地下滴灌量与滴灌带间距对夏玉米生长发育的影响

要家威; 齐永青; 李怀辉; 沈彦俊

doi:10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.210058

地下滴灌量与滴灌带间距对夏玉米生长发育的影响

doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.210058

要家威^{1, 2,},
齐永青¹,
李怀辉³,
沈彦俊^1, ,

1.
中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所农业资源研究中心/中国科学院农业水资源重点实验室/河北省节水农业重点实验室　石家庄　050022
2.
中国科学院大学　北京　100049
3.
甘肃农业大学水利水电工程学院　兰州　730070

基金项目: 河北省重点研发计划国际科技合作专项(18397002D)、中国科学院国际伙伴计划(153E13KYSB20170010)、国家重点研发计划课题(2016YFC0401403)和国家自然科学基金面上项目(41877169)资助

详细信息

作者简介:
要家威，主要研究方向为节水农业与灌溉技术。E-mail: yjwzh13@163.com

通讯作者:
沈彦俊，主要研究方向为农业水文与水资源、节水农业。E-mail: yjshen@sjziam.ac.cn

中图分类号: S275.6
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-01-28
- 录用日期: 2021-03-26
- 网络出版日期: 2021-07-13
- 刊出日期: 2021-09-06

Effects of the irrigation quota and drip irrigation pipes spacing on growth and development of summer maize with subsurface drip irrigation

YAO Jiawei^{1, 2
,},
QI Yongqing¹,
LI Huaihui³,
SHEN Yanjun^{1
, ,}

1.
Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences / Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences / Hebei Laboratory of Water-Saving Agriculture, Shijiazhuang 050022, China
2.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3.
College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China

Funds: This study was supported by the Program of Key Research and Development Plan and International Science and Technology Cooperation in Hebei Province (18397002D), the International Partners Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (153E13KYSB20170010), the National Key Research and Development Project of China (2016YFC0401403), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41877169)

More Information

Corresponding author: E-mail: yjshen@sjziam.ac.cn

摘要

摘要: 为探究地下滴灌条件下不同灌溉量与滴灌带间距对夏玉米生长发育与耗水特征的影响, 查明地下滴灌对田间尺度水平衡的影响特征, 基于2种灌溉定额(62 mm和35 mm)与3种滴灌带间距(60 cm、80 cm和100 cm)的田间试验, 并以华北典型农田地面灌溉方式为对照, 分析不同处理对夏玉米生长发育、土壤剖面水分分布、蒸散量及土壤蒸发的影响。结果表明: 地下滴灌处理灌溉水主要停留于20~60 cm土层, 灌溉量越高, 湿润范围越大; 相对地面灌溉处理, 地下滴灌处理地表0~20 cm与60~100 cm土壤含水量相对较低。玉米株高、叶面积指数与干物质积累量随地下滴灌灌溉量的增加而增加, 地面灌溉处理可促进株高与干物质积累, 地下滴灌低灌溉量导致玉米生育进程延迟。与地面灌溉处理相比, 地下滴灌处理可在减少22%的灌溉量的条件下保证作物产量无显著下降, 土壤蒸发相对降低30%, 蒸散量相对降低8%, E/ET值由0.34降低至0.27, 灌溉水利用效率提高20%, 收获指数增加10%。不同滴灌带间距处理对玉米生长发育及耗水特征无显著影响。综合夏玉米生长、产量、灌溉水利用效率和滴灌设备投资成本, 本试验条件下最优设计方案为灌溉量为62 mm, 滴灌带间距为100 cm。
- 夏玉米 /
- 地下滴灌 /
- 土壤蒸发 /
- 土壤水分 /
- 水分利用效率
Abstract: Water and soil resources in the North China Plain are mismatched. Traditional flood irrigation methods in this area have low water resource utilization and lead to serious water loss, which has caused a rapid decrease in groundwater levels. This study aims to improve the efficiency of irrigation water use in this area, determine the influence of subsurface drip irrigation on the field-scale water balance, and explore the effects of different irrigation amounts and drip irrigation zone spacing on the growth and water consumption of summer maize under subsurface drip irrigation conditions. Field experiments with two irrigation quotas (62 and 35 mm) and three drip irrigation pipes spacings (60, 80, and 100 cm) were conducted with the conventional flood irrigation as the control in farmlands in the North China Plain to analyze their effects on the growth and development, yield and irrigation water use efficiency of summer maize, and the soil profile moisture distribution, evapotranspiration, evaporation. Soil evaporation under subsurface drip irrigation was measured and compared using a microlysimeter. The results showed that irrigation water from subsurface drip irrigation mainly stayed in the 20–60 cm soil layer, and the wetted body presented a “small up and large down” form. The higher the irrigation amount, the larger the wetted body range, and the larger the soil volumetric water content. Compared to flood irrigation, the soil moisture contents of the 0–20 cm and 60–100 cm soil layers from subsurface drip irrigation were relatively low, and a dry soil layer formed at about 0–10 cm layer, which reduced soil evaporation. Maize plant height, leaf area index, and dry matter accumulation increased with increasing amounts of subsurface drip irrigation. Under flood irrigation, the maize plant height increased faster, and the accumulation rate of the maximum dry matter was higher compared to subsurface drip irrigation. Low amounts of subsurface drip irrigation delayed maize growth. When the irrigation amount was reduced by 22%, maize yield under subsurface drip irrigation did not differ from maize yield under traditional flood irrigation. Compared to flood irrigation, subsurface drip irrigation reduced soil evaporation by 30%, evapotranspiration by 8%, the E/ET value from 0.34 to 0.27; and increased the irrigation water use efficiency by 20%, the harvest index by 10%. The different drip irrigation zone spacing treatments had no effect on the growth and water consumption of maize. For high maize growth and yield, efficient irrigation water use, and cost-effective investments in drip irrigation equipment, the optimal irrigation quota was 62 mm with a drip irrigation zone spacing of 100 cm.
- Summer maize /
- Subsurface drip irrigation /
- Soil evaporation /
- Soil moisture /
- Water use efficiency

