Effects of time of spring one irrigation on the grain filling characteristics and water use efficiency of winter wheat
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摘要: 针对河北平原区水粮矛盾尖锐，开展冬小麦春一水优化灌溉研究，可为区域粮食安全和地下水超采治理提供技术依据。本研究于2018—2020年采用田间定位试验方法，以节水小麦品种‘衡4399’为材料，设置5个春灌一水时间处理（拔节后0 d，AJ0；拔节后5 d，AJ5；拔节后10 d，AJ10；拔节后15 d，AJ15；拔节后20 d，AJ20）和2个对照处理（无春灌，CK1；春灌二水，CK2），分析了不同处理对冬小麦籽粒灌浆特性参数、产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明，随着春灌一水时间的推迟，冬小麦灌浆持续时间增长，平均灌浆速率减小，理论最大千粒重增大；与AJ0相比，其他春灌一水处理的灌浆持续时间延长3~7 d，平均灌浆速率减小2.40%~13.51%，理论最大千粒重增加1.61%~18.62%。春灌一水条件下，冬小麦单位面积穗数、穗粒数和籽粒产量随着灌水时间的推迟均是先增大后减小，千粒重逐渐增加，其中，籽粒产量最高的处理为AJ5，其次是AJ10，二者间差异不显著（P>0.05），但均显著高于AJ0、AJ15、AJ20处理（P < 0.05）；2018—2019年和2019—2020年，与CK1相比，AJ5、AJ10处理的产量分别增加96.04%和52.18%、90.15%和49.84%；与CK2相比，AJ5、AJ10处理的产量依次降低0.80%和16.75%、3.79%和18.03%。两个试验年度春灌一水处理的水分利用效率，都是灌水较早的AJ0、AJ5和AJ10处理较高，且3个处理间的差异均不显著（P>0.05），AJ15和AJ20的水分利用效率明显降低（P < 0.05）。与CK1和CK2相比，AJ5处理的水分利用效率2018—2019年分别增加20.78%和18.47%（P < 0.05）、2019—2020年分别增加41.07%（P < 0.05）和5.33%（P>0.05），AJ10处理2018—2019年分别增加12.34%和10.19%（P>0.05）、2019—2020年分别增加37.50%（P < 0.05）和2.67%（P>0.05）。综上所述，在试验区冬小麦春灌一水条件下，最优灌水时间为拔节后5~10 d，能获得较高产量和水分利用效率。Abstract: There is a serious contradiction between water resources and grain production in the Hebei Plain; therefore, this study aimed to investigate the optimal time of once irrigation in spring for winter wheat to provide a technical basis for regional food security and groundwater overdraft control. A field positioning experiment was conducted from 2018 to 2020, with the water-saving winter wheat cultivar 'Heng 4399' under five treatments of spring one irrigation time (0 d after jointing, AJ0; 5 d after jointing, AJ5; 10 d after jointing, AJ10; 15 d after jointing, AJ15; and 20 d after jointing, AJ20) and two control treatments (no spring irrigation, CK1; and spring two irrigations, CK2). The effects of different treatments on the grain filling characteristics, yield, and water use efficiency of winter wheat were analyzed. The results showed that the delay of one spring irrigation time increased the duration of grain filling and the theoretical maximum 1000-grain weight, and decreased the average grain filling rate. Compared with AJ0, the duration of grain filling was prolonged by 3-7 d, the average grain filling rate decreased by 2.40%-13.51%, and the theoretical maximum 1000-grain weight increased by 1.61%-18.62% in the other spring one irrigation treatments. Under the spring one irrigation condition, the spike number per unit area, grain number per spike, and grain yield of winter wheat first increased and then decreased with the delay of irrigation date, whereas the 1000-grain weight gradually increased. Grain yield in the AJ5 treatment was the highest, followed by AJ10, and there was no significant difference between AJ5 and AJ10 (P>0.05), but both were significantly higher than those of AJ0, AJ15, and AJ20 (P < 0.05). The yields of AJ5 and AJ10 increased by 96.04% and 52.18% in 2018-2019, and 90.15% and 49.84% in 2019-2020, respectively, compared to CK1. However, compared to CK2, the same treatments decreased by 0.80% and 16.75% in 2018-2019, and 3.79% and 18.03% in 2019-2020, respectively. In the two experimental years, the water use efficiency of spring one irrigation treatments was higher in AJ0, AJ5, and AJ10, and there was no significant difference among the treatments (P>0.05). AJ15 and AJ20 significantly decreased the water use efficiency compared to the above-mentioned treatments (P < 0.05). Compared to CK1 and CK2, the water use efficiency of AJ5 increased by 20.78% and 18.47% (P < 0.05) in 2018-2019, and by 41.07% (P < 0.05) and 5.33% (P>0.05) in 2019-2020, respectively; AJ10 increased by 12.34% and 10.19% (P>0.05) in 2018-2019, and by 37.50% (P < 0.05) and 2.67% (P>0.05) in 2019-2020, respectively. In summary, under spring one irrigation conditions of winter wheat in the experimental area, the optimal irrigation date is 5-10 days after jointing, which resulting in a higher yield and water use efficiency.
