Differences in effects of non-crop habitat on the distribution of carabid beetles and spiders in adjacent farmlands
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摘要: 在农业景观中非耕作生境通常会为地表节肢动物提供适宜的生存场所, 步甲和蜘蛛群落作为天敌类地表节肢动物的重要组成部分, 非耕作生境类型对其多样性和空间分布的作用有所差异。本文在辽宁省昌图县调查了非耕作生境(即果园、草地、乔木林地和其他林地生境)以及其相邻耕地内部和耕地边缘的步甲和蜘蛛个体数、物种数和多样性, 采用方差分析、聚类分析和冗余分析等方法, 讨论了不同生境内步甲和蜘蛛群落分布特征以及非耕作生境类型对邻近耕地边缘及内部步甲和蜘蛛多样性的影响机制。结果表明: 1)不同非耕作生境类型对耕地内部溢出效应明显, 但产生的影响有所差异, 草地对耕地内部步甲多样性影响显著, 其他林地对耕地内部蜘蛛的多样性影响显著。2)不同非耕作生境类型产生的边缘效应与溢出效应规律一致, 均会促进耕地内部步甲和蜘蛛的多样性; 步甲的多样性在邻近草地的耕地边缘显著高于其他边缘类型, 蜘蛛的多样性在邻近其他林地的耕地边缘显著高于其他边缘类型。3)非耕作生境的植被盖度和多样性显著影响步甲和蜘蛛的多样性。总体而言, 非耕作生境对提升耕地内天敌多样性有积极作用, 林地和草地作用效果更为明显, 并且非耕作生境内植被群落结构越复杂, 越有利于维持较高的天敌多样性, 进而提高生物控害功能。因此, 在农业景观中, 增加非耕作生境景观建设, 如设置合适农田边界带、种植合适的植被群落等, 可以促进农业景观中的生物控制服务, 提升害虫防治功能维持生态系统稳定, 对建设高标准农田具有重要意义。Abstract: Conservation of species diversity is an important basis for sustainable agricultural development in agricultural landscapes, and non-crop habitats usually provide suitable habitats for epigeic arthropods. However, as common natural enemies of surface arthropods, carabid beetles and spiders respond differently to different types of non-crop habitats. Although previous studies have been comprehensive and detailed, most of them only focused on specific habitat types, neglecting the role of non-crop habitats on the edge of and inside adjacent cultivated land. Therefore, the present study examined whether non-crop habitats had a positive effect on carabid beetles and spiders and which habitat type had the most significant effect. In this study, Changtu County, Liaoning Province, China, was selected as the sampling area to investigate the abundance of carabid beetles and spiders in non-crop habitats, inner farmlands, and farmland margins. Using variance analysis, cluster analysis, redundancy analysis, and other methods, the distribution characteristics of carabid beetles and spider communities in different habitats and the impact mechanism of non-crop habitat types on diversity were assessed in detail. Different non-crop habitat types had clear spillover effects on farmland; however, these effects were different. Grasslands had significant effects on the diversity of carabid beetles in farmland, and other woodlands had significant effects on the diversity of spiders in farmland. The biodiversity of the farmland margin was significantly higher than that of the surrounding farmland and non-crop habitats. The diversity of carabid beetles at the farmland margin adjacent to native grassland was significantly higher than that at types of farmland margin, the diversity of spiders at the edge of the land adjacent to other woodlands was significantly higher. This study suggested that the rules of edge and spillover effects are consistent, enhancing the biodiversity of adjacent habitats. Among the herbaceous vegetation structural factors, vegetation coverage and diversity significantly affected the diversity of carabid beetles and spiders. This study verified that non-crop habitats could enhance biodiversity at the edge and inside farmlands. In general, non-crop habitats had a positive effect on improving the diversity of the natural enemies in farmlands, and the effects of forestland and grassland were distinct. The more complicated the vegetation community structure of non-crop habitats, the more conducive it is to maintaining a higher natural enemy diversity, thereby improving biological risk control. A detailed discussion of the response of epigeic arthropod diversity to environmental changes at multiple spatial scales is essential for the sustainable development of arable land systems in the context of global change and biodiversity crises.
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Key words:
- Non-crop habitat /
- Carabid beetles /
- Spiders /
- Edge effect /
- Vegetation factor
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图 1 研究区土地利用类型及采样区位置分布图
Figure 1. Land use type and location distribution of sampling units in the study area
图 2 不同类型耕地-耕地边缘-非耕作生境(非耕作生境分为果园、草地、其他林地和乔木林地)的结构布局和每个样品区内的陷阱布局
Figure 2. Structural layout of different types of farmland - farmland margin - non-crop habitat (non-crop habitat includes orchard, native grassland, other woodlands and arbor forest) and specific method of trap layout in each sample area
图 3 8种生境类型步甲和蜘蛛层次距离聚类分析个体数热点图
W1: 邻近果园耕地; W2: 果园; W3: 邻近草地耕地; W4: 草地; W5: 邻近其他林地耕地; W6: 其他林地; W7: 邻近乔木林地耕地; W8: 乔木林地。SP1-SP13名称见表2。W1: farmland adjacent to orchard; W2: orchard; W3: farmland adjacent to native grassland; W4: native grassland; W5: farmland adjacent to other woodlands; W6: other woodlands; W7: farmland adjacent to arbor forest; W8: arbor forest. Name of SP1 to SP13 is shown in Table 2.
