Impact of farmers' cognition on their participation behavior in the conser-vation of agricultural heritage systems: A case study of Anxi Tieguanyin Tea Culture System in Fujian Province
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摘要: 农户作为农业文化遗产保护的主体和直接参与者,对遗产保护的认知影响着参与保护的积极性,进而影响遗产系统的可持续性,是保护与发展措施实施的信息反馈,也是政策制定和改进的出发点和落脚点。本文以中国重要农业文化遗产——福建安溪铁观音茶文化系统为例,在计划行为理论的框架下,采用结构方程模型实证分析了农户认知对其参与农业文化遗产保护行为的影响。结果表明:1)农户遗产保护认知的行为态度对其参与遗产保护意愿的正向影响不显著,但农户遗产保护认知的主观规范、控制认知对其参与遗产保护意愿的正向影响显著,从而通过参与遗产保护意愿的中介作用对参与遗产保护行为产生间接的正向影响,间接影响效应分别为0.292、0.442。2)参与遗产保护的能力和遗产保护的制度环境是影响农户是否愿意参与遗产保护的关键因素。3)农户遗产保护认知的3个维度即行为态度、主观规范和控制认知两两存在显著地相互正向影响,其中行为态度与控制认知的相互影响最大,影响系数达到0.652。基于此研究结果,提出关于加大宣传力度、完善保护制度、落实激励政策等方面的政策建议,以此深入推动农业文化遗产的保护与发展。
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关键词:
- 农业文化遗产保护 /
- 中国重要农业文化遗产 /
- 农户认知 /
- 计划行为理论 /
- 结构方程模型 /
- 安溪铁观音茶文化系统
Abstract: Farmers are the main actor and direct participant in the conservation of agricultural heritage systems (AHS), so their cognition towards AHS conservation can impact their participation in AHS conservation, as well as the sustainability of the AHS. Farmers' cognition of AHS conservation reflects the current measures of AHS conservation and is important for policy makers to establish improved policies. However, at present, farmers' inadequate participation in AHS conservation due to limited cognition has become a common problem in most AHS sites. According to the available literatures and on-site investigations, local conservation of Anxi Tieguanyin Tea Culture System (ATCS) in Fujian Province, one of the China National Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (China-NIAHS), has faced similar problems. This study used structural equation modeling (SEM) to estimate the impact of farmers' cognition on their participation behavior in the conservation of ATCS in Fujian Province under the framework of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). We divided the farmers' cognition toward ATCS conservation into three dimensions: their attitude toward the behavior (ATT), the subjective norm (SN), and the perceived behavioral control (PBC). In total, 209 households engaging in tea planting in Anxi County were interviewed and included in the analysis. Our results showed that ATT positively influenced the willingness to participate in ATCS conservation, but it was not significant (P=0.396). This was in agreement with the results of other prior studies. However, the SN and PBC had significant positive impacts on farmers' willingness to participate in ATCS conservation (P < 0.1%) and indirectly and positively impacted farmers' behavior to participate in ATCS conservation via the intermediary role of their willingness to participate in ATCS conservation. The indirect effects of SN and PBC on farmers' behavior to participate in ATCS conservation were 0.292 and 0.442, respectively. The ability to participate in ATCS conservation and the institutional environment of ATCS conservation were critical factors for farmers' willingness to participate. The ability to participate in ATCS conservation primarily comprised the mastery of professional knowledge and basic technology and the affordability of the time costs of participating. The institutional environment of ATCS conservation mainly involved the initiative of the village committee and the county government in carrying out ATCS conservation. The ATT, SN, and PBC had a significant positive mutual influence. ATT and PBC had the largest mutual effect (0.652). These results inform policy recommendations to further promote the conservation and development of AHS. The publicity of AHS conservation should be strengthened to enhance the level of farmers' cognition of AHS conservation. Various levels of government should establish AHS conservation system to construct a good institutional environment to increase the initiative of carrying out AHS conservation. It is also necessary to improve and implement incentive policies to enhance farmers' abilities of participating in AHS conservation. -
图 2 修正后的农户认知对安溪铁观音茶文化系统保护行为影响的结构方程模型路径图
ATT、SN、PBC等的意义见表 1。e1、e2为残差, 各观测变量的测量误差在本图中被略去。
Figure 2. Path diagram of the modified structural equation modeling effect of farmers' cognition on behavior of Anxi Tieguanyin Tea Culture System conservation
Meanings of abbreviations are shown in the table 1. e1 and e2 are the residuals, and the measurement errors of all observed variable are omitted in this figure.
