Effects of the irrigation quota and drip irrigation pipes spacing on growth and development of summer maize with subsurface drip irrigation
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摘要: 为探究地下滴灌条件下不同灌溉量与滴灌带间距对夏玉米生长发育与耗水特征的影响, 查明地下滴灌对田间尺度水平衡的影响特征, 基于2种灌溉定额(62 mm和35 mm)与3种滴灌带间距(60 cm、80 cm和100 cm)的田间试验, 并以华北典型农田地面灌溉方式为对照, 分析不同处理对夏玉米生长发育、土壤剖面水分分布、蒸散量及土壤蒸发的影响。结果表明: 地下滴灌处理灌溉水主要停留于20~60 cm土层, 灌溉量越高, 湿润范围越大; 相对地面灌溉处理, 地下滴灌处理地表0~20 cm与60~100 cm土壤含水量相对较低。玉米株高、叶面积指数与干物质积累量随地下滴灌灌溉量的增加而增加, 地面灌溉处理可促进株高与干物质积累, 地下滴灌低灌溉量导致玉米生育进程延迟。与地面灌溉处理相比, 地下滴灌处理可在减少22%的灌溉量的条件下保证作物产量无显著下降, 土壤蒸发相对降低30%, 蒸散量相对降低8%, E/ET值由0.34降低至0.27, 灌溉水利用效率提高20%, 收获指数增加10%。不同滴灌带间距处理对玉米生长发育及耗水特征无显著影响。综合夏玉米生长、产量、灌溉水利用效率和滴灌设备投资成本, 本试验条件下最优设计方案为灌溉量为62 mm, 滴灌带间距为100 cm。Abstract: Water and soil resources in the North China Plain are mismatched. Traditional flood irrigation methods in this area have low water resource utilization and lead to serious water loss, which has caused a rapid decrease in groundwater levels. This study aims to improve the efficiency of irrigation water use in this area, determine the influence of subsurface drip irrigation on the field-scale water balance, and explore the effects of different irrigation amounts and drip irrigation zone spacing on the growth and water consumption of summer maize under subsurface drip irrigation conditions. Field experiments with two irrigation quotas (62 and 35 mm) and three drip irrigation pipes spacings (60, 80, and 100 cm) were conducted with the conventional flood irrigation as the control in farmlands in the North China Plain to analyze their effects on the growth and development, yield and irrigation water use efficiency of summer maize, and the soil profile moisture distribution, evapotranspiration, evaporation. Soil evaporation under subsurface drip irrigation was measured and compared using a microlysimeter. The results showed that irrigation water from subsurface drip irrigation mainly stayed in the 20–60 cm soil layer, and the wetted body presented a “small up and large down” form. The higher the irrigation amount, the larger the wetted body range, and the larger the soil volumetric water content. Compared to flood irrigation, the soil moisture contents of the 0–20 cm and 60–100 cm soil layers from subsurface drip irrigation were relatively low, and a dry soil layer formed at about 0–10 cm layer, which reduced soil evaporation. Maize plant height, leaf area index, and dry matter accumulation increased with increasing amounts of subsurface drip irrigation. Under flood irrigation, the maize plant height increased faster, and the accumulation rate of the maximum dry matter was higher compared to subsurface drip irrigation. Low amounts of subsurface drip irrigation delayed maize growth. When the irrigation amount was reduced by 22%, maize yield under subsurface drip irrigation did not differ from maize yield under traditional flood irrigation. Compared to flood irrigation, subsurface drip irrigation reduced soil evaporation by 30%, evapotranspiration by 8%, the E/ET value from 0.34 to 0.27; and increased the irrigation water use efficiency by 20%, the harvest index by 10%. The different drip irrigation zone spacing treatments had no effect on the growth and water consumption of maize. For high maize growth and yield, efficient irrigation water use, and cost-effective investments in drip irrigation equipment, the optimal irrigation quota was 62 mm with a drip irrigation zone spacing of 100 cm.