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图 1 试验地试验期内降雨量、水面蒸发量、平均温度与平均相对湿度

Figure 1. Rainfall, water evaporation, average temperature and average relative humidity during the test period in the experiment site

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图 2 玉米生育期内不同处理0~100 cm土壤体积含水量随时间变化过程

W₁为62 mm的灌溉量处理, W₂为35 mm的灌溉量处理, D₁为60 cm的滴灌带间距处理, D₂为80 cm的滴灌带间距处理, D₃为100 cm的滴灌带间距处理, FI为地面灌溉80 mm处理。W₁ and W₂ indicate irrigation volumes of 62 mm and 35 mm, respectively; D₁, D₂ and D₃ indicate drip tapes spacing of 60 cm, 80 cm and 100 cm, respectively. FI indicates flood irrigation with 80 mm volume.

Figure 2. Variation process of 0‒100 cm soil volumetric water contents with different treatments during the growth period of maize

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图 3 不同处理下夏玉米生育期内日土壤蒸发量和日蒸散量

W₁为62 mm的灌溉量处理, W₂为35 mm的灌溉量处理, FI为地面灌溉80 mm处理。W₁ and W₂ indicate irrigation volumes of 62 mm and 35 mm, respectively. FI indicates flood irrigation with 80 mm volume.

Figure 3. Daily evaporation and evapotranspiration during the growth period of summer corn under different treatments

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图 4 不同处理下夏玉米不同生育期株高、叶面积指数和干物质量

W₁为62 mm的灌溉量处理, W₂为35 mm的灌溉量处理, FI代表地面灌溉80 mm处理。不同小写字母表示同一生育期不同处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。W₁ and W₂ indicate irrigation volumes of 62 mm and 35 mm, respectively. FI indicates flood irrigation with 80 mm volume. Different lowercase letters mean significant differences at P<0.05 level among different treatments at the same growing stage.

Figure 4. Plant height, leaf area index and dry matter quality of summer corn at different growth stages under different treatments

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表 1 试验处理设计方案

Table 1. Design scheme of test treatments

处理 Treatment	滴灌带间距 Pipes spacing (cm)	不同日期(月-日)的灌溉定额 Irrigation quotas in different dates (month-day) (mm)			灌溉总量 Total irrigation (mm)	灌溉方式 Irrigation methods
处理 Treatment	滴灌带间距 Pipes spacing (cm)	06-22	07-07	07-27	灌溉总量 Total irrigation (mm)	灌溉方式 Irrigation methods
W₁D₁	60	15	17	30	62	地下滴灌 Subsurface drip irrigation
W₁D₂	80	15	17	30	62	地下滴灌 Subsurface drip irrigation
W₁D₃	100	15	17	30	62	地下滴灌 Subsurface drip irrigation
W₂D₁	60	15	10	10	35	地下滴灌 Subsurface drip irrigation
W₂D₂	80	15	10	10	35	地下滴灌 Subsurface drip irrigation
W₂D₃	100	15	10	10	35	地下滴灌 Subsurface drip irrigation
FI		80			80	地面灌溉 Flooding irrigation

