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基于NSGA-Ⅱ算法的白洋淀上游种植结构优化

王璐 杜雄 王荣 杨艳敏 胡玉昆 侯振军

王璐, 杜雄, 王荣, 杨艳敏, 胡玉昆, 侯振军. 基于NSGA-Ⅱ算法的白洋淀上游种植结构优化[J]. 中国生态农业学报(中英文), 2021, 29(8): 1370-1383. doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.201021
引用本文: 王璐, 杜雄, 王荣, 杨艳敏, 胡玉昆, 侯振军. 基于NSGA-Ⅱ算法的白洋淀上游种植结构优化[J]. 中国生态农业学报(中英文), 2021, 29(8): 1370-1383. doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.201021
WANG Lu, DU Xiong, WANG Rong, YANG Yanmin, HU Yukun, HOU Zhenjun. Optimization of the planting structure in the upstream region of Baiyangdian Lake based on the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-Ⅱ)[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2021, 29(8): 1370-1383. doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.201021
Citation: WANG Lu, DU Xiong, WANG Rong, YANG Yanmin, HU Yukun, HOU Zhenjun. Optimization of the planting structure in the upstream region of Baiyangdian Lake based on the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-Ⅱ)[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2021, 29(8): 1370-1383. doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.201021

基于NSGA-Ⅱ算法的白洋淀上游种植结构优化

doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.201021
基金项目: 

国家水体污染控制与治理专项 2018ZX07110001

科技部国际合作项目 2018YFE0110100

国家自然科学基金项目 31871518

国家重点研发计划项目 2017YFD0300908

详细信息
    作者简介:

    王璐, 主要从事农业耗水方面的研究。E-mail: 1742646162@qq.com

    通讯作者:

    杜雄, 主要从事作物生长系统调控工程方面的研究, E-mail: duxiong2002@163.com

    杨艳敏, 主要从事农业耗水评估方面的研究, E-mail: ymyang@sjziam.ac.cn

  • 中图分类号: S5-3

Optimization of the planting structure in the upstream region of Baiyangdian Lake based on the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-Ⅱ)

Funds: 

the National Water Pollution Control and Treatment Special Project of China 2018ZX07110001

the International Cooperation Program of Ministry of Science and Technology of China 2018YFE0110100

the National Natural Science Foundation of China 31871518

the National Key Research and Development Program of China 2017YFD0300908

More Information
  • 摘要: 合理的种植结构是实现区域水资源及土地资源优化配置的基础。针对白洋淀上游水资源紧缺、种植结构不合理等问题,结合当前主要作物种植结构现状,本研究以作物种植面积为优化变量,以水资源、土地资源、社会需求等为约束条件,以经济效益、生态效益最大及总灌溉耗水量最小为目标,构建基于非支配排序遗传算法(NSGA-Ⅱ)的作物种植结构多目标调整模型,并提出了针对白洋淀上游平原区、山区等不同水资源限制和农业机械化程度情景下的种植结构调整优化方案。研究结果表明,在平原区现状机械化水平下,在不限制用水的情景下,可以通过调减一年两作的种植面积,增加蔬菜和绿豆-鲜食玉米等的种植面积,达到提高经济效益12.6%的目的,而生态效益和节水效益都有所降低。在限水情景下,小麦-玉米调减比例增加,调增绿豆-鲜食玉米、春季甘薯、蔬菜和果蔬的面积,实现经济效益和节水效益的提高;而要达到节水20%的目标,所有作物的种植面积都要缩减,高耗水种植制度小麦-玉米种植面积缩减比例达21.5%,同时经济效益和生态效益都下降。在未来提高机械化水平的情景下,调整优化后的经济效益相比现状机械化水平提高或下降减少。在山区所有情景下,小麦-玉米种植面积随着对水分限制水平(不限水—小于现状水资源—节水20%)的增加调减比例增加,同时增加果树的种植面积。在山区可以通过种植结构的调整达到既节水20%,同时经济效益提高的目标,这是平原区所不能达到的。总之,无论是平原区还是山区,均是在不限水情景下优化后的经济效益、生态效益相对较高,而节水越多,优化后的经济效益、生态效益增幅越小、降幅越大。并且在平原区如果在节水要求不高的情景下应适当增加蔬菜面积,减少粮食种植面积;在节水要求高的情景下应削减所有作物包括水果、蔬菜的种植面积,在山区应该适当削减粮食种植面积,扩大果树的种植面积。该研究不仅可为研究区未来作物种植结构调整提供决策依据,也为在类似地区种植结构调整和水资源优化管理提供了新的情景参考。
  • 图  1  NSGA-Ⅱ主要流程图

