陇东旱塬苹果细根对覆膜的可塑性响应

孙文泰; 马明; 董铁; 牛军强; 尹晓宁; 刘兴禄

doi:10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.210071

陇东旱塬苹果细根对覆膜的可塑性响应

doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.210071

甘肃省农业科学院林果花卉研究所　兰州　730070

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目(31760555)、国家现代农业产业技术体系项目(GARS-27)、甘肃省科技计划项目(21YF1NA366)和农业农村部西北地区果树科学观测实验站(S-10-18)资助

详细信息

作者简介:
孙文泰, 主要从事果树栽培研究工作。E-mail: swt830312@126.com

中图分类号: F323.22
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-02-02
- 录用日期: 2021-05-10
- 网络出版日期: 2021-07-26
- 刊出日期: 2021-09-06

Response of fine roots of apple to plastic film mulching in the dry tableland of eastern Gansu

Institute of Forestry, Fruits and Floriculture, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730070, China

Funds: This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31760555), the National Modern Agricultural Industrial Technology System of China (GARS-27), the Science and Technology Plan Project of Gansu Province (21YF1NA366) and the Scientific Oberserving and Experimental Station of Fruit Tree Science (Northwest Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (S-10-18)

摘要

摘要: 为探明陇东旱塬苹果树根系年周期生长动态规律, 以及覆膜保墒措施下垂直土层根系数量、形态、分支特性、土壤理化性状的时空差异, 以18 a生苹果树(‘长富2号’/山定子)为试材, 于苹果根系3次发根高峰: 春季萌芽至新梢旺长前(Ⅰ)、新梢停长期(Ⅱ)和采果后至落叶期(Ⅲ), 采用土壤剖面法调查清耕(CK)、覆膜2 a (2Y)、覆膜4 a (4Y)和覆膜6 a (6Y)的根系空间分布, 并对根系生物量、根长、表面积、比根长、比分支数等进行测定, 探索不同覆膜年限处理下细根生长时空动态特征。借助回归统计分析, 阐明苹果树细根生长策略对覆膜年限的响应。结果表明: 在苹果根系生长年周期中, 第Ⅲ次发根高峰最为重要。各处理苹果细根在第Ⅲ次发根高峰的生物量占3次发根高峰期总生物量的73.55%~84.85%, 在第Ⅰ发根高峰表层土壤(0~20 cm)的细根分支数分别为第Ⅲ次发根高峰的130.67%、100.53%、156.63%和238.63%, 可提高原位土壤资源利用效率; 在第Ⅲ次发根高峰中, CK促进细根根长与根表面积在表层土壤中的分布, 分别为第Ⅰ次发根高峰的275.64%和248.96%; 并抑制细根分支, 分支数和比分支数仅为第Ⅰ次发根高峰的76.53%和14.68%, 以达到扩展有效营养空间、降低根系内部竞争的作用。短期覆膜(2Y)各土层的土壤含水量分别为CK的112.39%、118.04%、124.06%、133.59%和114.49%, 细根生物量在3次发根高峰中分别为CK的116.72%、232.35%和112.09%; 土壤表层细根比根长在第Ⅰ和Ⅲ次发根高峰相比CK分别提高47.1%和62.92%, 根表面积则分别提高67.21%和56.88%; 深层土壤(80~100 cm)细根分支数相比CK分别提高282.22%和7.27%。可见2Y处理可促进表层土壤细根形态性状的表达及深层土壤根系分支结构的建成, 细根均匀分布于垂直土层0~100 cm的距干0~120 cm范围内。6Y处理在年生长初期表层土壤的细根分支数和比分支数相比CK分别提高6.11%和34.6%, 而在年生长后期则仅为CK的58.1%和19.56%, 呈年生长初期重分支、年生长后期简化分支的构型特点, 并显著抑制第Ⅲ次发根高峰细根生长, 深层土壤的细根根长、根表面积和比根长仅为CK的35.19%、40.43%和82.67%。即苹果细根生长受物候期和树体营养周转的影响, 在年生长初期应用“资源保守获取型”生长策略, 在年生长后期采取“资源快速获取型”生长策略; 短期覆膜(2Y)可改善土壤理化性状, 促进细根拓展延伸范围; 长期覆膜(6Y)对亚表层土壤(20~40 cm)的破坏作用, 阻碍细根下扎, 集中土壤表层分布。
- 苹果 /
- 覆膜 /
- 细根特征 /
- 适应策略
Abstract: This study investigated the annual growth dynamics of apple tree roots in the dry plateau of Longdong and the temporal and spatial differences in the number, morphology, branching characteristics of the roots, and soil physical and chemical properties in vertical soil layers under film mulching and soil moisture conservation measures. Eighteenth-year-old apple trees (‘ Nagano Fuji No.2’) were assessed three times in the rooting peak times of apple tree: from spring sprouting to vigorous growth of new shoots (Ⅰ), shoots stopped growing (Ⅱ), and from fruit harvest to defoliation (Ⅲ). Using the soil profile and stratified sampling method, different treatments (conventional tillage [CK], film-mulching for two years [2Y], film-mulching for four years [4Y], and film-mulching for six years [6Y]) were investigated to analyze the spatial distribution