Figure 3. Hotspot map of cluster analysis of carabid and spiders in different habitat types
图 4 非耕作生境内部及邻近农田内部步甲(A)和蜘蛛(B)多样性分析
W1: 邻近果园耕地; W2: 果园; W3: 邻近草地耕地; W4: 草地; W5: 邻近其他林地耕地; W6: 其他林地; W7: 邻近乔木林地耕地; W8: 乔木林地。图中不同字母表示不同生境类型间差异显著。W1: farmland adjacent to orchard; W2: orchard; W3: farmland adjacent to native grassland; W4: native grassland; W5: farmland adjacent to other woodlands; W6: other woodlands; W7: farmland adjacent to arbor forest; W8: arbor forest. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among habitat types.
Figure 4. Diversities of carabid beetle (A) and spider (B) in non-crop habitats and adjacent farmlands
图 5 不同生境类型步甲和蜘蛛非度量多维度分析 (NMDS) 分析
Figure 5. Non-metric Multidimensional Analysis (NMDS) of carbid beetle and spider in different habitat combinations
6 边缘效应对步甲(A)和蜘蛛(B)多样性的影响及不同类型耕地边缘步甲和蜘蛛多样性对比(C)
6. Influence of edge effect on diversity of carabid beetles (A) and spider (B) and comparison of diversity of carabid beetles and spider on edge of different cultivated land (C)
表 1 研究区生境类型的划分方式、数量及特征
Table 1. Division, quantity and characteristics of habitat types in the study area
生境类型 Type of habitat 编号 Code 地块数量 Number 主要特征 Main feature 邻近果园耕地
Farmland adjacent to orchardW1 2 耕地样区面积为 9~20 hm2, 种植玉米
The farmland area is 9−20 hm2, and corn (Zea mays) are planted果园
OrchardW2 2 种植山楂(Crataegus pinnatifida)、苹果(Malus pumila)等作物
Planting hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida), apple (Malus pumila) and other crops邻近草地耕地
Farmland adjacent to native grasslandW3 3 耕地样区面积为9~20 hm2, 种植玉米
The farmland area is 9−20 hm2, and corn are planted草地
Native grasslandW4 3 草本层盖度>50%
Herbal layer coverage > 50%邻近其他林地耕地
Farmland adjacent to other woodlandsW5 3 耕地样区面积为9~20 hm2, 种植玉米
The farmland area is 9−20 hm2, and corn are planted其他林地
Other woodlandsW6 3 0.1<树木郁闭度<0.2的林地
0.1<tree canopy density < 0.2邻近乔木林地耕地
Cultivated land adjacent to arbor forestW7 3 耕地样区面积为9~20 hm2, 种植玉米
The farmland area is 9−20 hm2, and corn are planted乔木林地
Arbor forestW8 3 树木郁闭度>0.2的林地, 种植乔木
The arbor forest canopy density is > 0.2
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表 2 不同生境地表节肢动物类型及数量统计表
Table 2. Statistics of arthropod types and numbers in different habitats
地表节肢动物类群
Surface Arthropods代码
Code数量 Number 总计
Total耕地内部
Farmland耕地边缘
Farmland margin非耕作生境
Non-crop farmland昆虫纲
Insecta鞘翅目
Coleoptera步甲科
Carabidae蠋步甲
Dolichus halensisSP1 44 306 133 483 大暗黑步甲
Amara majusculaSP2 34 127 57 218 中华婪步甲
Harpalus sinicusSP3 14 35 46 95 普通暗黑步甲
Amara brevicollisSP4 148 191 159 498 黄斑青步甲
Chlaenius micansSP5 50 81 78 209 点沟青步甲
Chlaenius proefectusSP6 5 13 4 22 广屁步甲
Pheropsophus occiptalisSP7 52 142 42 236 毛盒步甲
Harpalus griseusSP8 2 3 9 14 谷婪步甲
Harpalus calceatusSP9 6 20 10 36 淡鞘婪步甲
Harpalus pallidipennisSP10 17 58 35 110 总计 Total 372 976 573 1921 蛛形纲
Arachnida盲蛛目
Order opiliones长奇盲蛛科
Phalangiidae盲蛛
Leiobunum speciesSP11 49 130 96 275 蜘蛛目
Araneae漏斗蛛科
Agelena labyrinthica漏斗蛛
Agelena labyrinthicaSP12 35 130 89 254 球蛛科
Theridiidae球蛛
TheridiidaeSP13 5 19 14 38 总计 Total 89 279 199 567
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