    Figure  1.  NSGA-Ⅱmain flow chart

    表  1  白洋淀上游各种种植制度单位面积机械种植成本

    Table  1.   Mechanical planting cost per unit area of various cropping system in the upper stream of Baiyangdian Lake  ¥∙hm–2

    种植制度
    Cropping system
    灌溉
    Irrigation
    种子
    Seeds
    耕地
    Cultivated
    land
    播种
    Sowing
    收获
    Harvest
    肥料
    Fertilizer
    农药
    Pesticide
    农膜
    Mulching
    films
    劳力
    Labor
    总成本
    Total
    cost
    小麦-玉米Wheat-maize 1875 1800 1800 675 2100 3900 630 60 1200 14 040
    小麦-谷子Wheat-millet 1875 1140 1800 750 1800 3975 480 0 1080 12 900
    小麦-大豆Wheat-soybean 1875 1470 1800 600 1800 3405 630 0 1320 12 900
    小麦-夏甘薯
    Wheat-summer sweet potato
    2100 6300 2775 3900 3300 4950 630 0 2130 26 085
    小麦-绿豆
    Wheat-mung bean
    1875 1575 1800 600 1800 3585 630 60 1470 13 395
    绿豆-鲜食玉米
    Mung beans-fresh maize
    1575 2775 900 675 2100 3210 600 120 2050 14 005
    玉米一作Maize 375 750 900 375 1200 1800 300 60 390 6150
    棉花一作Cotton 1200 540 900 375 1200 2550 1080 615 3180 11 640
    春甘薯一作
    Spring sweet potato
    1800 15 750 1875 3600 2400 3000 1250 900 3740 34 315
    谷子一作Millet 375 90 900 450 900 975 150 0 270 4110
    花生一作Peanut 375 2370 900 375 900 2250 615 120 750 8655
    高粱一作Sorghum 375 600 900 375 900 900 225 0 1095 5370
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  2  白洋淀上游各种种植制度单位面积非机械类种植成本

    Table  2.   Non-mechanical planting cost per unit area of various cropping system in the upper stream of Baiyangdian Lake  ¥∙hm–2

    种植制度
    Cropping system
    灌溉Irrigation 种子
    Seed
    耕地Cultivated
    land
    播种Sowing 收获Harvest 肥料Fertilizer 农药Pesticide 农膜Mulching
    films
    劳力Labor 总成本
    Total
    cost
    小麦-谷子
    Wheat-millet
    1875 1140 3600 1200 3150 3975 480 0 1080 16 500
    小麦-大豆
    Wheat-soybean
    1875 1470 3600 900 3150 3405 630 0 1320 16 350
    小麦-夏甘薯
    Wheat-summer sweet potato
    2100 6300 6300 3900 5700 4950 630 0 2130 32 010
    小麦-绿豆
    Wheat-mung bean
    1875 1575 3600 900 3150 3585 630 60 1470 16 845
    绿豆-鲜食玉米
    Mung beans-fresh maize
    1575 2775 2700 1375 5950 3210 600 120 2050 20 355
    玉米一作Maize 375 750 2700 750 2700 1800 300 60 390 9825
    棉花一作Cotton 1200 540 2700 750 3000 2550 1080 615 3180 15 615
    春甘薯一作
    Spring sweet potato
    1800 15 750 5400 3600 4800 3000 1250 900 3740 40 240
    谷子一作Millet 375 90 2700 900 2250 975 150 0 270 7710
    花生一作Peanut 375 2370 2700 750 2700 2250 615 120 750 12 630
    高粱一作Sorghum 375 600 2700 900 2250 900 225 0 1095 9045
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  3  白洋淀上游蔬菜的完全非机械化以及完全机械化种植成本

