Safe utilization of heavy metal-contaminated farmland: Goals, technical options, and extendable technology
-
摘要: 当前，土壤重金属污染研究的主要任务之一是形成安全利用可推广技术方案。那么，当前科学界是否有能力提供这样一个方案?本文在分析土壤污染防控基本概念和决策树的基础上，系统解析了如下问题：污染农田安全利用的目标、技术选项、可推广技术标准和形态。我们认为污染农田安全利用有狭义和广义之分，以主粮区籽粒安全生产为目标的狭义安全利用技术研发是当务之急；安全利用技术的标准是农作物可食用部位的重金属含量达标，而不是土壤重金属钝化效果；重金属从根部到地上部的转运能力是作物筛选和改造的关注重点；低镉作物品种选育与推广有可能零成本地实现轻微镉污染农田安全利用，而钝化剂/土壤调理剂在优选以后将逐渐提高适合安全利用的农田镉污染上限；成本、效果和土壤生态效应是可推广安全利用技术的重要评价标准，可推广安全利用技术的形态受限于农业生产过程，需要以种子、肥料和农艺等形式交付使用者。这些系统分析，有利于安全利用技术研究从"百花齐放"向可推广技术转变，并最终服务于《土壤污染防治行动计划》污染农田安全利用目标。Abstract: A major task for current soil environmental study is to form problem-solving schemes for the safe utilization of contaminated farmland. Is the scientific community able to provide such schemes as quickly as possible to meet the need by the national "Action Plan for Soil Pollution Prevention and Control"? Here we analyzed the fundamental concepts and decision tree for soil pollution control, based on which the goals, technical options and extendable technology for the safe utilization of contaminated farmland were explored. It is proposed that safe utilization of the contaminated farmland could be referred both in the broad sense and in the narrow sense, with the narrow safe utilization being the priority. The safe utilization of contaminated farmland aims to the production of foods meeting the national food standards, but not the immobilization or cleanup of soil contaminants. Selection and cultivation of low-Cd crops is a promising technology, while the coupled use of metal immobilizers may increase the upper threshold of farmland metal contamination suitable for the safe utilization. We suggest that cost, effect and secondary eco-toxicity are important criteria for evaluating the safe utilization technology, and the form of the extendable technology may consider the traditional agronomic elements like seeds, fertilizers and tillage regime. This work is supposed to promote the translation of soil pollution control knowledge to the safe farming technology, which may ultimately serve the goals of the "Action Plant for Soil Pollution Prevention and Control".
-
图 1 环境治理/修复领域常见术语的可能逻辑关系
Figure 1. Logical relationships of common terms about environment management or remediation
图 2 中国土壤重金属污染治理的决策树(以分类分级为原则, 重点阐释了农田重金属污染的技术选项)
Figure 2. Decision tree for soil heavy metal (HM) pollution control with the techniques for farmland highlighted, based on the severity and scenario of soil pollution
表 1 目前常用钝化剂/土壤调理剂的使用及效果
Table 1. Application and effects of common immobilizers/soil conditioners
钝化剂/调理剂
Immobilizers/ soil conditioner成本
Cost (¥·t–1)土壤环境Soil environment 施用量
Application rate效果Effect 文献
ReferencepH 有机质
Organic matter (g·kg–1)全镉
Total Cd (mg·kg–1)沸石
Zeolite1 000 5.03 19.80 0.17 1%, 3%, 6% 100 mg·kg–1镉污染下, 添加6%沸石可使有效态镉下降28.28% Available Cd was reduced by 28.28% under 6% zeolite application rate. [8] 高岭石+石灰石
Kaolinite + limestone2 000 5.57 29.40 1.62
(可溶态镉Soluble Cd 0.61)0, 2 250, 4 500, 9 000 kg·hm–2 施用9 000 kg·hm–2, 糙米镉由1.03 mg·kg–1降至0.54 mg·kg–1 Brown rice Cd was reduced to 0.54 mg·kg–1 from 1.03 mg·kg–1 under 9 000 kg·hm–2 kaolinite + limestone application rate. [9] 膨润土
