season rice头季稻分蘖肥
Tiller fertilizer for main season rice头季稻穗肥
Spike fertilizer for main season rice再生稻促芽肥
Shoot fertilizer for ratoon season riceN0 过磷酸钙
Superphosphate625 (P2O5 75) — — — 氯化钾
Potassium chloride125 (K2O 75) — 125 (K2O 75) — CK 常规尿素
Conventional urea163 (N 75) 98 (N 45) 65 (N 30) 108 (N 50) 过磷酸钙
Superphosphate625 (P2O5 75) — — — 氯化钾
Potassium chloride125 (K2O 75) — 125 (K2O 75) — T1 缓释尿素
Slow-release urea89 (N 37.5) — — — 常规尿素
Conventional urea82 (N 37.5) 98 (N 45) 65 (N 30) 108 (N 50) 过磷酸钙
Superphosphate625 (P2O5 75) — — — 氯化钾
Potassium chloride125 (K2O 75) — 125 (K2O 75) — T2 生物炭
Biochar5000 (N 37.5, P2O5 17.5, K2O 76) — — — 常规尿素
Conventional urea82 (N 37.5) 98 (N 45) 65 (N 30) 108 (N 50) 过磷酸钙
Superphosphate478 (57.5) — — — 氯化钾
Potassium chloride— — 125 (K2O 75) — T3 畜牧粪便
Livestock manure2450 (N 37.5, P2O5 29, K2O 31) — — — 常规尿素
Conventional urea82 (N 37.5) 98 (N 45) 65 (N 30) 108 (N 50) 过磷酸钙
Superphosphate383 (P2O5 46) — — — 氯化钾
Potassium chloride73 (K2O 44) — 125 (K2O 75) — N0、CK、T1、T2和T3分别表示不施氮肥处理、常规尿素处理、缓释尿素与常规尿素配施处理、生物炭与常规尿素配施处理和畜牧粪便与常规尿素配施处理。2021年N0、CK、T1和T3处理与2020年一致, 2021年T2处理与CK一致。N0, CK, T1, T2 and T3 are no nitrogen fertilizer application treatment, conventional urea applicaiton treatment, slow-release urea and conventional urea combined application treatment, biochar and conventional urea combined application treatment, and livestock manure and conventional urea combined application treatment, respectively. The treatment N0, CK, T1 and T3 in 2021 are consistent with those in 2020, and the treatment T2 in 2021 is consistent with CK in 2020. 
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表 2 2020年和2021年不同施肥处理下再生稻模式不同生育期土壤不同土层的容重变化
Table 2. Variation of soil bulk densities of different layers at different growth stages of ratoon rice system under different fertilization treatments in 2020 and 2021
g∙cm−3 年份
Year处理
Treatment头季稻分蘖期
Tillering stage of main season rice头季稻抽穗期
Heading stage of main season rice再生稻抽穗期
Heading stage of ratoon rice0~20 cm 20~40 cm 0~20 cm 20~40 cm 0~20 cm 20~40 cm 2020 N0 1.003±0.016a 1.301±0.042a 1.063±0.014a 1.344±0.024a 1.092±0.015a 1.374±0.017a CK 0.993±0.009a 1.296±0.010a 1.013±0.006b 1.317±0.024a 1.027±0.008b 1.392±0.039a T1 1.013±0.011a 1.311±0.029a 1.008±0.033b 1.308±0.027a 1.016±0.017b 1.363±0.028a T2 0.829±0.009c 1.161±0.033c 0.876±0.012c 1.152±0.021c 0.916±0.015d 1.191±0.026b T3 0.896±0.023b 1.226±0.045b 0.952±0.030c 1.217±0.021b 0.970±0.010c 1.208±0.022b 2021 N0 1.014±0.013a 1.293±0.058a 1.061±0.014a 1.371±0.025a 1.104±0.019a 1.428±0.023a CK 1.030±0.028a 1.290±0.047a 1.028±0.016b 1.338±0.029ab 1.034±0.038b 1.411±0.013a T1 0.999±0.015a 1.308±0.035a 1.023±0.024b 1.302±0.011b 1.032±0.013b 1.390±0.067a T2 0.865±0.007c 1.178±0.014c 0.869±0.009d 1.180±0.012d 0.940±0.001c 1.179±0.037b T3 0.928±0.017b 1.217±0.010b 0.971±0.016c 1.223±0.015c 0.955±0.006c 1.194±0.026b 年份 Year (Y) ns ns ns ns ns ns 处理 Treatment (T) ** ** ** ** ** ** 年份×处理 Y×T ns ns ns ns ns ns 各处理介绍见表1。同列不同字母表示同年不同处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。“ns”和“**”分别表示无差异和P<0.01水平显著差异。Details of the treatments can be seen in Table 1. Different letters in the same column indicate significant differences among treatments in the same year (P<0.05). “ns” and “**” indicate no difference and significant differences at P<0.01 level, respectively.
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