太湖流域稻田管理方式对蜘蛛群落特征的影响

满吉勇; 袁凯; 陈宝雄; 王子睿; 刘云慧

doi:10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.210081

太湖流域稻田管理方式对蜘蛛群落特征的影响

doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.210081

满吉勇^{1, 2, 3,},
袁凯^{1, 2, 3},
陈宝雄⁴,
王子睿^{1, 2, 3},
刘云慧^1, ,

1.
中国农业大学资源与环境学院　北京　100193
2.
中国农业大学生物多样性与有机农业北京市重点实验室　北京　100193
3.
中国农业大学有机循环研究院(苏州)　苏州　215000
4.
农业农村部农业生态与资源保护总站　北京　100125

基金项目: 江苏省科技支撑项目(SNG201903)资助

详细信息

作者简介:
满吉勇, 主要研究方向为有机农业与生物多样性。E-mail: manjy@cau.edu.cn

通讯作者:
刘云慧, 主要研究方向为景观生态与生物多样性。E-mail: liuyh@cau.edu.cn

中图分类号: Q149
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-02-07
- 录用日期: 2021-04-07
- 网络出版日期: 2021-07-26
- 刊出日期: 2021-09-06

Impact of rice field management on the spider community characteristics in Taihu Lake Basin

MAN Jiyong^{1, 2, 3
,},
YUAN Kai^{1, 2, 3},
CHEN Baoxiong⁴,
WANG Zirui^{1, 2, 3},
LIU Yunhui^{1
, ,}

1.
College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
2.
Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic Farming, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
3.
Organic Recycling Research Institute (Suzhou) of China Agricultural University, Suzhou 215000, China
4.
Rural Energy and Environment Agency, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100125, China

Funds: This study was supported by the Science and Technology Support Project of Jiangsu Province (SNG201903)

摘要

摘要: 蜘蛛是稻田重要的天敌生物, 通过改进生产管理方式提升稻田蜘蛛多样性及其害虫生物控制服务, 对推动稻田可持续生产具有重要意义。本研究调查太湖流域有机、绿色、常规生产模式下稻田蜘蛛群落多样性及群落结构和功能组成, 以评估不同生产管理模式对稻田蜘蛛多样性的影响。结果显示: 不同生产方式蜘蛛α多样性指数差异显著, 有机生产稻田蜘蛛的丰富度、多度和辛普森多样性指数均显著高于常规及绿色生产稻田。捕猎类型在不同稻田差异显著, 有机和绿色生产稻田蜘蛛以结网型为主, 而常规生产稻田以捕猎型为主; 3种生产模式稻田蜘蛛体长和飞航能力无显著差异。有机和常规生产稻田蜘蛛群落组成间存在显著差异, 绿色生产稻田蜘蛛群落组成介于有机与常规生产稻田之间, 是这两种生境蜘蛛组成的过渡类型; 有机生产稻田具有较多的的蜘蛛指示种, 而绿色和常规生产稻田蜘蛛群落分布上以广布种与共有种为主, 缺乏特有种。稻田蜘蛛群落组成随水稻生长而变化, 但有机生产稻田蜘蛛丰富度、多度除分蘖早期和拔节期外, 其余时期均显著高于常规和绿色生产稻田。研究结果表明, 相较于常规和绿色生产, 有机生产方式可以有效提高稻田蜘蛛多样性, 维持更强的害虫捕食能力, 对推动该地区绿色发展和生态环境恢复具有重要意义。
- 太湖流域 /
- 稻田管理方式 /
- 有机生产 /
- 绿色生产 /
- 蜘蛛 /
- 群落结构 /
- 功能特征
Abstract: Spiders are important natural enemies that provide a key biological control service in rice planting systems. In recent decades, agricultural intensification has caused a series of environmental problems, including the loss of biodiversity and the decline of associated ecosystem services. Therefore, it is necessary to explore if the spider diversity can be improved by adjusting the rice farming practices to enhance the biological control services to allow more sustainable agricultural production. Recent studies on rice field spiders have compared the spider diversity between organic and conventional farming systems. However, studies on spider diversity in green rice fields are rare. The Taihu Lake Basin is an important rice production area in China, but it has also suffered from serious non-point pollution in recent years. Thus, it is important to develop a sustainable rice production approach and conserve the biodiversity and associated ecosystem services for regional sustainability. In this study, we sampled spiders with a suction sampler to assess the impact of different farming practices, including organic, green, and conventional farming practices, on the diversity, composition, and dynamics of spiders in rice fields. The results indicated that 1) there were significant differences in the spider diversity among different farming systems. Species richness, abundance, and the Simpson diversity index of spiders in organic rice fields were significantly higher than those in the other two treatments. 2) There were no significant differences in spider body size and the ballooning capacity among different farming practices. 3) The composition of spider communities in organic rice fields was distinct from that in conventional rice fields, whereas green rice fields had a similar spider composition as that of conventional and organic rice fields. 4) Organic and green rice fields were dominated by web-building spiders, whereas conventional rice fields were dominated by hunting spiders. 5) Organic rice fields had many indicator species, such as Bianor incitatus, Chrysso octomaculata, and Clubiona corrugata, while the spider communities in green and conventional rice fields were dominated by generalist and common species and lacked endemic species. 6) The spider community diversity in rice fields changed with rice growth. The species richness and Simpson diversity indexes of the spider communities were greater in organic rice fields than those in conventional and green rice fields across all rice-growing seasons, except during the early tillering and elongation stages. In summary, compared with conventional and green farming systems, organic farming system sustains greater spider diversity and distinct spider compositions with more web-building and indicator species. The spider diversity under green farming system, on the other hand, did not differ from that under conventional rice practices. To improve spider diversity and the associated biological control services in rice fields, the transformation of conventional rice production to organic production and reduced chemical reagents input should be encouraged, which is also important for the ecological restoration of the Taihu Lake Basin.
- Taihu Lake Basin /
- Paddy field management method /
- Organic farming system /
- Green farming system /
- Spider /
- Community structure /
- Functional traits

