Response of fine roots of apple to plastic film mulching in the dry tableland of eastern Gansu
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摘要: 为探明陇东旱塬苹果树根系年周期生长动态规律, 以及覆膜保墒措施下垂直土层根系数量、形态、分支特性、土壤理化性状的时空差异, 以18 a生苹果树(‘长富2号’/山定子)为试材, 于苹果根系3次发根高峰: 春季萌芽至新梢旺长前(Ⅰ)、新梢停长期(Ⅱ)和采果后至落叶期(Ⅲ), 采用土壤剖面法调查清耕(CK)、覆膜2 a (2Y)、覆膜4 a (4Y)和覆膜6 a (6Y)的根系空间分布, 并对根系生物量、根长、表面积、比根长、比分支数等进行测定, 探索不同覆膜年限处理下细根生长时空动态特征。借助回归统计分析, 阐明苹果树细根生长策略对覆膜年限的响应。结果表明: 在苹果根系生长年周期中, 第Ⅲ次发根高峰最为重要。各处理苹果细根在第Ⅲ次发根高峰的生物量占3次发根高峰期总生物量的73.55%~84.85%, 在第Ⅰ发根高峰表层土壤(0~20 cm)的细根分支数分别为第Ⅲ次发根高峰的130.67%、100.53%、156.63%和238.63%, 可提高原位土壤资源利用效率; 在第Ⅲ次发根高峰中, CK促进细根根长与根表面积在表层土壤中的分布, 分别为第Ⅰ次发根高峰的275.64%和248.96%; 并抑制细根分支, 分支数和比分支数仅为第Ⅰ次发根高峰的76.53%和14.68%, 以达到扩展有效营养空间、降低根系内部竞争的作用。短期覆膜(2Y)各土层的土壤含水量分别为CK的112.39%、118.04%、124.06%、133.59%和114.49%, 细根生物量在3次发根高峰中分别为CK的116.72%、232.35%和112.09%; 土壤表层细根比根长在第Ⅰ和Ⅲ次发根高峰相比CK分别提高47.1%和62.92%, 根表面积则分别提高67.21%和56.88%; 深层土壤(80~100 cm)细根分支数相比CK分别提高282.22%和7.27%。可见2Y处理可促进表层土壤细根形态性状的表达及深层土壤根系分支结构的建成, 细根均匀分布于垂直土层0~100 cm的距干0~120 cm范围内。6Y处理在年生长初期表层土壤的细根分支数和比分支数相比CK分别提高6.11%和34.6%, 而在年生长后期则仅为CK的58.1%和19.56%, 呈年生长初期重分支、年生长后期简化分支的构型特点, 并显著抑制第Ⅲ次发根高峰细根生长, 深层土壤的细根根长、根表面积和比根长仅为CK的35.19%、40.43%和82.67%。即苹果细根生长受物候期和树体营养周转的影响, 在年生长初期应用“资源保守获取型”生长策略, 在年生长后期采取“资源快速获取型”生长策略; 短期覆膜(2Y)可改善土壤理化性状, 促进细根拓展延伸范围; 长期覆膜(6Y)对亚表层土壤(20~40 cm)的破坏作用, 阻碍细根下扎, 集中土壤表层分布。Abstract: This study investigated the annual growth dynamics of apple tree roots in the dry plateau of Longdong and the temporal and spatial differences in the number, morphology, branching characteristics of the roots, and soil physical and chemical properties in vertical soil layers under film mulching and soil moisture conservation measures. Eighteenth-year-old apple trees (‘ Nagano Fuji No.2’) were assessed three times in the rooting peak times of apple tree: from spring sprouting to vigorous growth of new shoots (Ⅰ), shoots stopped growing (Ⅱ), and from fruit harvest to defoliation (Ⅲ). Using the soil profile and stratified sampling method, different treatments (conventional tillage [CK], film-mulching for two years [2Y], film-mulching for four years [4Y], and film-mulching for six years [6Y]) were investigated to analyze the spatial distribution of biomass, root length, surface area, specific root length, and the specific branch (branch number/dry matter weigh) of roots. Regression analysis was used to assess the fine root growth strategy for apple trees with plastic film mulching. The results showed that the rooting peak Ⅲ was the most important stage of the annual growth cycle of apple roots. The fine roots biomass at rooting peak Ⅲ under each treatment was 73.55%–84.85% of the total biomass at the three rooting peaks. The number of fine root branches at rooting peak Ⅰ in the surface soil (0–20 cm) was 130.67%, 100.53%, 156.63%, and 238.63% of that at rooting peak Ⅲ, which effectively improved the utilization