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摘要: 当前，全国上下正在按照党中央、国务院的战略部署，实施乡村振兴战略。生态振兴是乡村振兴的重要组成部分，是乡村"五个振兴"（乡村产业振兴、乡村人才振兴、乡村文化振兴、乡村生态振兴、乡村组织振兴）之一。本文从生态的重要性入手，在简述生态振兴在乡村振兴中的地位和作用的基础上，着重分析了当前乡村存在的主要生态问题——生态破坏、资源浪费、环境污染、疾病增多和村庄衰减。针对存在的这些生态问题，作者提出了乡村生态振兴的战略对策和措施，即在遵循村民主体原则、"三效"并举原则、综合施策原则、因地制宜原则和久久为功原则的前提下，采取以下具体措施：制定生态规划，提高生态意识，增长生态知识，提升生态素质，弘扬生态文化，完善生态法规，强化生态治理，加强生态保护，搞生态建设，开展生态交流，重视生态科研，培养生态人才。Abstract: At present, China is implementing rural revitalization strategy in line with the strategic plan of the party central committee and the state council. Ecological revitalization is an important part of rural revitalization and one of the five forms of revitalization-rural industry revitalization, rural talent revitalization, rural culture revitalization, rural ecological revitalization and rural organization revitalization. Starting from the importance of ecology, we gave a basic brief introduction of the status and role of ecological revitalization in rural revitalization, thoroughly analyzed the main ecological problems in rural areas, including ecological destruction, resource wastage, environmental pollution, increased disease conditions and village decay. In view of the ecological problems, we put forward strategic countermeasures for rural ecological revitalization. For rural ecological revitalization, a serial of principles should be followed, including principle of villagers' dominant roles, principle of integrating economic, ecological and social benefits, principle of comprehensive implementation, principle of adaption to local conditions and principle of long term efforts and contribution. Based on these principles, the following specific measures were recommended for adoption-1) making ecological planning, 2) improving ecological awareness, 3) increasing ecological knowledge, 4) promoting ecological quality, 5) promoting ecological culture, 6) improving ecological regulation, 7) strengthening ecological governance, 8) strengthening ecological protection, 9) engaging in ecological construction, 10) conducting ecological communication, 11) attaching importance to ecological research and 12) cultivating ecological talents.
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表 1 “生态”一词在党的十九大报告中出现的形式(名词)、次数及位置(页码)
Table 1. Form (noun), frequency of occurrence and location (page number) of the term "Ecology" in the Reports of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China
序号Serial number 出现形式(名词) Form (noun) 出现次数(次) Occurrence number 出现位置(页码) Position (page number) 1 生态Ecology 2 12, 24 2 生态文明Ecological civilization 12 5, 6, 18, 23, 27, 29, 50, 52 3 生态环境Ecological environment 11 5, 6, 9, 24, 28, 50, 52 4 生态保护Ecological protection 3 5, 52, 52 5 政治生态Political ecology 3 6, 8, 62 6 生态安全Ecological security 2 24, 51 7 生态体系Ecological system 1 25 8 生态宜居Ecological livability 1 32 9 生态产品Ecological products 1 50 10 生态系统Ecological system 3 51, 52 11 生态廊道Ecological corridor 1 52 12 生态补偿Ecological compensation 1 52 13 生态监管Ecological supervision 1 52 合计Total 42 根据文献[2]整理所得。According to the reference [2]. 
