Effects of different water and nitrogen management on ammonia volatilization in pear orchard soil
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摘要: 根际注射施肥在果树种植上应用广泛, 但目前注射施肥及配套灌溉管理对果园氨挥发的影响尚不明确。本文于2019年3—9月在河北省晋州市果园示范基地进行, 利用动态箱法分析了梨树追肥时期不同水氮管理下土壤氨挥发速率和损失量的变化规律。试验设置5个处理: 不施肥(CK)、氮肥表面撒施+常规灌溉(BW1)、注射施肥+常规灌溉(IW1)、氮肥表面撒施+节水灌溉(BW2)、注射施肥+节水灌溉(IW2)。结果表明, 各处理各时期氨挥发基本在施肥后1 d达到峰值, 在5~10 d后结束。BW1、IW1、BW2、IW2氨挥发损失量差异均达显著水平(P<0.05), 分别为24.05 kg·hm−2、8.43 kg·hm−2、31.94 kg·hm−2和14.06 kg·hm−2 ; 与传统管理(BW1)相比注射施肥处理(IW1和IW2)减排率分别达64.95%与41.54%。撒施处理氨挥发受灌溉量影响较大, 根际注射施肥可以显著降低氨挥发的排放, 且受灌溉量影响较小。相关分析表明, 氨挥发与土壤铵态氮含量和pH呈正相关, 与硝态氮含量呈负相关, 且与铵态氮和硝态氮的相关性均达到极显著水平(P<0.01); 土壤水分与铵态氮呈正相关且达极显著水平(P<0.01)。与传统管理方式相比, 根际注射施肥与节水灌溉结合是减少果园氨挥发的有效途径之一。Abstract: Conventional pear tree fertilization and management results in fertilizer waste, environmental contamination and other problems. The long-term goal of farmland managers is to use soil water and fertilizers efficiently to improve crop yield. In this study, the dynamic box method was used to analyze changes in the soil ammonia volatilization rate, loss, and the physical and chemical properties under different water and nitrogen management regimes in the pear topdressing period in the orchard demonstration base of Jinzhou City, Hebei Province, from March to September 2019. The experiment had five treatments: blank (CK, no fertilization with conventional irrigation), compound fertilizer broadcasting and conventional irrigation (BW1), rhizosphere injection (20 cm deep) of liquid fertilizer and conventional irrigation (IW1), compound fertilzer broadcasting and 70% conventional irrigation (BW2), rhizosphere (20 cm deep) injection of liquid fertilizer and 70% conventional irrigation (IW2). The volatilization of ammonia in each treatment was the most severe in the first four days after fertilization. Two treatments of compound fertilizer broadcasting (BW1 and BW2) were especially severe, the peak variation range was 1.5−7.5 kg·hm−2·d−1. Two treatments of rhizosphere injection of liquid fertilizer (IW1 and IW2) steadily changed with time, the peak range was 0.1−5.0 kg·hm−2·d−1. The volatile loss of ammonia in the BW1, IW1, BW2, and IW2 treatments was 24.05 kg·hm−2, 8.43 kg·hm−2, 31.94 kg·hm−2, and 14.06 kg·hm−2, respectively; compared with BW1 (traditional management), the emission reduction rates of rhizosphere injection of liquid fertilizer (IW1 and IW2) was 64.95% and 41.54%, respectively. Ammonia volatilization was significantly affected by the irrigation amount, and rhizosphere injection fertilization significantly reduced ammonia volatilization emission and was less affected by the irrigation amount. Correlation analysis showed that ammonia volatilization was positively correlated with the soil ammonium nitrogen content and pH, but negatively correlated with the soil nitrate nitrogen content. The correlation between ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen was highly significant (P<0.01). Soil moisture was positively correlated with ammonium nitrogen content (P<0.01). Compared with traditional management methods, the combination of rhizosphere injection fertilization and water-saving irrigation is an effective way to reduce nitrogen loss in orchards.