    Table  3.   Cost of fully mechanized and completely non-mechanized planting of vegetables in the upper stream of Baiyangdian Lake  ¥∙hm–2

    项目
    Item
    蔬菜类别
    Vegetables category
    蔬菜名称
    Vegetable
    name
    种子
    Seeds
    灌溉Irrigation 耕地
    Cultivated
    land
    播种
    Sowing
    收获
    Harvest
    肥料
    Fertilizer
    农药
    Pesticide
    劳力
    Labor
    总成本
    Total
    cost
    完全非机械化种植成本Completely non-mechanized planting cost 大田蔬菜
    Outdoor
    vegetables
    白菜Cabbage 1450 2750 2250 2200 7500 4000 1362 3300 24 812
    萝卜Radish 1350 2850 2250 2015 9200 3800 1254 3100 25 819
    南瓜Pumpkin 1050 2890 2250 2350 8000 4150 1450 3300 25 440
    大葱Onion 1500 2630 2250 2550 7670 4550 1560 3000 25 710
    设施蔬菜Facilities vegetables 黄瓜Cucumber 2650 3750 3125 3750 12 500 7420 3600 4658 41 453
    西红柿Tomatoes 2600 3055 3125 3250 12 300 7500 3000 4575 39 405
    豆角Beans 2825 3175 3125 3500 10 920 7650 3250 4820 39 265
    辣椒Chili 2750 3505 3125 3620 10 620 7200 3060 3200 37 080
    完全机械化
    种植成本
    Fully mechanized planting cost
    大田蔬菜Outdoor
    vegetables
    白菜Cabbage 1450 2750 1500 1467 5000 4000 1362 3300 20 829
    萝卜Radish 1350 2850 1500 1343 6133 3800 1254 3100 21 331
    南瓜Pumpkin 1050 2890 1500 1567 5333 4150 1450 3300 21 240
    大葱Onion 1500 2630 1500 1700 5113 4550 1560 3000 21 553
    设施蔬菜Facilities vegetables 黄瓜Cucumber 2650 3750 2083 2500 8333 7420 3600 4658 34 994
    西红柿Tomatoes 2600 3055 2083 2167 8200 7500 3000 4575 33 180
    豆角Beans 2825 3175 2083 2333 7280 7650 3250 4820 33 416
    辣椒Chili 2750 3505 2083 2413 7080 7200 3060 3200 31 291
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  4  白洋淀上游各果树的完全机械化以及完全非机械化种植成本

    Table  4.   Cost of fully mechanized and completely non-mechanized planting of fruit trees in the upper stream of Baiyangdian Lake  ¥∙hm–2

    项目
    Item
    水果
    Fruit
    灌溉加人工Irrigation and labor 施肥加人工Fertilization
    and labor
    农药加人工
    Pesticide
    and labor
    剪枝
    Pruning
    疏果
    Fruit
    thinning
    套袋加袋子
    Bagging and bags
    收获
    Harvest
    反光膜Reflective film 总成本
    Total cost
    完全非机械化种植成本
    Completely non-mechanized
    planting cost
    苹果Apple 1200 5400 6350 1500 6000 8000 5400 2250 36 100
    梨Pear 1170 5175 5160 1450 5600 8025 4500 31 080
    葡萄Grapes 1300 7500 6500 1700 6500 9000 4800 37 300
    桃Peach 1350 5700 6600 1300 5400 7500 4000 31 850
    完全机械化种植成本Fully mechanized
    planting cost
    苹果Apple 1200 5400 6350 1500 6000 8000 3600 2250 34 300
    梨Pear 1170 5175 5160 1450 5600 8025 3000 29 580
    葡萄Grapes 1300 7500 6500 1700 6500 9000 3200 35 700
    桃Peach 1350 5700 6600 1300 5400 7500 2667 30 517
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  5  白洋淀上游平原区、山区不同种植制度的作物单位面积产量与产值