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表 1 不同处理冬小麦春季生育期间灌水情况
Table 1. Description of irrigation treatments during spring growing period of winter wheat
处理
Treatment灌水次数
Irrigation frequency灌水时间/灌水量
Irrigation time (d) / irrigation volume (mm)AJ0 1 拔节后0/75 0 day after jointing / 75 AJ5 1 拔节后5/75 5 days after jointing / 75 AJ10 1 拔节后10/75 10 days after jointing / 75 AJ15 1 拔节后15/75 15 days after jointing / 75 AJ20 1 拔节后20/75 20 days after jointing / 75 CK1 0 无灌水No irrigation CK2 2 拔节后5/75; 开花后5/75
5 days after jointing / 75; 5 days after anthesis / 75
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表 2 2018—2020年不同灌水处理下冬小麦籽粒灌浆模型参数
Table 2. Grain filling model parameters of winter wheat under different irrigation treatments in 2018−2020
年份
Year处理
Treatmentt1 (d) t2 (d) Rmax
(g·1000-grain−1·d−1)Tmax (d) Rmean
(g·1000-grain−1·d−1)T (d) K
(g·1000-grain−1)2018—2019 AJ0 9.73 17.26 2.91 13.50 1.25 26.63 33.3 AJ5 10.06 18.84 2.64 14.45 1.18 29.77 35.2 AJ10 9.87 19.27 2.65 14.57 1.22 30.98 37.8 AJ15 9.82 19.58 2.59 14.70 1.21 31.72 38.4 AJ20 10.08 20.21 2.57 15.14 1.20 32.82 39.5 CK1 9.34 18.12 2.39 13.73 1.09 29.05 31.8 CK2 8.74 18.49 2.88 13.62 1.39 30.63 42.6 2019—2020 AJ0 9.14 16.26 3.45 12.70 1.48 25.12 37.3 AJ5 9.18 17.68 2.94 13.43 1.34 28.25 37.9 AJ10 9.02 17.80 2.90 13.41 1.35 28.72 38.7 AJ15 8.95 18.36 2.79 13.66 1.32 30.07 39.8 AJ20 8.98 19.11 2.63 14.04 1.28 31.71 40.5 CK1 9.29 18.70 2.56 13.99 1.20 30.40 36.5 CK2 9.07 20.04 2.62 14.56 1.29 33.70 43.6 各处理详细描述见表 1。t1、t2分别为两个拐点出现时间, Rmax为最大灌浆速率, Tmax为最大灌浆速率出现时间, Rmean为平均灌浆速率, T为灌浆持续时间, K为理论最大千粒重。The description of each treatment is shown in the table 1. t1 and t2 are the appear times of two inflection points, Rmax is the maximum grain filling rate, Tmax is the appear time of the maximum grain filling rate, Rmean is the average grain filling rate, T is the grain filling duration, K is the theoretical maximum 1000-grain weight.