of biomass, root length, surface area, specific root length, and the specific branch (branch number/dry matter weigh) of roots. Regression analysis was used to assess the fine root growth strategy for apple trees with plastic film mulching. The results showed that the rooting peak Ⅲ was the most important stage of the annual growth cycle of apple roots. The fine roots biomass at rooting peak Ⅲ under each treatment was 73.55%–84.85% of the total biomass at the three rooting peaks. The number of fine root branches at rooting peak Ⅰ in the surface soil (0–20 cm) was 130.67%, 100.53%, 156.63%, and 238.63% of that at rooting peak Ⅲ, which effectively improved the utilization of the soil resources in situ. At rooting peak Ⅲ, CK promoted the distribution of fine root length and root surface area in the surface soil, which were 275.64% and 248.96% of those at rooting peak Ⅰ, respectively. The number of branches and specific branches were only 76.53% and 14.68% of those at rooting peak Ⅰ, which expanded the effective nutrient space and reduced the internal competition of the root system. The soil water content in the short-term mulching (2Y) treatment in each soil layer were 112.39% (0−20 cm), 118.04% (20−40 cm), 124.06% (40−60 cm), 133.59% (60−80 cm), and 114.49% (80−100 cm) of CK; and the fine root biomass was 116.72%, 232.35%, and 112.09% of CK at the three rooting peak times. Compared with CK, the specific root length of the surface fine roots increased by 47.1% and 62.92% at rooting peaks Ⅰ and Ⅲ, and the root surface area increased by 67.21% and 56.88% in 2Y treatment. The number of fine root branches in the deep soil (80–100 cm) increased by 282.22% and 7.27%, respectively, compared with CK. The 2Y treatment promoted fine root morphological trait expression at the surface soil and branch structure establishment in the deep soil. Fine roots were evenly distributed in the 0–100 cm vertical soil layer and 0–120 cm horizontally from tree. Compared with CK, the 6Y treatment increased the number of fine root branches and specific branches by 6.11% and 34.6%, respectively, in the early growth stage, but by 58.1% and 19.56% in the late growth stage. These results demonstrate the characteristics of complex branches in the early growth stage and simplified branches in the late growth stage significantly inhibit the growth of fine roots at rooting peak Ⅲ. The fine root length, root surface area, and specific root length in the deep soil were 35.19%, 40.43%, and 82.67% of those of CK, respectively, in 6Y treatment. Fine root growth was affected by the phenological period and the turnover of tree nutrients; the “conservatively obtaining resources” growth strategy was applied in the early growth stage, and the “rapidly obtaining resources” growth strategy was adopted in the late growth stage. Short-term film mulching (2Y) can improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil and promote fine root extension. Damage from long-term plastic film mulching (6Y) to the subsurface soil (20–40 cm) prevented the fine roots from settling down and they became concentrated in the surface layer.
- Apple /
- Film-mulching /
- Characteristics of fine root /
- Adaptation strategy