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Key words:
- Summer maize /
- Subsurface drip irrigation /
- Soil evaporation /
- Soil moisture /
- Water use efficiency
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图 2 玉米生育期内不同处理0~100 cm土壤体积含水量随时间变化过程
W1为62 mm的灌溉量处理, W2为35 mm的灌溉量处理, D1为60 cm的滴灌带间距处理, D2为80 cm的滴灌带间距处理, D3为100 cm的滴灌带间距处理, FI为地面灌溉80 mm处理。W1 and W2 indicate irrigation volumes of 62 mm and 35 mm, respectively; D1, D2 and D3 indicate drip tapes spacing of 60 cm, 80 cm and 100 cm, respectively. FI indicates flood irrigation with 80 mm volume.
Figure 2. Variation process of 0‒100 cm soil volumetric water contents with different treatments during the growth period of maize
图 3 不同处理下夏玉米生育期内日土壤蒸发量和日蒸散量
W1为62 mm的灌溉量处理, W2为35 mm的灌溉量处理, FI为地面灌溉80 mm处理。W1 and W2 indicate irrigation volumes of 62 mm and 35 mm, respectively. FI indicates flood irrigation with 80 mm volume.
Figure 3. Daily evaporation and evapotranspiration during the growth period of summer corn under different treatments
图 4 不同处理下夏玉米不同生育期株高、叶面积指数和干物质量
W1为62 mm的灌溉量处理, W2为35 mm的灌溉量处理, FI代表地面灌溉80 mm处理。不同小写字母表示同一生育期不同处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。W1 and W2 indicate irrigation volumes of 62 mm and 35 mm, respectively. FI indicates flood irrigation with 80 mm volume. Different lowercase letters mean significant differences at P<0.05 level among different treatments at the same growing stage.
Figure 4. Plant height, leaf area index and dry matter quality of summer corn at different growth stages under different treatments
表 1 试验处理设计方案
Table 1. Design scheme of test treatments
处理
Treatment滴灌带间距
Pipes spacing (cm)不同日期(月-日)的灌溉定额
Irrigation quotas in different dates (month-day) (mm)灌溉总量
Total irrigation (mm)灌溉方式
Irrigation methods06-22 07-07 07-27 W1D1 60 15 17 30 62 地下滴灌 Subsurface drip irrigation W1D2 80 15 17 30 62 地下滴灌 Subsurface drip irrigation W1D3 100 15 17 30 62 地下滴灌 Subsurface drip irrigation W2D1 60 15 10 10 35 地下滴灌 Subsurface drip irrigation W2D2 80 15 10 10 35 地下滴灌 Subsurface drip irrigation W2D3 100 15 10 10 35 地下滴灌 Subsurface drip irrigation FI 80 80 地面灌溉 Flooding irrigation 表 2 不同处理下夏玉米蒸散量、土壤蒸发量与作物蒸腾量
Table 2. Summer corn evapotranspiration, evaporation and transpiration under different treatments
处理
Treatment土壤储水量
Soil water storage (ΔS, mm)蒸散量
Evapotranspiration (ET, mm)棵间蒸发
Evaporation (E, mm)作物蒸腾