of the soil resources in situ. At rooting peak Ⅲ, CK promoted the distribution of fine root length and root surface area in the surface soil, which were 275.64% and 248.96% of those at rooting peak Ⅰ, respectively. The number of branches and specific branches were only 76.53% and 14.68% of those at rooting peak Ⅰ, which expanded the effective nutrient space and reduced the internal competition of the root system. The soil water content in the short-term mulching (2Y) treatment in each soil layer were 112.39% (0−20 cm), 118.04% (20−40 cm), 124.06% (40−60 cm), 133.59% (60−80 cm), and 114.49% (80−100 cm) of CK; and the fine root biomass was 116.72%, 232.35%, and 112.09% of CK at the three rooting peak times. Compared with CK, the specific root length of the surface fine roots increased by 47.1% and 62.92% at rooting peaks Ⅰ and Ⅲ, and the root surface area increased by 67.21% and 56.88% in 2Y treatment. The number of fine root branches in the deep soil (80–100 cm) increased by 282.22% and 7.27%, respectively, compared with CK. The 2Y treatment promoted fine root morphological trait expression at the surface soil and branch structure establishment in the deep soil. Fine roots were evenly distributed in the 0–100 cm vertical soil layer and 0–120 cm horizontally from tree. Compared with CK, the 6Y treatment increased the number of fine root branches and specific branches by 6.11% and 34.6%, respectively, in the early growth stage, but by 58.1% and 19.56% in the late growth stage. These results demonstrate the characteristics of complex branches in the early growth stage and simplified branches in the late growth stage significantly inhibit the growth of fine roots at rooting peak Ⅲ. The fine root length, root surface area, and specific root length in the deep soil were 35.19%, 40.43%, and 82.67% of those of CK, respectively, in 6Y treatment. Fine root growth was affected by the phenological period and the turnover of tree nutrients; the “conservatively obtaining resources” growth strategy was applied in the early growth stage, and the “rapidly obtaining resources” growth strategy was adopted in the late growth stage. Short-term film mulching (2Y) can improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil and promote fine root extension. Damage from long-term plastic film mulching (6Y) to the subsurface soil (20–40 cm) prevented the fine roots from settling down and they became concentrated in the surface layer.
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Key words:
- Apple /
- Film-mulching /
- Characteristics of fine root /
- Adaptation strategy
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图 2 不同覆膜年限苹果树根系发根高峰[春季萌芽至新梢旺长期(Ⅰ)、采果后至落叶期(Ⅲ)]的细根根长空间分布
CK: 对照; 2Y: 覆膜2年处理; 4Y: 覆膜4年处理; 6Y: 覆膜6年处理。CK: control treatment; 2Y: mulching for 2 years; 4Y: mulching for 4 years; 6Y: mulching for 6 years.