表 1 样本农户对安溪铁观音茶文化系统保护认知、意愿和行为的变量说明与统计
Table 1. Variables and statistics of sample farmers' cognition, intention and behavior of Anxi Tieguanyin Tea Culture System conservation
潜变量
Latent variable测量项目
Measure item均值
Mean标准差
Standard deviation行为态度
Attitude toward the behavior
(ATT)ATT1 了解保护政策Understanding of conservation policies 3.536 0.809 ATT2 了解自身参与保护的途径Understanding of approaches to participate in conservation 3.416 0.844 ATT3 保护有利于改善生产和生活Conservation helps to improve production and livelihood. 4.115 0.608 主观规范
Subjective norm
(SN)SN1 县政府积极开展保护County government actively carried out conservation. 4.077 0.754 SN2 村委会积极开展保护Village committee actively carried out conservation. 4.091 0.762 SN3 自身参与保护受周围农户的影响大Greatly influenced by surroundings 2.976 1.231 控制认知
Perceived behavioral control
(PBC)PBC1 保护的难度不大No difficulty of conservation 3.062 0.929 PBC2 积极参与保护能取得成效Active participation in conservation can get a result. 3.809 0.778 PBC3 掌握了参与保护的专业知识和基本技能
Having the knowledge and technology to participate in conservation3.641 0.758 PBC4 能承受参与保护的时间成本Be able to afford time cost of participating in conservation 3.895 0.670 PBC5 能承受参与保护的资金成本Be able to afford capital cost of participating in conservation 3.431 0.921 行为意向
Behavioral intention (BI)BI1 参与保护的意愿程度
Willing to participate in conservation4.072 0.578 行为响应
Behavioral response
(BR)BR1 参与铁观音制作技艺传承的积极程度
Active degree of participating in Tieguanyin manufacture skills inheritance3.857 0.887 BR2 参与茶树种质资源保护的积极程度
Active degree of participating in tea germplasm resources conservation3.885 0.864 BR3 参与茶文化活动的积极程度Active degree of participating in tea cultural activities 3.603 1.038 表 2 样本农户的个体特征、家庭特征、茶园特征和村庄特征描述
Table 2. Description of individual, household, tea garden and village characteristics of sample farmers
项目
Item类别
Category百分比
Percent (%)项目
Item类别
Category百分比
Percent (%)性别
Sex男Male 92.30 茶园面积
Tea garden area
(hm2)≤0.13 22.49 女Female 7.60 0.13~0.40 44.02 年龄
Age≤35 5.70 0.40~0.67 17.22 36~45 17.20 0.67~0.93 8.13 46~55 29.70 > 0.93 8.13 56~65 32.10 茶园地块分散程度
Dispersion degree of tea garden land很分散Very dispersive 11.96 > 65 15.30 较分散Dispersive 19.62 受教育程度
Education小学以下
Primary school below3.30 一般Average 26.79 小学Primary school 22.00 较不分散Concentrated 20.10 初中Junior high school 54.10 很不分散Very concentrated 21.53 高中Senior high school 17.70 茶园土地质量
Quality of tea garden land很差Worst 1.44 大专及以上
University or above2.90 较差Bad 5.74 家庭规模
Household scale
(persons)1~3 11.00 一般Average 55.02 4~6 58.40 较好Well 26.32 7~9 17.20 很好Best 11.48 ≥10 13.40 村经济发展水平
Level of village economic development很低Very low 2.87 家庭年收入
Annual household
income (×104¥)≤5 35.41 较低Low 11.48 5~10 40.19 一般Average 63.16 10~15 11.00 较高High 21.53 15~20 7.66 很高Very high 0.96 > 20 5.74 距城镇距离
Distance between village and town很远Very far 5.74 茶产业收入比重
Tea industry
income ratio (%)≤10 4.78 较远Far 13.88 10~50 23.92 一般Average 43.54 50~90 45.45 较近Near 23.44 > 90 25.84 很近Very near 13.40 表 3 安溪铁观音茶文化系统保护认知、意愿和行为变量数据的信度与效度检验结果