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图 1 不同施肥处理下梨园土壤不同施肥时期氨挥发通量变化(6、8、9月分别为开花期、前膨果期、后膨果期氨挥发通量变化情况; CK、BW1、IW1、BW2、IW2含义见表2)
Figure 1. Variations of ammonia volatilization fluxes in pear orchard soil under different fertilization treatments (June, August and September show the changes of ammonia volatilization fluxes in flowering period, pre- and post-expansion period. The meanings of CK, BW1, IW1, BW2 and IW2 are shown in the table 2)
图 2 不同施肥处理下梨园土壤不同施肥时期氨挥发累积量变化(6、8、9月分别为开花期、前膨果期、后膨果期; CK、BW1、IW1、BW2、IW2含义见表2)
Figure 2. Variations of volatile accumulation of ammonia in pear orchard soil under different fertilization treatments (June, August and September show the changes of ammonia volatilization fluxes in flowering period, pre- and post-expansion period. The meanings of CK, BW1, IW1, BW2 and IW2 are shown in the table 2)
图 3 不同施肥处理下梨园表层土壤不同施肥时期施肥后 NH4+-N和NO3−-N含量及pH的变化(6、8、9月分别为开花期、前膨果期、后膨果期; CK、BW1、IW1、BW2和IW2含义见表2)
Figure 3. Changes in NH4+-N and NO3−-N contents and pH of surface soil under different fertilization treatments at different periods (June, August and September show flowering period, pre- and post-expansion periods. The meanings of CK, BW1, IW1, BW2 and IW2 are shown in the table 2)
图 4 氨挥发期间土壤温度、土壤水分及空气湿度变化(图a、b、c分别为土壤温度、土壤水分及空气湿度;6、8、9月分别为开花期、前膨果期、后膨果期; W1为常规灌溉, W2灌水量为常规灌溉的70%。)
Figure 4. Changes of soil temperature, soil moisture and air humidity during ammonia volatilization (figure a, b, c show soil temperature, soil moisture and air humidity; June, August and September show flowering period, pre- and post-expansion period. W1 means conventional irrigation; W2 means 70% conventional irrigation. )
表 1 试验区土壤基本理化性质
Table 1. Basic physical and chemical properties of soil in test area
深度
Depth
(cm)pH 容重
Bulk density
(g∙cm−3)有机质含量
Organic matter content
(g∙kg−1)NO3−-N
(mg∙kg−1)NH4+-N
(mg∙kg−1)0~40 8.5 1.47 16.7 34.4 2.6 40~90 7.8 1.45 7.8 21.6 0.7 90~180 7.7 1.43 5.4 29.1 0.9 表 2 不同处理追肥时期的施肥和灌水方案
Table 2. Schemes of irrigation and fertilization during topdressing periods of different treatments
处理
Treatment水肥管理方式
Irrigation and fertilization methods施氮量 Nitrogen application (kg∙hm−2) 灌溉总量
Total irrigation
(m3∙hm−2)开花期
Flowering
period前膨果期
Pre-expansion
period后膨果
Post-expansion
period总量
TotalCK 不施肥+常规灌溉
No fertilization+conventional irrigation0 0 0 0 3200 BW1 复合肥撒施+常规灌溉
Compound fertilizer broadcasting+conventional irrigation168 96 270 792 3200 IW1 液体肥注射深施+常规灌溉
Deep injection of liquid fertilizer+conventional irrigation168 96 270 792 3200 BW2 复合肥撒施+70%灌溉
Compound fertilizer broadcasting+70% conventional irrigation168 96 270 792 2240 IW2 液体肥注射深施+70%灌溉
Deep injection of liquid fertilizer+70% conventional irrigation168 96 270 792 2240 表 3 不同时期不同施肥处理下梨园土壤氨挥发总累积量及损失率
Table 3. Total ammonia volatile accumulations and loss rates of pear orchard soil under different fertilization treatments at different periods
施肥时期
Fertilization period指标
IndexCK BW1 IW1 BW2 IW2 开花期
Flowering period累积氨挥发量
Accumulation ammonia volatilization (kg·hm−2)0.50±0.09c 2.42±0.06b 0.10±0.09a 3.81±1.51b 0.22±0.05c 损失率 Loss rate (%) — 1.44±0.05b 0.06±0.01c 2.77±1.03a 0.13±0.01c 前膨果期
Pre-expansion period累积挥发量
Accumulation ammonia volatilization (kg·hm−2)0.40±0.01c 4.86±0.19b 1.69±0.17a 6.03±2.35c 1.23±0.13b 损失率 Loss rate (%) — 5.06±0.27b 1.76±0.12b 6.28±1.89b 1.28±0.11b 后膨果期
Post-expansion period累积氨挥发量
Accumulation ammonia volatilization (kg·hm−2)2.44±0.06b 16.77±2.64a 6.64±0.45b 29.30±5.06b 12.61±3.04b 损失率 Loss rate (%) — 6.21±0.41b 2.46±0.27b 10.85±3.81b 4.67±2.14b 总挥发损失量 Total volatilization (kg·hm−2) 3.34±0.08c 24.05±3.17a 8.43±1.02b 39.14±5.09b 14.06±3.12b 总减排率 Total emission reduction rate (%) — — 64.95 −62.77 41.54 不同小写字母表示处理间在P<0.05水平差异显著。CK、BW1、IW1、BW2和IW2含义见表2。Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments at P<0.05 level. The meanings of CK, BW1, IW1, BW2 and IW2 are shown in the table 2. 表 4 不同施肥处理下梨园土壤氨挥发与各个因素的相关性分析
Table 4. Correlation analysis of ammonia volatility under different fertilization treatments and factors
处理 Treatment NH4+ NO3− pH 土壤温度 Soil temperature 空气湿度 Air humidity 土壤水分 Soil moisture BW1 0.531** −0.668** 0.379 0.144 −0.250 0 IW1 0.639** −0.447** 0.250 0.224 −0.208 0.226 BW2 0.871** −0.474** 0.019 0.278 −0.193 0.469* IW2 0.409 −0.251 0.242 0.213 −0.181 0.276 *、**分别表示线性相关系数达显著(P<0.05)和极显著(P<0.01)水平。*, ** represent significant correlation of the linear coefficient at P<0.05 and P<0.01 level, respectively. -
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