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图 1 苹果根系调查示意图(A、B、C、D、E为调查根系的5个剖面)

Figure 1. Survey map of apple roots (A, B, C, D, E are five sections of root investigation)

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图 2 不同覆膜年限苹果树根系发根高峰[春季萌芽至新梢旺长期(Ⅰ)、采果后至落叶期(Ⅲ)]的细根根长空间分布

CK: 对照; 2Y: 覆膜2年处理; 4Y: 覆膜4年处理; 6Y: 覆膜6年处理。CK: control treatment; 2Y: mulching for 2 years; 4Y: mulching for 4 years; 6Y: mulching for 6 years.

Figure 2. Spatial distribution of fine root length in rooting peak times from spring sprouting to vigorous growth of new shoots (Ⅰ) and from fruit harvest to defoliation (Ⅲ) of apple trees with different years of film mulching

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表 1 试验区土壤理化性状

Table 1. Physical and chemical properties of soil in the test area

项目 Item	0~20 cm	20~40 cm
全氮 Total N (g∙kg^‒1)	1.27	0.74
全磷 Total P (g∙kg^‒1)	1.12	0.80
全钾 Total K (g∙kg^‒1)	16.86	16.82
有机质 Organic matter (g∙kg^‒1)	14.69	9.57
碱解氮 Alkaline hydrolysis N (mg∙kg^‒1)	96.25	47.25
速效磷 Available P (mg∙kg^‒1)	47.3	14.7
速效钾 Available K (mg∙kg^‒1)	377.04	182.96
pH	8.35	8.85
黏粒含量 Clay content (%)	9.70	9.59

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表 2 不同覆膜年限苹果树根系3次发根高峰细根生物量动态

Table 2. Dynamics of fine root biomass at three rooting peak times with different years of film mulching g　

发根高峰期 Rooting peak time	覆膜年限 Mulching years (a)
发根高峰期 Rooting peak time	0 (对照 CK)	2	4	6
Ⅰ	76.96±6.93b	89.83±5.62b	98.81±5.89a	57.68±4.23c
Ⅱ	74.50±7.79c	173.10±9.63a	102.23±10.50b	86.25±7.53bc
Ⅲ	848.11±52.15b	950.61±37.40a	558.91±44.79c	494.16±42.27c
Ⅰ: 春季萌芽至新梢旺长期; Ⅱ: 新梢停长期; Ⅲ: 采果后至落叶期。同行不同小写字母表示不同覆膜年限间在P<0.05水平差异显著。Ⅰ: spring sprouting to vigorous growth period of new shoots;Ⅱ: new shoots stop growing; Ⅲ: fruit harvest to defoliation. Different lowercase letters in the same row indicate significant differences among different treatments of mulching years at P<0.05.

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表 3 不同覆膜年限苹果树细根在3次发根高峰的垂直分布中心

Table 3. Vertical distribution centers in three rooting peak times of apple fine roots with different years of film mulching cm　

覆膜年限 Mulching year (a)	发根高峰 Rooting peak time
覆膜年限 Mulching year (a)	Ⅰ	Ⅱ	Ⅲ
0 (对照 CK)	57.21±0.66a	58.09±0.62a	46.75±1.04b
2	54.35±0.94b	52.15±0.60b	63.56±1.31a
4	41.23±0.27c	42.89±0.87c	42.45±0.68c
6	39.10±1.52d	48.77±0.77b	39.64±0.96d
Ⅰ: 春季萌芽至新梢旺长期; Ⅱ: 新梢停长期; Ⅲ: 采果后至落叶期。同列不同小写字母表示不同覆膜年限间在P<0.05水平差异显著。Ⅰ: spring sprouting to vigorous growth of new shoots;Ⅱ: new shoots stop growing; Ⅲ: fruit harvest to defoliation. Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant differences among different treatments of mulching years at P<0.05.