Figure 2. Spatial distribution of fine root length in rooting peak times from spring sprouting to vigorous growth of new shoots (Ⅰ) and from fruit harvest to defoliation (Ⅲ) of apple trees with different years of film mulching
表 1 试验区土壤理化性状
Table 1. Physical and chemical properties of soil in the test area
项目 Item 0~20 cm 20~40 cm 全氮 Total N (g∙kg‒1) 1.27 0.74 全磷 Total P (g∙kg‒1) 1.12 0.80 全钾 Total K (g∙kg‒1) 16.86 16.82 有机质 Organic matter (g∙kg‒1) 14.69 9.57 碱解氮 Alkaline hydrolysis N (mg∙kg‒1) 96.25 47.25 速效磷 Available P (mg∙kg‒1) 47.3 14.7 速效钾 Available K (mg∙kg‒1) 377.04 182.96 pH 8.35 8.85 黏粒含量 Clay content (%) 9.70 9.59 表 2 不同覆膜年限苹果树根系3次发根高峰细根生物量动态
Table 2. Dynamics of fine root biomass at three rooting peak times with different years of film mulching
g 发根高峰期
Rooting peak time覆膜年限 Mulching years (a) 0 (对照 CK) 2 4 6 Ⅰ 76.96±6.93b 89.83±5.62b 98.81±5.89a 57.68±4.23c Ⅱ 74.50±7.79c 173.10±9.63a 102.23±10.50b 86.25±7.53bc Ⅲ 848.11±52.15b 950.61±37.40a 558.91±44.79c 494.16±42.27c Ⅰ: 春季萌芽至新梢旺长期; Ⅱ: 新梢停长期; Ⅲ: 采果后至落叶期。同行不同小写字母表示不同覆膜年限间在P<0.05水平差异显著。Ⅰ: spring sprouting to vigorous growth period of new shoots;Ⅱ: new shoots stop growing; Ⅲ: fruit harvest to defoliation. Different lowercase letters in the same row indicate significant differences among different treatments of mulching years at P<0.05. 表 3 不同覆膜年限苹果树细根在3次发根高峰的垂直分布中心
Table 3. Vertical distribution centers in three rooting peak times of apple fine roots with different years of film mulching
cm 覆膜年限
Mulching year (a)发根高峰 Rooting peak time Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ 0 (对照 CK) 57.21±0.66a 58.09±0.62a 46.75±1.04b 2 54.35±0.94b 52.15±0.60b 63.56±1.31a 4 41.23±0.27c 42.89±0.87c 42.45±0.68c 6 39.10±1.52d 48.77±0.77b 39.64±0.96d Ⅰ: 春季萌芽至新梢旺长期; Ⅱ: 新梢停长期; Ⅲ: 采果后至落叶期。同列不同小写字母表示不同覆膜年限间在P<0.05水平差异显著。Ⅰ: spring sprouting to vigorous growth of new shoots;Ⅱ: new shoots stop growing; Ⅲ: fruit harvest to defoliation. Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant differences among different treatments of mulching years at P<0.05. 表 4 不同覆膜年限苹果细根的时空生长分布
Table 4. Spatiotemporal growth and distribution of fine roots of apple with different mulching years
项目
Item覆膜年限
Mulching years (a)春季萌芽至新梢旺长期
Spring sprouting to vigorous growth of new shoots (Ⅰ)采果后至落叶期
Fruit harvest to defoliation (Ⅲ)0~20 cm 80~100 cm 0~20 cm 80~100 cm 根长
Root length (cm)0 (对照 CK) 13 311.09±452.7d 13 839.71±432.10b 36 690.20±1882.87a 8190.15±602.95c 2 34 086.36±406.47c 18 593.83±1206.09a 19 257.98±1246.87c 22 417.03±1296.37a 4 71 155.00±6346.50a 12 601.09±394.29b 26 282.31±6453.39b 9588.59±278.57b 6 47 031.10±2961.83b 6800.14±126.27c 9046.08±386.76d 2882.28±180.22d 根表面积
Root surface area (cm2)0 (对照 CK) 1723.00±56.76c 2721.29±63.40b 4289.63±59.89a 1475.80±67.59b 2 5015.37±216.77b 3227.53±184.55a 2168.46±92.76c 3754.46±59.07a 4 10 921.66±720.21a 2512.73±50.24c 3263.16±151.54b 1536.92±128.66b 6 5242.66±159.77b 1655.36±58.14d 1769.34±61.67d 596.65±20.64c 平均根径