Transpiration (T, mm)E/ET W1 D1 28.89±4.27a 293.90±4.27a 75.62±2.66b 218.28±4.07a 0.26±0.01b D2 23.11±4.96a 299.68±4.96a 82.46±1.33a 217.22±5.96a 0.28±0.01a D3 22.92±15.96a 299.87±15.96a 76.53±2.46b 223.34±13.62a 0.26±0.01b W2 D1 20.83±14.14a 274.96±14.14a 75.997.35a 198.97±15.59a 0.28±0.03a D2 22.85±12.29a 272.94±12.29a 74.43±5.30a 198.51±17.34a 0.27±0.03a D3 25.94±9.26a 269.85±9.26a 73.69±10.04a 196.16±11.38a 0.27±0.04a W1 24.97±9.11A 297.81±9.11B 78.20±3.75B 219.61±8.21A 0.26±0.01B W2 23.21±10.68A 272.58±10.68C 74.70±6.84B 197.87±13.04B 0.27±0.03B FI 8.57±5.67B 324.22±5.67A 109.34±4.65A 214.87±1.02A 0.34±0.01A W NS ** NS ** NS D NS NS NS NS NS W×D NS NS NS NS NS W1为62 mm的灌溉量处理, W2为35 mm的灌溉量处理, D1为60 cm的滴灌带间距处理, D2为80 cm的滴灌带间距处理, D3为100 cm的滴灌带间距处理, W代表不同灌溉量处理, D代表不同滴灌带间距处理, FI代表地面灌溉(灌溉量为80 mm)。同列同一灌溉量水平下不同小写字母表示不同滴灌带间距间差异显著(P<0.05), 同列不同大写字母表示地下滴灌不同灌水量及地面灌溉间差异显著(P<0.05)。NS表示无显著影响, *和**分别表示在P<0.05和P<0.01水平影响显著。W1 and W2 indicate irrigation volumes of 62 mm and 35 mm, respectively; D1, D2 and D3 indicate drip tapes spacing of 60 cm, 80 cm and 100 cm, respectively. FI indicates flood irrigation with 80 mm volume. Different lowercase letters in the same column for the same irrigation level mean significant differences at P<0.05 level among different drip taps spacing treatments. Different capital letters mean significant differences at P<0.05 level among subsurface drip irrigation quotas and flood irrigation. NS means no significant effect, * and ** indicate significant effect at P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively. 表 3 不同处理下夏玉米不同生育期株高、叶面积指数和干物质量显著性分析表
Table 3. Significance analysis of plant height, leaf area index and dry matter quality of summer maize at different growth stages under different treatments
处理
Treatment苗期
Seedling拔节期
Jointing大喇叭口期
Flare opening抽雄期
Tasseling吐丝期
Spinning灌浆期
Filling乳熟期
Milking株高
Plant heightW NS NS NS NS ** ** ** D NS NS NS NS NS NS NS W×D NS NS NS NS NS NS NS 叶面积指数
Leaf area indexW NS NS NS ** ** ** ** D NS NS NS NS NS NS NS W×D NS NS NS NS NS NS NS 干物质积累量
Dry matter accumulationW NS ** NS NS NS ** NS D NS NS NS NS NS NS NS W×D NS NS NS NS NS NS NS W为灌溉量处理, D为滴灌带间距处理, NS表示处理间无显著影响, *和**分别表示在P<0.05和P<0.01水平影响显著。W indicates irrigation treatments; D indicates drip tapes spacing treatments. NS means no significant effect; * and ** indicate significant effect at P<0.05 and P<0.01 levels, respectively. 表 4 不同处理下夏玉米干物质积累的Logistic模拟特征值
Table 4. Logistic simulation eigenvalues value of dry matter accumulation of summer maize under different treatments