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表 4 不同覆膜年限苹果细根的时空生长分布

Table 4. Spatiotemporal growth and distribution of fine roots of apple with different mulching years

项目 Item	覆膜年限 Mulching years (a)	春季萌芽至新梢旺长期 Spring sprouting to vigorous growth of new shoots (Ⅰ)		采果后至落叶期 Fruit harvest to defoliation (Ⅲ)
项目 Item	覆膜年限 Mulching years (a)	0~20 cm	80~100 cm	0~20 cm	80~100 cm
根长 Root length (cm)	0 (对照 CK)	13 311.09±452.7d	13 839.71±432.10b	36 690.20±1882.87a	8190.15±602.95c
	2	34 086.36±406.47c	18 593.83±1206.09a	19 257.98±1246.87c	22 417.03±1296.37a
	4	71 155.00±6346.50a	12 601.09±394.29b	26 282.31±6453.39b	9588.59±278.57b
	6	47 031.10±2961.83b	6800.14±126.27c	9046.08±386.76d	2882.28±180.22d
根表面积 Root surface area (cm²)	0 (对照 CK)	1723.00±56.76c	2721.29±63.40b	4289.63±59.89a	1475.80±67.59b
	2	5015.37±216.77b	3227.53±184.55a	2168.46±92.76c	3754.46±59.07a
	4	10 921.66±720.21a	2512.73±50.24c	3263.16±151.54b	1536.92±128.66b
	6	5242.66±159.77b	1655.36±58.14d	1769.34±61.67d	596.65±20.64c
平均根径 Average root diameter (mm)	0 (对照 CK)	0.60±0.11b	0.82±0.08b	0.51±0.05b	1.12±0.03b
	2	0.54±0.04c	0.81±0.04b	0.46±0.05b	0.91±0.05c
	4	0.75±0.07a	0.91±0.02b	0.51±0.06b	0.84±0.05c
	6	0.84±0.03a	1.18±0.07a	1.03±0.04a	1.32±0.04a
比根长 Specific root length (cm∙g⁻¹)	0 (对照 CK)	1437.48±78.30c	1346.27±132.94ab	275.28±22.54b	65.42±7.93b
	2	2114.53±136.16a	1497.54±76.23a	448.48±40.57a	90.82±10.02a
	4	1302.72±30.84c	1406.37±75.17a	287.20±70.29b	95.84±11.03a
	6	1822.91±62.69b	1179.53±130.90b	83.58±16.79c	54.08±6.09b
比表面积 Specific surface (cm²∙g⁻¹)	0 (对照 CK)	186.07±10.86b	264.72±11.85b	32.19±2.83b	11.79±0.81b
	2	311.13±20.54a	295.23±13.30a	50.50±1.66a	15.21±0.84a
	4	199.96±9.07b	280.44±18.15ab	35.66±1.74b	15.36±0.67a
	6	203.20±15.03b	230.56±18.55c	16.35±0.86c	11.20±0.89b
根尖数 Root tip Number (No.∙cm⁻¹)	0 (对照 CK)	2.50±0.16b	1.17±0.06c	4.70±0.12d	3.58±0.15d
	2	2.70±0.19b	1.77±0.04a	5.37±0.06b	4.06±0.12c
	4	2.63±0.06b	1.42±0.04b	4.98±0.05c	4.63±0.13b
	6	3.32±0.28a	1.14±0.05c	6.00±0.10a	5.93±0.10a
比根尖数 Specific Root tip (No.∙g^-1)	0 (对照 CK)	3596.10±189.88c	1578.31±51.98c	1293.83±61.69b	234.31±7.57c
	2	5706.82±254.55b	2302.43±80.62a	2408.08±71.63a	568.91±22.12a
	4	3422.74±122.68c	1999.00±95.22b	1430.89±116.52b	444.12±13.69b
	6	6053.91±138.33a	1480.45±28.38c	334.12±28.05c	121.00±10.87d
分支数 Branch number (No.∙cm⁻¹)	0 (对照 CK)	5.24±0.18b	0.90±0.05c	4.01±0.10a	1.10±0.08b
	2	3.79±0.13c	3.44±0.16a	3.77±0.29a	1.18±0.04b
	4	3.90±0.12c	1.18±0.14b	2.49±0.14b	1.09±0.10b
	6	5.56±0.13a	0.95±0.07c	2.33±0.11b	1.37±0.08a
比分支数 Specific branch (No.∙g⁻¹)	0 (对照 CK)	7778.18±196.09c	1296.01±63.75d	1141.46±58.96b	78.09±6.89c
	2	8534.12±94.55b	4791.41±86.33a	1741.71±124.82a	116.70±5.57a
	4	5414.70±156.20d	1798.88±57.11c	744.13±12.42c	112.09±10.08a
	6	10 469.38±672.99a	2368.90±65.96b	223.24±19.94d	93.43±4.05b
同列不同小写字母表示在P<0.05水平差异显著。Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant differences among different treatments of mulching years at P<0.05.