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图 1 不同生产模式稻田蜘蛛的物种多样性

Con: 常规生产稻田; Gre: 绿色生产稻田; Org: 有机生产稻田。不同小写字母表示不同处理间在P<0.05水平差异显著。Con: conventional rice field; Gre: green rice field; Org: organic rice field. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different treatments at P<0.05 level.

Figure 1. Diversity of spiders in rice fields under different farming systems

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图 2 不同生产模式稻田蜘蛛功能特征(a, b, c)及其主成分分析(d)

Con: 常规生产稻田; Gre: 绿色生产稻田; Org: 有机生产稻田。Con: conventional rice field; Gre: green rice field; Org: organic rice field.

Figure 2. Functional characteristics (a, b, c) and principal component analysis (d) of spiders in rice fields under different farming systems

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图 3 基于非度量多维尺度分析(NMDS)与群落相似度分析的不同生产模式稻田蜘蛛群落组成

a) m=1: 各样地最小共同个体数; b) m=5: 各样地最大共同个体数。Con: 常规生产稻田; Gre: 绿色生产稻田; Org: 有机生产稻田。a) m=1: the smallest number of common individuals in each plot; b) m=5: maximum number of common individuals in each plot. Con: conventional rice field; Gre: green rice field; Org: organic rice field.

Figure 3. Spider community groups of rice fields under different farming systems based on non-metric multidimensional scale analysis (NMDS) and community similarity analysis

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图 4 不同生产方式稻田不同水稻发育时期蜘蛛多样性及功能特征的变化

Con: 常规生产稻田; Gre: 绿色生产稻田; Org: 有机生产稻田。FNZ: 分蘖早期; FNH: 分蘖后期; BJ: 拔节期; CS: 抽穗期; YH: 扬花期; GJ: 灌浆期; HS: 黄熟期。Con: conventional rice field; Gre: green rice field; Org: organic rice field. FNZ: early tillering; FNH: late tillering; BJ: elongation stage; CS: heading stage; YH: booting stage; GJ: blooming stage; HS: yellow maturity stage.