    Table  5.   Output value per unit area and yield per unit area of crops of different cropping systems in plain and mountainous areas in the upper stream of Baiyangdian Lake

    种植制度
    Cropping system
    价格
    Price
    (¥∙kg–1)
    平原区Plain area 山区Mountainous area
    产量Yield
    (×103 kg∙hm–2)
    产值Output value
    (×103 ¥∙hm–2)
    产量Yield
    (×103 kg∙hm–2)
    产值Output vale
    (×103 ¥∙hm–2)
    小麦-玉米Wheat-maize 2.2~1.8 6.5~7.6 27.9 5.8~5.9 23.4
    小麦-谷子Wheat-millet 2.2~4.0 6.5~3.9 29.7 5.8~3.4 26.5
    小麦-大豆Wheat-soybean 2.2~4.5 6.5~2.3 24.8 5.8~2.1 22.3
    小麦-夏甘薯Wheat-summer sweet potato 2.2~2.0 6.5~15.2 44.8 5.8~11.1 35.0
    小麦-绿豆Wheat-mung bean 2.2~7.4 6.5~1.4 24.8 5.8~1.1 21.1
    绿豆-鲜食玉米Mung beans-fresh maize 7.4~2.2 1.4~13.7 40.6 1.1~10.6 31.6
    玉米一作Maize 1.8 7.6 13.7 5.9 10.6
    棉花一作Cotton 7.6 3.2 24.2 2.3 17.6
    春甘薯一作Spring sweet potato 2 31.0 61.9 22.6 45.1
    谷子一作Millet 4 3.9 15.4 3.4 13.7
    花生一作Peanut 5.5 4.9 26.8 4.2 23.1
    高粱一作Sorghum 2.6 6.0 15.6 6.0 15.5
    蔬菜Vegetables / / 99.3 / 99.3
    果树Fruit / / 113.1 / 113.1
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  6  白洋淀上游不同情景下平原区、山区各作物单位面积净产值取值

    Table  6.   Value of net output value per unit area of crops of different cropping systems in plain and mountain areas under differentscenarios in the upper stream of Baiyangdian Lake  ×103 ¥∙hm–2

    种植制度
    Cropping system
    平原区Plain area 山区Mountainous area
    现状机械化情景
    Current mechanization scenario
    未来机械化情景
    Future mechanization scenario
    现状机械化情景
    Current mechanization scenario
    未来机械化情景
    Future mechanization scenario
    小麦-玉米Wheat-maize 13.9 13.9 9.4 9.4
    小麦-谷子Wheat-millet 16.2 16.8 11.7 12.2
    小麦-大豆Wheat-soybean 11.3 11.9 7.5 8.0
    小麦-夏甘薯Wheat-summer sweet potato 17.6 18.7 5.8 6.6
    小麦-绿豆Wheat-mung bean 10.8 11.4 5.8 6.3
    绿豆-鲜食玉米Mung beans-fresh maize 25.4 26.5 14.1 15.0
    玉米一作Maize 6.8 7.5 2.5 3.0
    棉花一作Cotton 11.9 12.6 3.8 4.4
    春甘薯一作Spring sweet 26.6 27.6 7.6 8.4
    谷子一作Millet 10.7 11.3 7.6 8.1
    花生一作Peanut 17.4 18.2 12.3 12.8
    高粱一作Sorghum 9.6 10.2 8.2 8.7
    蔬菜Vegetables 68.5 68.6 68.5 68.6
    果树Fruit 79.9 80.0 80.0 80.0
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  7  白洋淀上游平原区不同情景下种植结构优化调整后不同种植制度的面积变化

    Table  7.   Changes in planting areas of different cropping systems after planting structure adjustment under different scenarios of mechanization level and irrigation in the plain area of the upstream of Baiyangdian Lake