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表 5 不同覆膜年限苹果园土壤有机质含量及物理性质的垂直变化

Table 5. Vertical changes of organic matter content and physical properties of apple soils with different years of film mulching

覆膜年限 Mulching years (a)	土层深度 Soil depth (cm)	有机质含量 Organic matter content (g∙kg⁻¹)	含水量 Moisture (g∙cm⁻³)	孔隙度 Porosity (%)	容重 Bulk density (g∙cm⁻³)	通气度 Aeration (%)	毛管孔隙度 Capillary porosity (%)
0 (对照 CK)	0~20	12.94±0.17aA	21.07±1.30bBC	54.48±1.17aAB	1.30±0.07abA	35.34±1.60aA	42.65±0.44aB
	20~40	8.41±0.25bA	23.89±2.00aB	47.71±1.33bAB	1.27±0.06bA	27.83±1.07bA	36.09±1.45cA
	40~60	7.86±0.12cA	21.78±1.29abB	45.11±0.87cBC	1.36±0.03abA	25.02±1.72cA	34.66±1.20cB
	60~80	6.94±0.17dA	20.51±0.81bC	45.34±0.76cA	1.37±0.05abA	26.43±1.73bcA	39.54±1.50bA
	80~100	6.49±0.16eB	20.50±1.80bBC	43.78±1.18cA	1.40±0.09aA	25.15±1.86cA	36.77±1.55cB
2	0~20	12.48±0.12aAB	23.68±1.39bAB	57.56±1.36aA	1.18±0.07cB	34.20±1.45aA	44.48±0.74aA
	20~40	8.00±0.11bB	28.20±1.50aA	49.87±1.37bA	1.24±0.02bcA	21.67±1.07bB	34.24±1.06dC
	40~60	7.45±0.11cAB	27.02±1.88aA	46.49±0.89bcAB	1.31±0.06abA	22.15±1.36bB	38.79±1.02cA
	60~80	7.20±0.13dA	27.40±1.20aA	44.63±2.75cdA	1.32±0.05abA	21.80±0.50bB	38.84±1.08cA
	80~100	7.33±0.10cdA	23.47±0.87bAB	41.06±4.48dA	1.36±0.05aA	19.35±0.97cB	40.87±1.09bA
4	0~20	11.7±0.52aC	24.23±1.93aA	51.01±3.54aBC	1.18±0.04cB	26.78±1.80aB	42.14±0.79aB
	20~40	6.56±0.20cC	25.24±1.46aAB	47.26±3.52abAB	1.26±0.05bA	22.02±0.22cB	34.96±1.66bAB
	40~60	7.12±0.22bB	23.21±2.81aB	47.77±1.27abA	1.33±0.05abA	24.56±1.09bA	35.40±0.43bB
	60~80	6.30±0.14cB	24.31±1.01aB	42.96±1.15bcA	1.35±0.04aA	18.65±1.03dC	34.67±1.14bcB
	80~100	7.37±0.28bA	25.23±2.13aA	42.08±3.55cA	1.39±0.03aA	16.85±1.87dC	33.06±0.73cC
6	0~20	12.03±0.31aBC	19.13±1.30aC	49.87±0.37aC	1.24±0.05bB	28.80±1.06aB	41.46±0.95aB
	20~40	6.38±0.09bC	19.88±2.28aC	44.80±2.00bB	1.28±0.05bA	19.47±1.07bcB	32.83±0.37cBC
	40~60	6.50±0.37bC	20.09±0.20aB	43.93±1.16bC	1.37±0.02aA	20.91±1.75bC	36.61±2.00bAB
	60~80	6.27±0.16bcB	18.90±0.20aC	42.31±1.78bcA	1.39±0.05aA	17.22±0.63dC	31.44±0.69cC
	80~100	5.82±0.20cC	18.62±1.75aC	39.85±2.66cA	1.42±0.02aA	17.59±0.91cdBC	32.13±1.04cC
同列不同小写字母表示不同土层间在P<0.05水平差异显著。同列不同大写字母表示不同覆膜年限间在P<0.05水平差异显著。Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant differences among different soil layers at P<0.05. Different capital letters in the same column indicate significant differences among different mulching years at P<0.05.