Figure 4. Changes of spider diversity and functional characteristics at different growing stages of rice under different farming systems

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表 1 不同生产模式稻田取样农场的基本情况

Table 1. Farming practices of rice in sampling farms with different farming systems

生产方式 Farming system	管理方式 Management method
生产方式 Farming system	施肥 Fertilizing	除虫 Deworming	除草 Weeding
有机 Organic	有机肥(鸡粪有机肥12 000 kg∙hm⁻²、蚯蚓叶面肥1500 kg∙hm⁻²) Organic fertilizer (chicken manure 12 000 kg∙hm⁻², earthworm foliar fertilizer 1500 kg∙hm⁻²)	昆虫性引诱剂(5盒∙hm⁻²)、苏云金杆菌+竹醋液(1500 mL∙hm⁻²)、除虫菊+苦参碱+印楝素(1500 mL∙hm⁻²) Insect attractant (5 boxes∙hm⁻²), bacillus thuringiensis-bamboo vinegar (1500 mL∙hm⁻²), pyrethrum-matrine-azadirachtin (1500 mL∙hm⁻²)	人工拔草 Manual weeding
绿色 Green	有机-无机复合肥(1500 kg∙hm⁻²) Organic-inorganic compound fertilizer (1500 kg∙hm⁻²)	吡呀酮(225 g∙hm⁻²)、呋硄胺(270 g∙hm⁻²)、甲维茚虫威(150 mL∙hm⁻²)、氨虫苯甲酰胺 (150 mL∙hm⁻²) Piramidone (225 g∙hm⁻²), nitrofuran (270 g∙hm⁻²), mevindoxacarb (150 mL∙hm⁻²), amphetamine (150 mL∙hm⁻²)	苄嘧丙草胺(1500 mL∙hm⁻²)、五氟氰氟草酯 (900 mL∙hm⁻²)、草甘膦(1500 mL∙hm⁻²)、精吡氟水草灵(1500 mL∙hm⁻²)、人工除草 Bensulfuron (1500 mL∙hm⁻²), pentaflufen (900 mL∙hm⁻²), glyphosate (1500 mL∙hm⁻²), diflufenicol (1500 mL∙hm⁻²), manual weeding
常规 Conventional	有机-无机复合肥(375 kg∙hm⁻²)、尿素 (300 kg∙hm⁻²) Organic-inorganic compound fertilizer (375 kg∙hm⁻²), urea (300 kg∙hm⁻²)	吡呀酮(225 g∙hm⁻²)、甲维茚虫威(150 mL∙hm⁻²)、氨虫苯甲酰胺 (3000 mL∙hm⁻²) Piramidone (225 g∙hm⁻²), mevindoxacarb (150 mL∙hm⁻²), amphetamine (3000 mL∙hm⁻²)	草甘磷(3000 mL∙hm⁻²)、恶唑酰草胺(900 mL∙hm⁻²)、氰氟草酯(1500 mL∙hm⁻²) Glyphosate (3000 mL∙hm⁻²), Metamifop (900 mL∙hm⁻²), cyhalofopbutyl (1500 mL∙hm⁻²)

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表 2 蜘蛛功能特征的类型及标准

Table 2. Types and standards of spider functional traits

功能特征 Functional trait	类型 Type	单位/等级 Unit / class	标准 Standard
体长 Body size	连续型变量 Continuous variable	mm	以雌性蜘蛛的最大体长为准 The maximum body size of female individual
捕猎类型 Hunting type	二元型变量 Binary variable	0/1	0=结网型; 1=捕猎型 0=weber; 1=hunter
飞航类型 Ballooning type	二元型变量 Binary variable	0/1	0=不具有飞航能力; 1=具有飞航能力 0=non-ballooning; 1=ballooning

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表 3 不同生产方式稻田蜘蛛指示种及其功能特征

Table 3. Indicator species and their functional traits in rice fields under different farming systems