Average root diameter (mm)0 (对照 CK) 0.60±0.11b 0.82±0.08b 0.51±0.05b 1.12±0.03b 2 0.54±0.04c 0.81±0.04b 0.46±0.05b 0.91±0.05c 4 0.75±0.07a 0.91±0.02b 0.51±0.06b 0.84±0.05c 6 0.84±0.03a 1.18±0.07a 1.03±0.04a 1.32±0.04a 比根长
Specific root length (cm∙g−1)0 (对照 CK) 1437.48±78.30c 1346.27±132.94ab 275.28±22.54b 65.42±7.93b 2 2114.53±136.16a 1497.54±76.23a 448.48±40.57a 90.82±10.02a 4 1302.72±30.84c 1406.37±75.17a 287.20±70.29b 95.84±11.03a 6 1822.91±62.69b 1179.53±130.90b 83.58±16.79c 54.08±6.09b 比表面积
Specific surface (cm2∙g−1)0 (对照 CK) 186.07±10.86b 264.72±11.85b 32.19±2.83b 11.79±0.81b 2 311.13±20.54a 295.23±13.30a 50.50±1.66a 15.21±0.84a 4 199.96±9.07b 280.44±18.15ab 35.66±1.74b 15.36±0.67a 6 203.20±15.03b 230.56±18.55c 16.35±0.86c 11.20±0.89b 根尖数
Root tip Number (No.∙cm−1)0 (对照 CK) 2.50±0.16b 1.17±0.06c 4.70±0.12d 3.58±0.15d 2 2.70±0.19b 1.77±0.04a 5.37±0.06b 4.06±0.12c 4 2.63±0.06b 1.42±0.04b 4.98±0.05c 4.63±0.13b 6 3.32±0.28a 1.14±0.05c 6.00±0.10a 5.93±0.10a 比根尖数
Specific Root tip (No.∙g-1)0 (对照 CK) 3596.10±189.88c 1578.31±51.98c 1293.83±61.69b 234.31±7.57c 2 5706.82±254.55b 2302.43±80.62a 2408.08±71.63a 568.91±22.12a 4 3422.74±122.68c 1999.00±95.22b 1430.89±116.52b 444.12±13.69b 6 6053.91±138.33a 1480.45±28.38c 334.12±28.05c 121.00±10.87d 分支数
Branch number (No.∙cm−1)0 (对照 CK) 5.24±0.18b 0.90±0.05c 4.01±0.10a 1.10±0.08b 2 3.79±0.13c 3.44±0.16a 3.77±0.29a 1.18±0.04b 4 3.90±0.12c 1.18±0.14b 2.49±0.14b 1.09±0.10b 6 5.56±0.13a 0.95±0.07c 2.33±0.11b 1.37±0.08a 比分支数
Specific branch (No.∙g−1)0 (对照 CK) 7778.18±196.09c 1296.01±63.75d 1141.46±58.96b 78.09±6.89c 2 8534.12±94.55b 4791.41±86.33a 1741.71±124.82a 116.70±5.57a 4 5414.70±156.20d 1798.88±57.11c 744.13±12.42c 112.09±10.08a 6 10 469.38±672.99a 2368.90±65.96b 223.24±19.94d 93.43±4.05b 同列不同小写字母表示在P<0.05水平差异显著。Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant differences among different treatments of mulching years at P<0.05. 表 5 不同覆膜年限苹果园土壤有机质含量及物理性质的垂直变化
Table 5. Vertical changes of organic matter content and physical properties of apple soils with different years of film mulching
覆膜年限
Mulching years
(a)土层深度
Soil depth
(cm)有机质含量
Organic matter content
(g∙kg−1)含水量
Moisture
(g∙cm−3)孔隙度
Porosity
(%)容重
Bulk density
(g∙cm−3)通气度
Aeration
(%)毛管孔隙度
Capillary porosity
(%)0 (对照 CK) 0~20 12.94±0.17aA 21.07±1.30bBC 54.48±1.17aAB 1.30±0.07abA 35.34±1.60aA 42.65±0.44aB 20~40 8.41±0.25bA 23.89±2.00aB 47.71±1.33bAB 1.27±0.06bA 27.83±1.07bA 36.09±1.45cA 40~60 7.86±0.12cA 21.78±1.29abB 45.11±0.87cBC 1.36±0.03abA 25.02±1.72cA 34.66±1.20cB 60~80 6.94±0.17dA 20.51±0.81bC 45.34±0.76cA 1.37±0.05abA 26.43±1.73bcA 39.54±1.50bA 80~100 6.49±0.16eB 20.50±1.80bBC 43.78±1.18cA 1.40±0.09aA 25.15±1.86cA 36.77±1.55cB 2 0~20 12.48±0.12aAB 23.68±1.39bAB 57.56±1.36aA 1.18±0.07cB 34.20±1.45aA 44.48±0.74aA 20~40 