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表 6 不同覆膜年限苹果细根生长与土壤理化性状的相关性

Table 6. Correlation between apple fine root growth and soil physical and chemical properties under different years of film-mulching

土壤性状 Soil property	土层深度 Soil depth (cm)	数量性状 Quantitative traits		形态性状 Morphological characters			构型性状 Configuration properties
土壤性状 Soil property	土层深度 Soil depth (cm)	根长 Root length	根表面积 Root surface area	平均根径 Average root diameter	比根长 Specific root length	比表面积 Specific surface area	根尖数 Root tip number	比根尖数 Specific root tip	分支数 Branch number	比分支数 Specific branch
有机质含量 Organic matter content	0~20	0.728^**	0.603^**	−0.673^**	0.743^**	0.784^**	0.641^**	0.765^**	0.602^**	0.712^**
	20~40	0.663^**	0.676^**	−0.771^**	0.809^**	0.542	0.589^*	0.910^**	0.651^**	0.738^**
	40~60	0.887^**	0.817^**	−0.892^**	0.910^**	0.935^**	0.649^**	0.944^**	0.568^*	0.858^**
	60~80	0.450	0.377	−0.740^**	0.304	0.168	−0.656^**	0.443	−0.221	−0.121
	80~100	−0.400	−0.377	0.238	−0.329	−0.414	−0.480	−0.457	−0.375	−0.775^**
含水量 Moisture	0~20	0.199	0.412	−0.676^**	0.659^**	0.719^**	−0.417	0.684^**	0.117	0.521
	20~40	0.579^*	0.675^**	−0.781^**	0.461	0.872^**	−0.646^**	0.564	0.341	0.597^*
	40~60	0.555^*	0.656^**	−0.524	0.458	0.364	−0.006	0.488	0.107	0.364
	60~80	0.890^**	0.818^**	−0.886^**	0.905^**	0.919^**	−0.760^**	0.991^**	0.242	0.849^**
	80~100	0.676^**	0.653^**	−0.888^**	0.907^**	0.756^**	−0.369	0.767^**	−0.431	0.550
孔隙度 Porosity	0~20	0.375	−0.082	−0.584^*	0.710^**	0.730^**	−0.309	0.789^**	0.762^**	0.854^**
	20~40	0.556	0.629^**	−0.595^*	0.586^*	0.727^**	−0.510	0.406	0.450	0.566^*
	40~60	0.442	0.266	−0.529^*	0.438	0.238	−0.314	0.339	0.360	0.071
	60~80	0.372	0.420	−0.329	0.130	0.130	−0.137	0.353	0.155	0.188
	80~100	−0.030	0.152	−0.078	−0.091	0.120	−0.366	0.042	−0.543^*	−0.148
容重 Bulk density	0~20	0.269	−0.122	0.326	−0.309	−0.340	−0.192	−0.347	0.236	−0.120
	20~40	−0.142	−0.199	0.257	−0.231	−0.335	0.248	−0.094	−0.117	−0.153
	40~60	−0.395	−0.380	0.312	−0.271	−0.103	0.136	−0.262	0.093	−0.094
	60~80	−0.571^*	−0.519	0.519	−0.530^*	−0.550^*	0.461	−0.573	−0.139	−0.507
	80~100	−0.403	−0.441	0.288	−0.204	−0.474	0.263	−0.423	0.355	−0.426
通气度 Aeration	0~20	0.339	0.405	−0.417	0.476	0.417	0.636^**	0.644^**	0.895^**	0.680^**
	20~40	0.659^**	0.694^**	−0.456	0.761^**	0.779^**	0.653^**	0.634^**	0.589^*	0.678^**
	40~60	0.635^**	0.644^**	−0.795^**	0.719^**	0.787^**	0.642^**	0.772^**	0.633^**	0.590^**
	60~80	0.333	0.636^**	−0.614^**	0.168	0.091	0.058	0.263	0.121	0.091
	80~100	0.061	0.182	0.229	−0.277	−0.347	−0.690^**	0.030	−0.360	−0.647^**
毛管孔隙度 Capillary porosity	0~20	0.229	0.147	−0.633^**	0.827^**	0.804^**	0.240	0.820^**	0.658^**	0.859^**
	20~40	0.303	0.303	−0.330	0.461	0.020	0.610^**	0.585^*	0.083	0.343
	40~60	0.152	0.251	0.091	−0.172	−0.309	−0.257	−0.067	−0.013	−0.300
	60~80	0.649^**	0.667^**	−0.628^**	0.410	−0.317	−0.357	0.623^**	0.190	0.416
	80~100	0.871^**	0.893^**	−0.398	0.295	0.333	−0.693^**	0.633^**	−0.288	0.226
和分别表示在P<0.05和P<0.01水平相关。 and ** represent correlation coefficients at P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively.