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表 2 不同处理下夏玉米蒸散量、土壤蒸发量与作物蒸腾量

Table 2. Summer corn evapotranspiration, evaporation and transpiration under different treatments

处理 Treatment		土壤储水量 Soil water storage (ΔS, mm)	蒸散量 Evapotranspiration (ET, mm)	棵间蒸发 Evaporation (E, mm)	作物蒸腾 Transpiration (T, mm)	E/ET
W₁	D₁	28.89±4.27a	293.90±4.27a	75.62±2.66b	218.28±4.07a	0.26±0.01b
	D₂	23.11±4.96a	299.68±4.96a	82.46±1.33a	217.22±5.96a	0.28±0.01a
	D₃	22.92±15.96a	299.87±15.96a	76.53±2.46b	223.34±13.62a	0.26±0.01b
W₂	D₁	20.83±14.14a	274.96±14.14a	75.997.35a	198.97±15.59a	0.28±0.03a
	D₂	22.85±12.29a	272.94±12.29a	74.43±5.30a	198.51±17.34a	0.27±0.03a
	D₃	25.94±9.26a	269.85±9.26a	73.69±10.04a	196.16±11.38a	0.27±0.04a
W₁		24.97±9.11A	297.81±9.11B	78.20±3.75B	219.61±8.21A	0.26±0.01B
W₂		23.21±10.68A	272.58±10.68C	74.70±6.84B	197.87±13.04B	0.27±0.03B
FI		8.57±5.67B	324.22±5.67A	109.34±4.65A	214.87±1.02A	0.34±0.01A
W		NS	**	NS	**	NS
D		NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
W×D		NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
W₁为62 mm的灌溉量处理, W₂为35 mm的灌溉量处理, D₁为60 cm的滴灌带间距处理, D₂为80 cm的滴灌带间距处理, D₃为100 cm的滴灌带间距处理, W代表不同灌溉量处理, D代表不同滴灌带间距处理, FI代表地面灌溉(灌溉量为80 mm)。同列同一灌溉量水平下不同小写字母表示不同滴灌带间距间差异显著(P<0.05), 同列不同大写字母表示地下滴灌不同灌水量及地面灌溉间差异显著(P<0.05)。NS表示无显著影响, 和分别表示在P<0.05和P<0.01水平影响显著。W₁ and W₂ indicate irrigation volumes of 62 mm and 35 mm, respectively; D₁, D₂ and D₃ indicate drip tapes spacing of 60 cm, 80 cm and 100 cm, respectively. FI indicates flood irrigation with 80 mm volume. Different lowercase letters in the same column for the same irrigation level mean significant differences at P<0.05 level among different drip taps spacing treatments. Different capital letters mean significant differences at P<0.05 level among subsurface drip irrigation quotas and flood irrigation. NS means no significant effect, and ** indicate significant effect at P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively.

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表 3 不同处理下夏玉米不同生育期株高、叶面积指数和干物质量显著性分析表

Table 3. Significance analysis of plant height, leaf area index and dry matter quality of summer maize at different growth stages under different treatments

处理 Treatment		苗期 Seedling	拔节期 Jointing	大喇叭口期 Flare opening	抽雄期 Tasseling	吐丝期 Spinning	灌浆期 Filling	乳熟期 Milking
株高 Plant height	W	NS	NS	NS	NS	**	**	**
	D	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
	W×D	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
叶面积指数 Leaf area index	W	NS	NS	NS	**	**	**	**
	D	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
	W×D	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
干物质积累量 Dry matter accumulation	W	NS	**	NS	NS	NS	**	NS
	D	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
	W×D	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
W为灌溉量处理, D为滴灌带间距处理, NS表示处理间无显著影响, 和分别表示在P<0.05和P<0.01水平影响显著。W indicates irrigation treatments; D indicates drip tapes spacing treatments. NS means no significant effect; and ** indicate significant effect at P<0.05 and P<0.01 levels, respectively.