物种 Species	生产方式 Farming system			P	功能特征 Function trait
物种 Species	常规 Conventional	绿色 Green	有机 Organic	P	体长 Body size	捕猎类型 Hunting type	飞航类型 Ballooning type
Agrocea coreana	0.20	0.00	0.00	1.000	6.48	0	1
裂菱头蛛 Bianor incitatus	0.29	0.03	0.58	0.054	3.60	1	0
八斑丽蛛 Chrysso octomaculata	0.11	0.05	0.79	0.002	2.50	0	1
褶管巢蛛 Clubiona corrugata	0.09	0.07	0.82	0.005	5.80	1	1
粽管巢蛛 Clubiona japonicola	0.00	0.00	0.20	1.000	7.10	1	1
千岛管巢蛛 Clubiona kurilensis	0.02	0.00	0.37	0.267	7.60	1	1
狡蛛属种1 Dolomedes sp. 1	0.12	0.13	0.69	0.010	16.20	1	1
苔齿螯蛛 Enoplognatha caricis	0.00	0.00	0.20	1.000	6.35	0	1
隆背微蛛 Erigone prominens	0.10	0.27	0.38	0.674	2.10	0	1
平腹蛛属种1 Gnaphosa. sp. 1	0.00	0.20	0.00	1.000	7.20	1	1
驼背额角蛛 Gnathonarium gibberum	0.09	0.15	0.76	0.003	3.00	0	1
草间钻头蛛 Hylyphantes graminicola	0.00	0.00	0.20	1.000	4.00	0	1
四点高亮腹蛛 Hypsosinga pygmaea	0.05	0.19	0.73	0.001	4.60	0	1
红高亮腹蛛 Hypsosinga sanguinea	0.00	0.00	0.20	1.000	4.70	0	1
卡氏蒙蛛 Mendoza canestrinii	0.02	0.10	0.85	0.001	9.30	1	0
底栖小类球蛛 Nesticella mogera	0.20	0.00	0.00	1.000	2.70	0	1
猫蛛属种1 Oxyopes sp. 1	0.40	0.00	0.00	0.281	7.75	1	1
四斑粗螯蛛 Pachygnatha quadrimaculata	0.01	0.10	0.58	0.077	3.25	0	1
亚苍白盘蛛 Paidiscura subpallens	0.08	0.01	0.87	0.004	6.48	0	1
雾豹蛛 Pardosa nebulosa	0.12	0.00	0.08	1.000	10.00	1	1
拟环纹豹蛛 Pardosa pseudoannulata	0.40	0.16	0.44	0.399	9.00	1	1
金蝉蛛属种1 Phintella sp. 1	0.01	0.00	0.95	0.007	5.00	1	0
拟水狼蛛 Pirata subpiraticus	0.07	0.06	0.82	0.006	8.00	1	1
类小水狼蛛 Piratula piratoides	0.24	0.08	0.00	0.488	4.35	1	1
近缘锯足蛛 Runcinia affinis	0.21	0.23	0.56	0.020	6.48	1	0
锥腹肖蛸 Tetragnatha maxillosa	0.30	0.02	0.42	0.321	9.50	0	1
华丽肖蛸 Tetragnatha nitens	0.19	0.31	0.51	0.171	11.00	0	1
前齿肖蛸 Tetragnatha praedonia	0.10	0.00	0.10	1.000	11.50	0	1
肖蛸属种2 Tetragnatha sp. 2	0.20	0.00	0.00	1.000	15.50	0	1
赵氏肖蛸 Tetragnatha zhaoi	0.08	0.13	0.46	0.208	4.77	0	1
球蛛属种1 Theridion sp. 1	0.07	0.04	0.39	0.384	7.75	0	1
球蛛属种2 Theridion sp. 2	0.13	0.02	0.22	0.860	2.50	0	1
食虫沟瘤蛛 Ummeliata insecticeps	0.23	0.12	0.63	0.005	3.50	0	0
花蟹蛛种1 Xysticus sp. 1	0.17	0.22	0.42	0.490	7.50	1	0
花蟹蛛种2 Xysticus sp. 2	0.04	0.03	0.51	0.108	6.50	1	0
当P<0.05时, 说明此蜘蛛物种为指示物种。This spider species is an indicator species when P<0.05.

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