    种植制度
    Cropping system
    面积现状
    Area status (hm2)
    面积变化率Change rate of area (%)
    CS1 CS2 CS3 FS1 FS2 FS3
    小麦-玉米Wheat-maize 266 117.0 –5.8 –15.9 –21.5 –6.0 –16.1 –22.0
    小麦-谷子Wheat-millet 886.5 –15.9 –14.3 –8.0 –13.3 –16.1 –6.5
    小麦-大豆Wheat-soybean 4923.0 –19.4 –18.2 –17.6 –17.7 –15.8 –15.7
    小麦-夏甘薯Wheat-summer sweet potato 644.8 –18.0 –13.1 –7.2 –13.4 –8.9 –2.9
    小麦-绿豆Wheat-mung bean 459.9 –17.1 –12.1 –8.7 –14.9 –10.3 –6.9
    绿豆-鲜食玉米Mung beans-fresh maize 51.1 1.1 2.2 –3.9 6.2 7.1 2.1
    玉米一作Maize 10 182.0 –19.1 –18.5 –15.6 –19.0 –18.3 –15.4
    棉花一作Cotton 4633.0 –17.4 –11.5 –13.7 –14.9 –9.6 –11.9
    春薯一作Spring sweet 5803.2 –19.2 3.3 –16.2 –14.5 8.5 –11.3
    谷子一作Millet 98.5 –7.8 –11.3 –10.2 –5.4 –9.4 –8.5
    花生一作Peanut 86 791.0 –17.8 –13.9 –14.9 –15.3 –12.7 –12.9
    高粱一作Sorghum 27.0 –19.0 –17.2 –15.1 –17.1 –15.9 –13.8
    蔬菜Vegetables 113 838.0 32.1 17.6 –18.0 32.6 17.7 –17.5
    果树Fruit 20 140.0 –4.5 15.6 –17.6 1.1 20.0 –12.4
    CS1、CS2和CS3分别代表现状机械化水平下农田灌溉用水不受限制、不超过现状以及不超过现状的80%; FS1、FS2和FS3代表未来机械化水平下农田灌溉用水不受限制、不超过现状以及不超过现状的80%。C and F represent the current and future levels of mechanization; S1, S2, and S3 represent scenarios of no-restricted irrigation water, no-exceeding the current situation and no-exceeding 80% of the current situation of irrigation water, respectively.
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  8  白洋淀上游平原区不同情景下种植结构优化调整的效益分析

    Table  8.   Benefits of planting structure adjustment under different scenarios of mechanization level and irrigation in the plain area of the upstream of Baiyangdian Lake

    种植制度
    Cropping system
    现状
    Status quo
    变化率Change rate (%)
    CS1 CS2 CS3 FS1 FS2 FS3
    经济Economic benefit 149.8×108 ¥ 12.6 5.3 –18.4 14.9 6.6 –16.9
    生态Ecological benefit 11.4×108 ¥ –1.0 –8.1 –19.7 –0.4 –7.7 –19.4
    用水Water consumption 15.9×108 m3 3.0 –6.3 –19.8 3.4 –5.9 –19.6
    产量Crop yield 40.7×108 kg –6.8 –15.0 –20.9 –6.7 –14.9 –21.1
    CS1、CS2和CS3分别代表现状机械化水平下农田灌溉用水不受限制、不超过现状以及不超过现状的80%; FS1、FS2和FS3代表未来机械化水平下农田灌溉用水不受限制、不超过现状以及不超过现状的80%。表中产量仅为粮食作物产量, 不包括经济作物以及蔬菜、果树产量。C and F represent the current and future levels of mechanization; S1, S2, and S3 represent scenarios of no-restricted irrigation water, no-exceeding the current situation and no-exceeding 80% of the current situation of irrigation water, respectively. The crop yield is the output of food crops, excluding those of cash crops, vegetables and fruit trees.
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  9  白洋淀上游山区种植结构优化调整后不同种植制度的面积变化

    Table  9.   Changes in planting areas of different cropping systems after planting structure adjustment under different scenarios of mechanization level and irrigation in the mountainous area of the upstream of Baiyangdian Lake