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表 4 不同处理下夏玉米干物质积累的Logistic模拟特征值

Table 4. Logistic simulation eigenvalues value of dry matter accumulation of summer maize under different treatments

处理 Treatment	方程 Equation	V_m (g∙d⁻¹)	T_m (d)	T₁ (d)	T₂ (d)	ΔT (d)	R²
W₁D₁	y=336.24/[1+exp(5.50−0.075T)]	6.3	73.7	56.0	91.3	35.3	0.995
W₁D₂	y=322.52/[1+exp(5.84−0.081T)]	6.5	72.5	56.1	88.8	32.7	0.997
W₁D₃	y=332.48/[1+exp(5.74−0.079T)]	6.6	72.3	55.7	88.9	33.2	0.997
W₂D₁	y=440.83/[1+exp(5.16−0.060T)]	6.6	85.5	63.7	107.4	43.7	0.997
W₂D₂	y=403.55/[1+exp(5.27−0.064T)]	6.5	82.1	61.6	102.6	41.0	0.998
W₂D₃	y=456.40/[1+exp(5.26−0.061T)]	7.0	86.1	64.5	107.7	43.2	0.998
FI	y=401.83/[1+exp(5.36−0.073T)]	7.3	73.5	55.4	91.5	36.1	0.997
W₁为62 mm的灌溉量处理, W₂为35 mm的灌溉量处理, D₁为60 cm的滴灌带间距处理, D₂为80 cm的滴灌带间距处理, D₃为100 cm的滴灌带间距处理, FI为地面灌溉80 mm处理。y表示夏玉米干物质积累量; T表示夏玉米播种后天数; V_m表示干物质最大相对生长速率; T_m表示干物质最大速率出现的时间; T₁和T₂分别为Logistic曲线的2个拐点; ΔT表示干物质快速积累持续天数。W₁ and W₂ indicate irrigation volumes of 62 mm and 35 mm, respectively; D₁, D₂ and D₃ indicate drip tapes spacing of 60 cm, 80 cm and 100 cm, respectively. FI indicates flood irrigation with 80 mm volume. y is dry matter accumulation; T is days after sowing; V_m is the maximum growth rate of dry matter, T_m is the time to the maximum rate of dry matter; T₁ and T₂ are the two inflection points of Logistic function; ΔT is the days of period of rapid accumulation of dry matter.

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表 5 不同处理下夏玉米产量及水分利用效率

Table 5. Summer maize yield and water use efficiency under different treatments

处理 Treatment		穗数 Spike number (10⁴∙hm⁻²)	穗行数 Number of spike rows	行粒数 Spikes number	百粒重 100-seed weight (g)	产量 Yield (kg∙hm⁻²)	水分利用效率 Water use efficiency (kg∙m^‒3)	灌溉水利用效率 Irrigation water use efficiency (kg∙m^‒3)	收获指数 Harvest index
W₁	D₁	6	14.2±0.8a	39.47±1.08a	26.93±2.73a	8930±342a	3.04±0.08a	14.40±0.55a	0.531±0.020a
	D₂	6	13.5±0.8a	36.67±4.16a	29.03±1.91a	8885±79a	2.97±0.05a	14.33±0.13a	0.528±0.007a
	D₃	6	13.8±1.0a	38.34±1.46a	28.12±2.91a	9112±490a	3.05±0.32a	14.70±0.79a	0.526±0.038a
W₂	D₁	6	14.4±0.8a	35.80±0.17a	28.33±2.82a	8024±544a	2.93±0.34a	22.93±1.55a	0.491±0.051a
	D₂	6	13.7±1.4a	34.76±0.40a	26.56±3.72a	8170±329a	3.00±0.02a	23.34±0.94a	0.497±0.029a
	D₃	6	14.4±1.7a	35.20±1.68a	27.13±1.12a	8320±461a	3.08±0.07a	23.77±1.32a	0.499±0.006a
W₁		6	13.9±0.8A	38.15±2.57A	28.03±2.39B	8976±318A	3.02±0.17A	14.47±0.51B	0.529±0.022A
W₂		6	14.2±1.2A	35.26±1.03B	27.05±2.43B	8171±413B	3.00±0.19A	23.35±1.18A	0.496±0.030B
FI		6	13.7±0.4A	39.00±1.76A	32.69±2.16A	9642±266A	2.97±0.09A	12.05±0.33C	0.478±0.005B
W			NS	**	NS	**	NS	**	**
D			NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
W×D			NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
W₁为62 mm的灌溉量处理, W₂为35 mm的灌溉量处理, D₁为60 cm的滴灌带间距处理, D₂为80 cm的滴灌带间距处理, D₃为100 cm的滴灌带间距处理, FI为地面灌溉80 mm处理。W₁ and W₂ indicate irrigation volumes of 62 mm and 35 mm, respectively; D₁, D₂ and D₃ indicate drip tapes spacing of 60 cm, 80 cm and 100 cm, respectively. FI indicates flood irrigation with 80 mm volume.

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