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表 7 不同土层深度(x)介导下不同发根高峰苹果细根根长与分支(y)生长策略函数

Table 7. Growth strategy functions of fine root length and branch (y) of apple in different rooting peak times mediated by different soil layer depth (x)

覆膜年限 Mulching years (a)	发根高峰期 Rooting peak time	根长分布函数 Root length distribution function	相关系数 Correlation coefficient	分支数分布函数 Root branch distribution function	相关系数 Correlation coefficient
0 (对照 CK)	Ⅰ	y=−9.2103x²+1034x+542.64	0.624^**	y=−36.158x²+2887.8x+62 283	0.535
	Ⅱ	y=−1.9882x²+187.93x+13 222	0.945^**	y=−0.4066x²−139.17x+79 897	0.206
	Ⅲ	y=−0.3645x²−368.63x+47 618	0.940^**	y=15.679x²−3806.3x+228 554	0.976^**
2	Ⅰ	y=−0.9901x²−76.868x+37 047	0.778^**	y=5.8543x²−1359.2x+148 802	0.398
	Ⅱ	y=4.3715x²−763.07x+52 172	0.983^**	y=46.881x²−8206.5x+477 161	0.968^**
	Ⅲ	y=−5.4424x²+694.39x+9641.4	0.545	y=−7.3148x²+177.61x+81 900	0.730^**
4	Ⅰ	y=−0.9901x²−76.868x+37 047	0.778^**	y=92.115x²−13 986x+512 844	0.902^**
	Ⅱ	y=4.3715x²−763.07x+52 172	0.983^**	y=78.314x²−12 894x+546 702	0.991^**
	Ⅲ	y=−5.4424x²+694.39x+9641.4	0.545	y=15.467x²−2452.4x+105 418	0.877^**
6	Ⅰ	y=10.963x²−1785x+77 846	0.968^**	y=72.999x²−11 673x+456 250	0.939^**
	Ⅱ	y=0.8896x²−241.89x+21 850	0.778^**	y=14.329x²−2702.7x+163 002	0.882^**
	Ⅲ	y=1.4063x²−245.74x+14 270	0.911^**	y=4.6636x²−774.71x+36 441	0.925^**
Ⅰ: 春季萌芽至新梢旺长期; Ⅱ: 新梢停长期; Ⅲ: 采果后至落叶期。Ⅰ: spring sprouting to vigorous growth of new shoots;Ⅱ: new shoots stop growing; Ⅲ: fruit harvest to defoliation

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