8.00±0.11bB 28.20±1.50aA 49.87±1.37bA 1.24±0.02bcA 21.67±1.07bB 34.24±1.06dC 40~60 7.45±0.11cAB 27.02±1.88aA 46.49±0.89bcAB 1.31±0.06abA 22.15±1.36bB 38.79±1.02cA 60~80 7.20±0.13dA 27.40±1.20aA 44.63±2.75cdA 1.32±0.05abA 21.80±0.50bB 38.84±1.08cA 80~100 7.33±0.10cdA 23.47±0.87bAB 41.06±4.48dA 1.36±0.05aA 19.35±0.97cB 40.87±1.09bA 4 0~20 11.7±0.52aC 24.23±1.93aA 51.01±3.54aBC 1.18±0.04cB 26.78±1.80aB 42.14±0.79aB 20~40 6.56±0.20cC 25.24±1.46aAB 47.26±3.52abAB 1.26±0.05bA 22.02±0.22cB 34.96±1.66bAB 40~60 7.12±0.22bB 23.21±2.81aB 47.77±1.27abA 1.33±0.05abA 24.56±1.09bA 35.40±0.43bB 60~80 6.30±0.14cB 24.31±1.01aB 42.96±1.15bcA 1.35±0.04aA 18.65±1.03dC 34.67±1.14bcB 80~100 7.37±0.28bA 25.23±2.13aA 42.08±3.55cA 1.39±0.03aA 16.85±1.87dC 33.06±0.73cC 6 0~20 12.03±0.31aBC 19.13±1.30aC 49.87±0.37aC 1.24±0.05bB 28.80±1.06aB 41.46±0.95aB 20~40 6.38±0.09bC 19.88±2.28aC 44.80±2.00bB 1.28±0.05bA 19.47±1.07bcB 32.83±0.37cBC 40~60 6.50±0.37bC 20.09±0.20aB 43.93±1.16bC 1.37±0.02aA 20.91±1.75bC 36.61±2.00bAB 60~80 6.27±0.16bcB 18.90±0.20aC 42.31±1.78bcA 1.39±0.05aA 17.22±0.63dC 31.44±0.69cC 80~100 5.82±0.20cC 18.62±1.75aC 39.85±2.66cA 1.42±0.02aA 17.59±0.91cdBC 32.13±1.04cC 同列不同小写字母表示不同土层间在P<0.05水平差异显著。同列不同大写字母表示不同覆膜年限间在P<0.05水平差异显著。Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant differences among different soil layers at P<0.05. Different capital letters in the same column indicate significant differences among different mulching years at P<0.05. 表 6 不同覆膜年限苹果细根生长与土壤理化性状的相关性
Table 6. Correlation between apple fine root growth and soil physical and chemical properties under different years of film-mulching
土壤性状
Soil property土层深度
Soil depth (cm)数量性状
Quantitative traits形态性状 Morphological characters 构型性状 Configuration properties 根长
Root length根表面积
Root surface area平均根径
Average root diameter比根长
Specific root length比表面积
Specific surface area根尖数
Root tip number比根尖数
Specific root tip分支数
Branch number比分支数
Specific branch有机质含量
Organic matter content0~20 0.728** 0.603** −0.673** 0.743** 0.784** 0.641** 0.765** 0.602** 0.712** 20~40 0.663** 0.676** −0.771** 0.809** 0.542 0.589* 0.910** 0.651** 0.738** 40~60 0.887** 0.817** −0.892** 0.910** 0.935** 0.649** 0.944** 0.568* 0.858** 60~80 0.450 0.377 −0.740** 0.304 0.168 −0.656** 0.443 −0.221 −0.121 80~100 −0.400 −0.377 0.238 −0.329 −0.414 −0.480 −0.457 −0.375 −0.775** 含水量
Moisture0~20 0.199 0.412 −0.676** 0.659** 0.719** −0.417 0.684** 0.117 0.521 20~40 0.579* 0.675** −0.781** 0.461 0.872** −0.646** 0.564 0.341 0.597* 40~60 0.555* 0.656** −0.524 0.458 0.364 −0.006 0.488 0.107 0.364 60~80 0.890** 0.818** −0.886** 0.905** 0.919** −0.760** 0.991** 0.242 0.849** 80~100 0.676** 0.653** −0.888** 0.907** 0.756** −0.369 0.767** −0.431 0.550 孔隙度