    种植制度
    Cropping system
    面积现状
    Area status (hm2)
    面积变化率Change rate of area (%)
    CS1 CS2 CS3 FS1 FS2 FS3
    小麦-玉米Wheat-maize 72 304.0 –6.3 –11.8 –65.9 –6.7 –11.7 –61.5
    小麦-谷子Wheat-millet 1439.5 –18.4 –17.7 –14.1 –12.2 –16.8 –15.9
    小麦-大豆Wheat-soybean 6141.0 –16.7 –18.4 –17.9 –17.7 –17.4 –17.8
    小麦-夏甘薯Wheat-summer sweet potato 1338.4 –16.6 –14.8 –18.5 –9.1 –13.0 –14.9
    小麦-绿豆Wheat-mung bean 461.7 –16.9 –11.6 –15.4 –11.7 –11.8 –15.4
    绿豆-鲜食玉米Mung beans-fresh maize 51.3 0.6 1.7 3.5 –2.1 –10.2 1.1
    玉米一作Maize 74 083.0 –11.0 –8.5 –18.2 –17.8 –19.4 –18.1
    棉花一作Cotton 1903.0 –18.0 –16.8 –17.5 –16.4 –13.1 –13.8
    春薯一作Spring sweet 12 045.6 –19.0 –18.1 –19.2 –18.2 –19.4 –18.2
    谷子一作Millet 12 955.5 –16.3 –18.3 –14.4 –19.0 –16.8 –19.2
    花生一作Peanut 20 964.0 –18.0 –18.8 –17.9 –17.0 –18.3 –18.2
    高粱一作Sorghum 1880.0 –13.9 –16.0 –18.0 –16.3 –17.1 –18.1
    蔬菜Vegetables 36 095.0 –0.4 9.7 1.5 14.1 6.0 –17.0
    果树Fruit 115 925.0 18.5 14.7 13.2 16.1 13.9 17.1
    CS1、CS2和CS3分别代表现状机械化水平下农田灌溉用水不受限制、不超过现状以及不超过现状的80%; FS1、FS2和FS3代表未来机械化水平下农田灌溉用水不受限制、不超过现状以及不超过现状的80%。C and F represent the current and future levels of mechanization; S1, S2, and S3 represent scenarios of no-restricted irrigation water, no-exceeding the current situation and no-exceeding 80% of the current situation of irrigation water, respectively.
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  10  白洋淀上游山区不同情景下种植结构优化调整的效益分析

    Table  10.   Benefits of planting structure adjustment under different scenarios of mechanization level and irrigation in themountainous area of the upstream of Baiyangdian Lake

    种植制度
    Cropping system
    现状
    Status quo
    变化率Change rate (%)
    CS1 CS2 CS3 FS1 FS2 FS3
    经济Economic benefit 131.4×108 ¥ 11.8 10.7 5.2 13.3 9.6 5.2
    生态Ecological benefit 8.0×108 ¥ 3.7 1.7 –13.6 3.0 0.1 –12.4
    用水Water consumption 5.8×108 m3 0.9 0.0 –20.0 1.7 –2.1 –20.0
    产量Crop yield 17.0×108 kg –10.5 –12.4 –42.0 –12.1 –15.3 –39.7
    CS1、CS2和CS3分别代表现状机械化水平下农田灌溉用水不受限制、不超过现状以及不超过现状的80%; FS1、FS2和FS3代表未来机械化水平下农田灌溉用水不受限制、不超过现状以及不超过现状的80%。表中产量仅为粮食作物产量, 不包括经济作物以及蔬菜、果树产量。C and F represent the current and future levels of mechanization; S1, S2, and S3 represent scenarios of no-restricted irrigation water, no-exceeding the current situation and no-exceeding 80% of the current situation of irrigation water, respectively. The crop yield is the output of food crops, excluding those of cash crops, vegetables and fruit trees.
    下载: 导出CSV
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  • 收稿日期:  2020-12-30
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