Table 3. Reliability and validity test results of variables of cognition, intention and behavior of Anxi Tieguanyin Tea Culture System conservation
潜变量
Latent variable观测变量
Observed variableCronbach’s α值
Cronbach’s α valueKMO值
KMO valueBartlett’s检验(显著性)
Bartlett’s test (significance)因子载荷
Factor loadATT ATT1 0.860 0.825 1036.88(0.000) 0.877 ATT2 0.864 SN SN1 0.871 0.896 SN2 0.878 PBC PBC2 0.755 0.821 PBC3 0.784 PBC4 0.653 BI BI1 0.868 BR BR1 0.797 0.756 BR2 0.724 BR3 0.777 各“潜变量”和“观测变量”列中的缩写意义见表 1。Meanings of abbreviations in the column of “Latent variable” and “Observed variable” are shown in the table 1. 表 4 结构方程模型整体适配度的评价指标体系及拟合效果
Table 4. Evaluation index system and fitness effects of Structural Equation Modeling
整体模型适配度指数
Overall model fit measure index统计检验值
Statistical test quantity估计值
Estimated value建议值
Suggestive value拟合效果
Fitting effect绝对指数
Absolute indexχ2/df 1.877 < 3.00 理想Ideal GFI 0.945 > 0.90 理想Ideal RMSEA 0.065 < 0.08 理想Ideal 增值指数
Appreciation indexNFI 0.934 > 0.90 理想Ideal RFI 0.903 > 0.90 理想Ideal CFI 0.968 > 0.90 理想Ideal 简约指数
Contracted indexPGFI 0.530 > 0.50 理想Ideal PNFI 0.629 > 0.50 理想Ideal χ2/df为卡方自由度比, GFI为拟合优度, RMSEA为近似误差均方根, NFI为标准拟合指标, RFI为相对拟合指标, CFI为比较拟合指标, PGFI、PNFI分别为简约拟合优度、简约调整后标准拟合指数。χ2/df is the normed chi-square; GFI is the goodness of fit index; RMSEA is the root mean square error of approximation; NFI is the normed fit index; RFI is the relative fit index; CFI is the comparative fit index; PGFI is the parsimony goodness of fit index; PNFI is the parsimony adjusted normed fit index. 表 5 农户认知对安溪铁观音茶文化系统保护行为影响的结构方程模型假设检验结果(结构模型)
Table 5. Hypothesis test results of structural equation modeling (structural model) of effect of farmers' cognition on behavior of Anxi Tieguanyin Tea Culture System conservation
路径
Path标准化系数
Standardized coefficient标准误差
Standard error临界比率值
Value of critical ratioP值
P valueATT→BI 0.095 0.054 0.849 0.396 SN→BI 0.349 0.052 3.718 *** PBC→BI 0.528 0.101 3.701 *** BI→BR 0.837 0.279 6.414 *** ATT↔SN 0.443 0.039 4.697 *** SN↔PBC 0.469 0.030 4.406 *** ATT↔PBC 0.652 0.039 5.461 *** “路径”列中各缩写意义见表 1。***表示P < 0.1%水平显著。Meanings of abbreviations in the column of “Path” are shown in the table 1. *** denotes significant effects of the variables at P < 0.1% level. 表 6 农户认知对安溪铁观音茶文化系统保护行为的影响效应
Table 6. Effects of farmers' cognitive variables on behaviors of Anxi Tieguanyin Tea Culture System conservation
变量
VariableATT SN PBC 直接
Direct间接
Indirect直接
Direct间接
Indirect直接
Direct间接
IndirectBI 0.095 — 0.349 — 0.528 — BR — 0.080 — 0.292 — 0.442 BI1 — 0.055 — 0.200 — 0.303 BR1 — 0.064 — 0.234 — 0.354 BR2 — 0.064 — 0.233 — 0.353 BR3 — 0.054 — 0.197 — 0.299 变量缩写的意义见表 1。“—”表示农户认知变量对其参与遗产保护意向或行为没有影响或显著影响。Meanings of abbreviations in this table are shown in the table 1. “— ” denotes no significant impact of farmers’ cognitive variables on their behavioral intentions or behaviors to participate in heritage conservation. -
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