Bentonite550~3 600 6.29 32.68 0.49 2%, 5% (w/w) 5%膨润土处理降低镉有效性29.4% Available Cd was reduced by 29.4% under 5% bentonite application. [10-11] 生物炭
Biochar1 200 6.29 32.68 0.49 2%, 5% (w/w) 5%生物碳处理降低镉有效性40% Available Cd was reduced by 40% under 5% biochar application. [10] 硅钙镁矿物
Si-Ca-Mg minerals900 5.22 — 0.75
(有效态镉Available Cd 0.48)1 500, 2 250, 3 000 kg·hm–2 2 250 kg·hm-2时, 水稻糙米镉含量下降36.92%(> 0.39 mg·kg-1) Brown rice Cd was reduced by 36.92% under 2 250 kg·hm-2 Si-Ca-Mg minerals application rate. [12] 5.40 — 0.38 1 500 kg·hm–2 显著降低水稻镉含量(至0.1 mg·kg-1左右) Rice Cd was significantly reduced to –0.1 mg·kg-1. [13] 5.16 — 未知Unknown 4 500 kg·hm–2 糙米镉含量降低62.50% Brown rice Cd was reduced by 62.50%. [14] 牡蛎壳
Oyster shell5 000 5.16 — 0.46 3 000 kg·hm–2 糙米镉含量降低68.06% Brown rice Cd was reduced by 68.06%. [14] 5 000 4.50 62.20 2.27 0.25%~2% (w/w) 2%添加时土壤可交换态镉降低98.3%, 小油菜镉含量降低83.9% Exchangeable Cd was reduced by 98.3% in soil, and Cd was reduced by 83.9% in oilseed rape under 2% oyster shell application rate. [15] 白云石
Dolomite350 — — — — 效果与牡蛎壳非常接近Similar effect as oyster shell powder 
下载: 导出CSV
-
[1] LI X F. Technical solutions for the safe utilization of heavy metal-contaminated farmland in China:A critical review[J]. Land Degradation and Development, 2019, 30(15):1773-1784 http://cn.bing.com/academic/profile?id=d5e356f4c222dc1c305464966e65d050&encoded=0&v=paper_preview&mkt=zh-cn [2] ROBERTS T L. Cadmium and phosphorous fertilizers:The issues and the science[J]. Procedia Engineering, 2014, 83:52-59 http://cn.bing.com/academic/profile?id=bdf802753ad73d3e19c9af2d7c6c32a7&encoded=0&v=paper_preview&mkt=zh-cn [3] 王凯荣, 陈朝明, 龚惠群, 等.镉污染农田农业生态整治与安全高效利用模式[J].中国环境科学, 1998, 18(2):97-101 http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/zghjkx199802001WANG K R, CHEN C M, GONG H Q, et al. The models of agro-ecological regulation and safe efficient utilization of farmland polluted by cadmium[J]. China Enviromental Science, 1998, 18(2):97-101 http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/zghjkx199802001 [4] 刘利军.太原市小店污灌区农田安全利用技术研究[D].太谷: 山西农业大学, 2013LIU L J. Research on farmland safe utilization in Xiaodian sewage irrigation area, Taiyuan[D]. Taigu: Shanxi Agricultural University, 2013 [5] 颜晓.作物阻隔技术的研究与应用——以桂西北某重金属污染农田治理为例[D].南宁: 广西大学, 2015YAN X. Application and research of crop barrier technology -A heavy metal pollution of farmland in northwest Guangxi as an example[D]. Nanning: Guangxi University, 2015 [6] LI X F, ZHOU D M. A meta-analysis on phenotypic variation in cadmium accumulation of rice and wheat:Implications for food cadmium risk control[J]. Pedosphere, 2019, 29(5):545-553 http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/trq-e201905001 [7] SUMAN J, UHLIK O, VIKTOROVA J, et al. Phytoextraction of heavy metals:A promising tool for clean-up of polluted environment?[J]. Frontiers in Plant Science, 2018, 9:1476 http://cn.bing.com/academic/profile?id=db1b06a7dfcf44e134ebec3901118a00&encoded=0&v=paper_preview&mkt=zh-cn [8] 郭炜辰, 杜立宇, 梁成华, 等.天然与改性沸石对土壤Cd污染赋存形态的影响研究[J].