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摘要: 作为一种重要的农用植被类型,果园在我国陆地生态系统碳汇评价中占有重要的地位,其碳储量及其碳汇经济价值的估算是全球碳循环研究的重要内容。本研究以山定子、八棱海棠、平邑甜茶3种苹果砧木与‘富士’‘金冠’2种苹果接穗嫁接组成的6种砧穗组合为试验材料,分别对其植株、土壤、枯落物进行碳储量分析,对系统单位面积苹果树的碳储量汇总,探究不同砧穗组合土壤-植被系统固碳能力及其差异,为理清并进一步提升苹果园碳储量提供理论依据。结果表明:相比于其他组织,苹果根含碳率高;各器官中树干生物量最高,占总生物量的33.89%~47.95%。不同器官的碳储量差异较大,表现为树干>树枝>根,且树干碳储量占植株碳储量的38%以上。对各砧穗组合植株碳储量比较发现,同种砧木、不同接穗的砧穗组合间,植株碳储量差异显著,以山定子、平邑甜茶为砧木时,‘富士’为接穗的组合显著高于‘金冠’为接穗的组合;同种接穗不同砧木间植株碳储量差异不显著。而对各砧穗组合枯落物碳储量比较发现,同种砧木不同接穗间差异显著,以‘富士’为接穗的砧穗组合显著高于‘金冠’为接穗的组合;同种接穗不同砧木间,以山定子为砧木的砧穗组合枯落物碳储量显著高于八棱海棠和平邑甜茶,后两者间无显著差异。0~20 cm土壤的碳储量(57.86~80.91 t·hm-2)显著高于20~40 cm(20.15~25.97 t·hm-2)、40~60 cm(11.54~14.62 t·hm-2)及60~100 cm(17.41~33.98 t·hm-2)土层。‘金冠’/山定子砧穗组合单位面积碳储量值最高;各砧穗组合碳储量经济价值差异不大,平均17.084万元·hm-2。Abstract: Orchard ecosystems are an important form of agriculture that plays a significant role in the carbon sink of terrestrial ecosystems in China. Estimating carbon sequestration and economic value of orchards is a central part of global carbon cycle research. In this study, six orthogonal combinations of three stock species (Malus micromalus, M. baccata, and M. hupehensis) and two scions of apple cultivars ('Fuji' and 'Golden Delicious') were examined for the carbon storage in the vegetation layers, soil, and litter of apple orchard. Carbon storage in the orchard ecosystems was summarized, and the carbon sequestration capacities of different soil-vegetation systems were explored. This work provides a theoretical basis for improving the carbon storage of apple orchards. The results showed that, compared with other tissues, the roots had the highest carbon content, while the trunk biomass was the highest among all organs biomasses, accounting for 33.89% to 47.95% of the total biomass. The carbon storage of each organ was different and in the sequence of trunk > branches > root. Carbon storage in the trunk accounted for more than 38% of the whole plant. When comparing the plant carbon storage of each combination, there were significant differences between scions. When M. baccata and M. hupehensis were used as stocks, the combination with 'Fuji' as the scion was significantly higher than that with 'Golden Delicious'. Comparison of the litter carbon storage in the various stocks and scions showed significant differences between different scions of the same stock; the stock combination with 'Fuji' was significantly higher than the combination with 'Golden Delicious'. Carbon storage in the litter indicated that there were significant differences in carbon storage among stocks. Carbon storage in the litter of combinations with M. baccata as the stock was significantly higher than in the combinations with M. micromalus and M. hupehensis as stocks. However, there were no significant differences between the latter two. Carbon storage in the 0-20 cm soil layer (57.86-80.91 t·hm-2) was significantly higher than that in the 20-40 cm (20.15-25.97 t·hm-2), 40-60 cm (11.54-14.62 t·hm-2), and 60-100 cm (17.41-33.98 t·hm-2) soil layers. 'Golden Delicious'/M. baccata had the highest carbon storage value per area. Moreover, there was little difference in the economic value of carbon storage in each stock combination, with an average of RMB 170.84 thousand Yuan per hectare.