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表 3 2018—2020年不同灌水处理下冬小麦产量和产量构成因素
Table 3. Yield and yield components of winter wheat under different irrigation treatments in 2018−2020
年份
Year处理
Treatment穗数
Spikes number (×104 spike∙hm−2)穗粒数
Grains number per spike (grain∙spike−1)千粒重
1000-grain weight (g)籽粒产量
Grain yield (kg∙hm−2)2018—2019 AJ0 702.42±53.84a 31.44±1.06b 33.22±0.13c 6529.34±203.24b AJ5 709.71±51.88a 35.64±0.76a 34.82±0.14c 7688.45±113.47a AJ10 682.74±57.46b 35.13±0.97a 36.84±0.15bc 7457.23±210.62a AJ15 679.81±55.37b 27.68±0.54c 38.06±0.09b 6352.56±141.31b AJ20 679.35±40.62b 26.47±1.14c 38.47±0.19b 6056.04±224.71b CK1 582.56±47.81d 22.72±1.13d 31.49±0.11d 3921.78±223.42c CK2 620.53±53.62c 35.53±1.19a 41.12±0.15a 7750.64±201.73a 2019—2020 AJ0 595.42±43.72c 25.29±0.97b 37.15±0.10c 4866.91±103.27c AJ5 679.76±58.46a 26.60±1.08b 37.61±0.07c 5943.63±97.84b AJ10 681.53±41.75a 25.67±0.95b 38.54±0.14bc 5852.51±182.00b AJ15 561.08±38.64d 25.16±0.87b 39.17±0.10b 4672.46±98.75c AJ20 560.52±50.23d 24.11±1.14bc 39.71±0.13ab 4722.46±103.62c CK1 629.57±52.71b 20.31±1.24d 34.83±0.16d 3905.75±211.70d CK2 660.05±58.43a 30.70±1.21a 40.22±0.14a 7139.43±233.21a 各处理详细描述见表 1。同一生长季同列数据后不同小写字母表示处理间差异达P < 5%显著水平。The description of each treatment is shown in the table 1. In the same growing season, different lowercase letters after data in the same column mean significant differences among treatments at P < 5% level.
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表 4 2018—2020年不同灌水处理下冬小麦耗水量来源及水分利用效率
Table 4. Water consumption sources and water use efficiency of winter wheat under different irrigation treatments in 2018−2020
年份
Year处理
Treatment灌溉定额
Irrigation volume (mm)降水量
Precipitation (mm)土壤供水量
Soil water supply (mm)耗水量
Water consumption (mm)水分利用效率
Water use efficiency (kg∙m–3)2018—2019 AJ0 75 133.7 185.2±14.32c 393.9±14.32c 1.66±0.13ab AJ5 75 133.7 204.7±15.62bc 413.4±15.62c 1.86±0.05a AJ10 75 133.7 223.4±13.78ab 432.1±13.78b 1.73±0.07ab AJ15 75 133.7 234.3±16.54a 443.0±16.54b 1.43±0.10bc AJ20 75 133.7 242.6±18.18a 451.3±18.18b 1.34±0.12c CK1 0 133.7 121.6±20.31d 255.3±20.31d 1.54±0.14b CK2 150 133.7 211.2±18.21b 494.9±18.21a 1.57±0.09b 2019—2020 AJ0 75 124.1 109.2±15.64e 308.3±15.64d 1.58±0.14a AJ5 75 124.1 177.6±12.43d 376.7±12.43b 1.58±0.09a AJ10 75 124.1 182.0±18.33c 381.1±18.33b 1.54±0.09a AJ15 75 124.1 184.2±16.41c 383.3±16.41b 1.22±0.12b AJ20 75 124.1 193.9±13.26bc 393.0±13.26b 1.20±0.11b CK1 0 124.1 226.0±17.51a 350.1±17.51c 1.12±0.07b CK2 150 124.1 201.8±18.33b 475.9±18.33a 1.50±0.06a 各处理详细描述见表 1。同一生长季同列数据后不同小写字母表示处理间差异达P < 5%显著水平。The description of each treatment is shown in the table 1. In the same growing season, different lowercase letters after data in the same column mean significant differences among treatments at P < 5% level.
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表 5 2018—2020年冬小麦产量、产量构成因素、耗水量和水分利用效率的相关性
Table 5. Correlation among yield, yield components, water consumption and water use efficiency of winter wheat in 2018−2020
参数
Parameter穗数
Spikes number穗粒数
Grains number per spike千粒重
1000-grain weight产量
Yield耗水量
Water consumption水分利用效率
Water use efficiency穗数
Spikes number1.000 穗粒数
Grains number per spike0.532 1.000 千粒重
1000-grain weight−0.156 0.173 1.000 产量
Yield0.678** 0.949** 0.312 1.000 耗水量
Water consumption0.428 0.658* 0.647** 0.791** 1.000 水分利用效率
Water use efficiency0.590* 0.748** −0.281 0.681** 0.093 1.000 *和**分别表示在P < 5%和P < 1%水平(双侧)上显著相关。* and ** indicate significant correlation at P < 5% and P < 1% levels (bilateral), respectively.
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