土壤通报, 2019, 50(3):719-724 http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/trtb201903030GUO W C, DU L Y, LIANG C H, et al. Effects of natural and ammonium chloride/calcium chloride-modified zeolites on cadmium speciation in contaminated soil[J]. Chinese Journal of Soil Science, 2019, 50(3):719-724 http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/trtb201903030 [9] 陈立伟, 杨文弢, 周航, 等.土壤调理剂对土壤-水稻系统Cd、Zn迁移累积的影响及健康风险评价[J].环境科学学报, 2018, 38(4):1635-1641 http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/hjkxxb201804043CHEN L W, YANG W T, ZHOU H, et al. Effects of combined amendment on transport and accumulation of Cd and Zn in soil-rice system and the related health risk assessment[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2018, 38(4):1635-1641 http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/hjkxxb201804043 [10] 杜彩艳, 王攀磊, 杜建磊, 等.生物炭、沸石与膨润土混施对玉米生长和吸收Cd、Pb、Zn的影响研究[J].生态环境学报, 2019, 28(1):190-198 http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/tryhj201901022DU C Y, WANG P L, DU J L, et al. Influence of fixed addition of biochar, zeolite and bentonite on growth and Cd, Pb, Zn uptake by maize[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2019, 28(1):190-198 http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/tryhj201901022 [11] 魏样.黏土矿物对重金属污染土壤的修复研究[J].河南农业, 2019, (5):49-50 http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/hnny201914029WEI Y. The study of remediation of heavy metal polluted soil by clay minerals[J]. Agriculture of Henan, 2019, (5):49-50 http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/hnny201914029 [12] 曹胜, 周卫军, 周雨舟, 等.硅钙镁土壤调理剂对酸性镉污染土壤及稻米的降镉效果[J].河南农业科学, 2017, 46(12):54-58 http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/hnnykx201712010CAO S, ZHOU W J, ZHOU Y Z, et al. The cadmium reduction effect of silicon calcium magnesium soil conditioner on acid cadmium polluted soil and rice[J]. Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences, 2017, 46(12):54-58 http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/hnnykx201712010 [13] 陆世忠, 曾茜茜, 刘敏强. 4种土壤调理剂对水稻产量及稻米镉吸收的影响[J].安徽农学通报, 2017, 23(23):49-50 http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/ahnxtb201723023LU S Z, ZENG Q Q, LIU M Q. Effect of four soil conditioners on rice yield and grain cadmium uptake[J]. Anhui Agriucltural Science Bulletin, 2017, 23(23):49-50 http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/ahnxtb201723023 [14] 周利军, 武琳, 林小兵, 等.土壤调理剂对镉污染稻田修复效果[J].环境科学, 2019, 40(11):5098-5106 http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/hunannykx201712004ZHOU L J, WU L, LIN X B, et al. Remediation of cadmium contaminated paddy fields using soil conditioners[J]. Environmental Science, 2019, 40(11):5098-5106 http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/hunannykx201712004 [15] 田中学.四种土壤调理剂对污染土壤镉行为的影响[D].北京: 中国农业科学院, 2017TIAN Z X. Effect of four soil amendments on behavior of cadmium in polluted soil[J]. Beijing: Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2017 -
下载:
点击查看大图
图(3) / 表(1)
计量
- 文章访问数: 945
- HTML全文浏览量: 82
- PDF下载量: 581
- 被引次数: 0