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表 2 中国乡村生态问题的表现形式、后果及主要原因
Table 2. Forms, consequences and main causes of rural ecological problems in China
生态问题
Ecological problem表现形式
Manifestation后果(危害)
Consequences (hazards)主要原因
Main reasons生态破坏
Ecological destruction建造房屋引起的生态破坏, “大树进城”引起的植被破坏, 建设“新村”造成的生态破坏, 兴修农田水利引发的生态破坏, 矿山开发引起的生态破坏
Ecological damage caused by building houses, “big trees entering the city”, construction of “new village”, construction of farmland and water conservancy, and mining乡村生态结构遭受破坏, 系统功能下降, 并可能引发水土流失、滑坡、泥石流等自然灾害
Rural ecological structures are damaged, system functions are degraded, and natural disasters such as soil erosion, landslides, and mudslides may be triggered.缺乏科学规划和周密认证, 乡村建设过程中没有考虑生态后果, 没有做到经济建设与生态环境保护相结合
Lack of scientific planning and careful certification, not considering ecological consequences in the rural construction, and not combining economic construction with ecological environmental protection.资源浪费
Wasting resources耕地资源、作物秸秆资源、生活废弃物(生活污水、生活垃圾)资源和厕所粪污和畜禽粪便资源浪费
Waste of cultivated land, crop straws, life wastes (domestic sewage, domestic garbage), and manure and livestock manure既浪费了宝贵的自然资源, 又污染了生态环境, 对村容村貌造成严重损害
It not only wastes valuable natural resources, but also pollutes the ecological environment, causing a serious damage to the village.缺乏资源意识、生态意识、环保意识, 制度不完善、不健全, 监管不力, 管理不到位
Lack of resources awareness, ecological awareness and environmental protection awareness; imperfect institutions and systems; inadequate supervision and management.环境污染
Environmental pollution大气污染, 水污染, 土壤污染, 农产品污染
Air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution and agricultural product pollution.造成乡村出现雾霾, 水污染不能饮用, 农产品有毒有害物质残留超标, 不能食用
Causing haze in the countryside, undrinkable water due to pollution, and inedible agricultural products due to excessive residues of toxic and hazardous substances.系统内造成的污染:焚烧秸秆, 过量使用化肥、农药等化学投入品, 厕所粪污和畜禽粪便未进行无害化处理; 系统外造成的污染:工业三废(废气、废液、废渣)、城市垃圾等下乡
Inside the system, pollution are caused by burning straw, excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, improper dispose of toilet manure and livestock. Outside the system, pollution are caused by discharge of industrial “three wastes” (exhaust gas, waste liquid, waste residue), urban garbage.疾病增多
Increase in diseases疾病种类增多, 患病人数增加, 不孕不育比例上升, “癌症村”不断出现
Increases of disease types, patients number, infertility proportion and Cancer Village由乡村严重的大气污染、水污染、土壤污染、农产品污染造成人免疫系统受到破坏, 以致疾病多发; 水体污染是导致“癌症村”的罪魁祸首
Serious air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, agricultural product pollution causes destruction of human immune system; environmental pollution, especially water pollution, is the chief culprit of the Cancer Village.既有“系统内”污染源造成的环境污染, 又有“系统外”(工业、城市)污染源造成的环境污染; 既有自然原因(酸沉降, 如降酸雨; 水土流失等), 更有人为因素(疾病传染、传播, 预防不力、管理不严等)
There are both environmental pollution caused by inside system pollution sources and outside system (industrial, urban) pollution sources; there are natural causes (acid deposition, water and soil loss, etc.), and human factors (infection, spread, poor prevention, lax management, etc.).村庄衰减
Village attenuation乡村人口减少, 空闲房屋增多; 出现空心村(空壳村或空洞村); 村庄减少, 甚至消亡
Rural population decreases and idle houses number increases; Hollow Village (empty village) appeared; villages reduction or even disappearing.2000—2010年, 中国自然村由360万个减至270万个, 其中不乏众多古村落。中国乡村正在衰落、消亡, 中国乡村、乡村文明危矣！
From 2000 to 2010, the number of natural villages in China has been reduced from 3.6 million to 2.7 million. China’s rural areas are declining and dying, and China’s rural and rural civilization are in danger!大背景的影响:工业化、城市化、城镇化快速推进, 对乡村发展产生的不利影响; 乡村生产、生活条件落后和生态环境恶化助长了村庄衰减; 城乡差距拉大, 进一步加剧村庄衰减
Unfavorable impact of industrialization, urbanization, and rapid urbanization on rural development; backward of rural production and deterioration of the ecological environment; widened gap between urban and rural areas.
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