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Key words:
- Apple /
- Grafting combination /
- Biomass /
- Carbon sequestration
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图 2 不同砧穗组合苹果树的枯落物碳储量
“*”和“**”表示接穗品种间或砧木类型间在P < 0.05和P < 0.01水平差异显著, “ns”表示砧木类型间无显著差异。
Figure 2. Carbon storage of litter of apple trees of different grafting combinations
"*" and "**" indicate significant differences among scion cultivars or stock genotypes at P < 0.05 and P < 0.01 levels, respectively; "ns" indicates no significant differences among stock genotypes.
表 1 不同苹果砧穗组合生长状况
Table 1. Growth status of different apple grafting combinations
cm 接穗品种
Scion cultivar砧木类型
Stock genotype株高
Plant height基径
Trunk diameter冠幅
Mean crown width富士
Fuji八棱海棠Malus micromalus 462.33±18.37a 11.27±1.29abc 340.51±26.54a 山定子Malus baccata 468.67±23.1a 11.52±0.58ab 377.50±28.94a 平邑甜茶Malus hupehensis 432.33±21.67a 12.21±0.66a 372.50±16.20a 金冠
Golden Delicious八棱海棠Malus micromalus 471.33±14.64a 10.16±0.44bcd 377.83±35.77a 山定子Malus baccata 478.00±7.48a 9.89±0.13cd 290.61±14.36 a 平邑甜茶Malus hupehensis 440.33±26.74a 9.61±0.42d 302.00±20.82a 不同小写字母表示不同砧穗组合间在P < 0.05水平差异显著。Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different grafting combinations at P < 0.05. 表 2 不同砧穗组合苹果树各器官平均生物量和含碳率
Table 2. Average biomass and carbon content of each organ of apple trees of different grafting combinations
接穗品种
Scion cultivar砧木类型
Stock genotype生物量Biomass (kg) 含碳率Carbon content (g·kg-1) 树干
Trunk树枝
Branches根系
Root树干
Trunk树枝
Branches根系
Root富士
Fuji八棱海棠Malus micromalus 25.57±5.45a 13.20±1.75ab 14.55±1.17ab 41.77±0.35c 42.71±3.17a 44.47±1.04a 山定子Malus baccata 23.60±2.59ab 16.50±2.27a 17.67±2.76ab 42.66±0.20abc 42.82±1.29a 44.19±0.58a 平邑甜茶Malus hupehensis 26.27±1.98a 18.64±2.95a 18.90±4.04a 42.46±1.00bc 41.92±0.86a 44.76±0.55a 金冠
Golden Delicious八棱海棠Malus micromalus 22.50±4.82ab 15.71±4.30ab 13.15±2.04ab 42.08±0.39c 43.47±1.06a 44.52±0.63a 山定子Malus baccata 19.27±4.50ab 13.90±1.42ab 16.92±2.65ab 43.10±0.47ab 42.56±0.45a 45.00±0.75a 平邑甜茶Malus hupehensis 12.43±3.98ab 12.28±0.99b 11.97±1.57b 43.62±0.32a 42.65±0.35a 45.50±0.31a 不同小写字母表示不同砧穗组合间在P < 0.05水平差异显著。Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different grafting combinations at P < 0.05 level. 表 3 基于基径(X)预测苹果各器官生物量(Y)的模型
Table 3. Allometric models for predicting biomass of each organ of apple trees (Y) by diameter (X)
器官Organ Y=aXb a b R2 P 树干Trunk 0.6841 1.2722 0.4344 0.0029 树枝Branches 0.0864 2.3043 0.4838 0.0013 根系Roots 0.8503 1.2133 0.3302 0.0126 地上部
Aboveground part0.9533 1.6704 0.5889 0.0002 表 4 不同砧穗组合苹果树各器官平均碳储量
Table 4. Average carbon storage of each organ of apple trees of different grafting combinations
kg 接穗品种
Scion cultivar砧木类型