Porosity0~20 0.375 −0.082 −0.584* 0.710** 0.730** −0.309 0.789** 0.762** 0.854** 20~40 0.556 0.629** −0.595* 0.586* 0.727** −0.510 0.406 0.450 0.566* 40~60 0.442 0.266 −0.529* 0.438 0.238 −0.314 0.339 0.360 0.071 60~80 0.372 0.420 −0.329 0.130 0.130 −0.137 0.353 0.155 0.188 80~100 −0.030 0.152 −0.078 −0.091 0.120 −0.366 0.042 −0.543* −0.148 容重
Bulk density0~20 0.269 −0.122 0.326 −0.309 −0.340 −0.192 −0.347 0.236 −0.120 20~40 −0.142 −0.199 0.257 −0.231 −0.335 0.248 −0.094 −0.117 −0.153 40~60 −0.395 −0.380 0.312 −0.271 −0.103 0.136 −0.262 0.093 −0.094 60~80 −0.571* −0.519 0.519 −0.530* −0.550* 0.461 −0.573 −0.139 −0.507 80~100 −0.403 −0.441 0.288 −0.204 −0.474 0.263 −0.423 0.355 −0.426 通气度
Aeration0~20 0.339 0.405 −0.417 0.476 0.417 0.636** 0.644** 0.895** 0.680** 20~40 0.659** 0.694** −0.456 0.761** 0.779** 0.653** 0.634** 0.589* 0.678** 40~60 0.635** 0.644** −0.795** 0.719** 0.787** 0.642** 0.772** 0.633** 0.590** 60~80 0.333 0.636** −0.614** 0.168 0.091 0.058 0.263 0.121 0.091 80~100 0.061 0.182 0.229 −0.277 −0.347 −0.690** 0.030 −0.360 −0.647** 毛管孔隙度
Capillary porosity0~20 0.229 0.147 −0.633** 0.827** 0.804** 0.240 0.820** 0.658** 0.859** 20~40 0.303 0.303 −0.330 0.461 0.020 0.610** 0.585* 0.083 0.343 40~60 0.152 0.251 0.091 −0.172 −0.309 −0.257 −0.067 −0.013 −0.300 60~80 0.649** 0.667** −0.628** 0.410 −0.317 −0.357 0.623** 0.190 0.416 80~100 0.871** 0.893** −0.398 0.295 0.333 −0.693** 0.633** −0.288 0.226 *和**分别表示在P<0.05和P<0.01水平相关。* and ** represent correlation coefficients at P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively. 表 7 不同土层深度(x)介导下不同发根高峰苹果细根根长与分支(y)生长策略函数
Table 7. Growth strategy functions of fine root length and branch (y) of apple in different rooting peak times mediated by different soil layer depth (x)
覆膜年限
Mulching years (a)发根高峰期
Rooting peak time根长分布函数
Root length distribution function相关系数
Correlation coefficient分支数分布函数
Root branch distribution function相关系数
Correlation coefficient0 (对照 CK) Ⅰ y=−9.2103x2+1034x+542.64 0.624** y=−36.158x2+2887.8x+62 283 0.535 Ⅱ y=−1.9882x2+187.93x+13 222 0.945** y=−0.4066x2−139.17x+79 897 0.206 Ⅲ y=−0.3645x2−368.63x+47 618 0.940** y=15.679x2−3806.3x+228 554 0.976** 2 Ⅰ y=−0.9901x2−76.868x+37 047 0.778** y=5.8543x2−1359.2x+148 802 0.398 Ⅱ y=4.3715x2−763.07x+52 172 0.983** y=46.881x2−8206.5x+477 161 0.968** Ⅲ y=−5.4424x2+694.39x+9641.4 0.545 y=−7.3148x2+177.61x+81 900 0.730** 4 Ⅰ y=−0.9901x2−76.868x+37 047 0.778** y=92.115x2−13 986x+512 844 0.902** Ⅱ y=4.3715x2−763.07x+52 172 0.983** y=78.314x2−12 894x+546 702 0.991** Ⅲ y=−5.4424x2+694.39x+9641.4 0.545 y=15.467x2−2452.4x+105 418 0.877** 6 Ⅰ y=10.963x2−1785x+77 846 0.968** y=72.999x2−11 673x+456 250 0.939** Ⅱ y=0.8896x2−241.89x+21 850 0.778** y=14.329x2−2702.7x+163 002 0.882** Ⅲ y=1.4063x2−245.74x+14 270 0.911** y=4.6636x2−774.71x+36 441 0.925** Ⅰ: 春季萌芽至新梢旺长期; Ⅱ: 新梢停长期; Ⅲ: 采果后至落叶期。Ⅰ: spring sprouting to vigorous growth of new shoots;Ⅱ: new shoots stop growing; Ⅲ: fruit harvest to defoliation -
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