处理 Treatment 方程 Equation Vm (g∙d−1) Tm (d) T1 (d) T2 (d) ΔT (d) R2 W1D1 y=336.24/[1+exp(5.50−0.075T)] 6.3 73.7 56.0 91.3 35.3 0.995 W1D2 y=322.52/[1+exp(5.84−0.081T)] 6.5 72.5 56.1 88.8 32.7 0.997 W1D3 y=332.48/[1+exp(5.74−0.079T)] 6.6 72.3 55.7 88.9 33.2 0.997 W2D1 y=440.83/[1+exp(5.16−0.060T)] 6.6 85.5 63.7 107.4 43.7 0.997 W2D2 y=403.55/[1+exp(5.27−0.064T)] 6.5 82.1 61.6 102.6 41.0 0.998 W2D3 y=456.40/[1+exp(5.26−0.061T)] 7.0 86.1 64.5 107.7 43.2 0.998 FI y=401.83/[1+exp(5.36−0.073T)] 7.3 73.5 55.4 91.5 36.1 0.997 W1为62 mm的灌溉量处理, W2为35 mm的灌溉量处理, D1为60 cm的滴灌带间距处理, D2为80 cm的滴灌带间距处理, D3为100 cm的滴灌带间距处理, FI为地面灌溉80 mm处理。y表示夏玉米干物质积累量; T表示夏玉米播种后天数; Vm表示干物质最大相对生长速率; Tm表示干物质最大速率出现的时间; T1和T2分别为Logistic曲线的2个拐点; ΔT表示干物质快速积累持续天数。W1 and W2 indicate irrigation volumes of 62 mm and 35 mm, respectively; D1, D2 and D3 indicate drip tapes spacing of 60 cm, 80 cm and 100 cm, respectively. FI indicates flood irrigation with 80 mm volume. y is dry matter accumulation; T is days after sowing; Vm is the maximum growth rate of dry matter, Tm is the time to the maximum rate of dry matter; T1 and T2 are the two inflection points of Logistic function; ΔT is the days of period of rapid accumulation of dry matter. 表 5 不同处理下夏玉米产量及水分利用效率
Table 5. Summer maize yield and water use efficiency under different treatments
处理
Treatment穗数
Spike number
(104∙hm−2)穗行数
Number of
spike rows行粒数
Spikes
number百粒重
100-seed
weight (g)产量
Yield
(kg∙hm−2)水分利用效率
Water use
efficiency (kg∙m‒3)灌溉水利用效率
Irrigation water use
efficiency (kg∙m‒3)收获指数
Harvest
indexW1 D1 6 14.2±0.8a 39.47±1.08a 26.93±2.73a 8930±342a 3.04±0.08a 14.40±0.55a 0.531±0.020a D2 6 13.5±0.8a 36.67±4.16a 29.03±1.91a 8885±79a 2.97±0.05a 14.33±0.13a 0.528±0.007a D3 6 13.8±1.0a 38.34±1.46a 28.12±2.91a 9112±490a 3.05±0.32a 14.70±0.79a 0.526±0.038a W2 D1 6 14.4±0.8a 35.80±0.17a 28.33±2.82a 8024±544a 2.93±0.34a 22.93±1.55a 0.491±0.051a D2 6 13.7±1.4a 34.76±0.40a 26.56±3.72a 8170±329a 3.00±0.02a 23.34±0.94a 0.497±0.029a D3 6 14.4±1.7a 35.20±1.68a 27.13±1.12a 8320±461a 3.08±0.07a 23.77±1.32a 0.499±0.006a W1 6 13.9±0.8A 38.15±2.57A 28.03±2.39B 8976±318A 3.02±0.17A 14.47±0.51B 0.529±0.022A W2 6 14.2±1.2A 35.26±1.03B 27.05±2.43B 8171±413B 3.00±0.19A 23.35±1.18A 0.496±0.030B FI 6 13.7±0.4A 39.00±1.76A 32.69±2.16A 9642±266A 2.97±0.09A 12.05±0.33C 0.478±0.005B W NS ** NS ** NS ** ** D NS NS NS NS NS NS NS W×D NS NS NS NS NS NS NS W1为62 mm的灌溉量处理, W2为35 mm的灌溉量处理, D1为60 cm的滴灌带间距处理, D2为80 cm的滴灌带间距处理, D3为100 cm的滴灌带间距处理, FI为地面灌溉80 mm处理。W1 and W2 indicate irrigation volumes of 62 mm and 35 mm, respectively; D1, D2 and D3 indicate drip tapes spacing of 60 cm, 80 cm and 100 cm, respectively. FI indicates flood irrigation with 80 mm volume. -
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