Stock genotype碳储量Carbon storage 植株碳储量
Carbon storage of plant树干Trunk 树枝Branches 根系root 富士
Fuji八棱海棠Malus micromalus 10.68±2.30a 5.60±1.07ab 6.46±0.39a 22.75±2.16ab 山定子Malus baccata 10.07±1.14ab 7.08±1.11a 7.82±2.85a 22.39±2.67a 平邑甜茶Malus hupehensis 11.13±0.57a 7.20±1.39a 8.47±1.91a 26.80±1.57a 金冠
Golden Delicious八棱海棠Malus micromalus 9.45±1.93ab 6.20±1.99ab 5.80±0.93a 21.45±4.83ab 山定子Malus baccata 8.30±1.91ab 5.93±0.66ab 7.62±1.08a 21.85±0.76ab 平邑甜茶Malus hupehensis 5.43±2.16b 4.60±0.39b 5.45±0.75a 15.47±3.30b 不同小写字母表示不同砧穗组合间在P < 0.05水平差异显著。Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different grafting combinations at P < 0.05. 表 5 不同砧穗组合苹果的不同土层和枯落物碳储量
Table 5. Soil carbon storage in different soil layers of apple trees of different grafting combinations
t·hm-2 接穗品种
Scion cultivar砧木类型
Stock genotype土层Soil layer (cm) 枯落物
Litter0~20 20~40 40~60 60~100 合计Tota 富士
Fuji八棱海棠Malus micromalus 57.86±2.79bA 25.97±0.24aB 13.10±1.93bC 30.17±3.56aD 127.10±1.76abc 15.28±0.44c 山定子Malus baccata 60.38±3.41bA 22.83±0.77bcC 17.10±2.37aD 28.36±1.14aB 128.72±6.16abc 26.95±0.79a 平邑甜茶Malus hupehensis 61.43±2.74bA 20.15±2.019dC 12.21±0.80bD 26.70±1.66aB 120.49±1.41c 16.57±0.44c 金冠
Golden Delicious八棱海棠Malus micromalus 61.94±3.42bA 24.71±2.56abB 11.54±1.92bC 27.45±5.93aB 125.64±±9.28bc 20.73±0.54b 山定子Malus baccata 63.12±3.07bA 22.37±1.01cC 14.62±1.50abD 33.98±1.04aB 134.09±±2.56ab 26.38±0.73a 平邑甜茶Malus hupehensis 80.91±5.55aA 22.75±0.27cB 14.60±0.21abC 17.41±5.58bBC 135.67±0.73a 25.94±0.72a 不同小写字母表示同一土层不同砧穗组合间在P < 0.05水平差异显著, 不同大写字母表示同一砧穗组合不同土层间在P < 0.05水平差异显著。Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different grafting combinations in the same soil layer at P < 0.05 level; different capital letters indicate significant differences among different soil layers for the same grafting combination at P < 0.05 level. 表 6 不同砧穗组合苹果树单位面积碳储量及年固碳经济价值
Table 6. Carbon reserves and annual carbon-fixing economic values of apple trees of different grafting combinations
砧木品种
Scion cultivar接穗类型
Stock genotype单位面积碳储量
Carbon storage per unit area (t·hm-2)固碳价值
Value of carbon sequestration (×104 ¥·hm-2)土壤
Soil植株
Plant枯落物
Litter系统
System土壤
Soil树体
Plant枯落物
Litter系统
System富士
Fuji八棱海棠Malus micromalus 127.10 13.67 0.15 140.92 15.252 1.6404 0.0180 16.910 山定子Malus baccata 128.72 14.97 0.27 143.96 15.446 1.7964 0.0324 17.275 平邑甜茶Malus hupehensis 120.49 16.46 0.17 137.12 14.459 1.9752 0.0204 16.454 金冠
Golden Delicious八棱海棠Malus micromalus 125.64 13.29 0.21 139.14 15.077 1.5948 0.0252 16.697 山定子Malus baccata 134.09 13.12 0.26 147.47 16.091 1.5744 0.0312 17.696 平邑甜茶Malus hupehensis 135.67 9.66 0.26 145.59 16.280 1.1592 0.0312 17.471 -
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