Mechanism of green production decision-making under the improved theory of planned behavior framework for new agrarian business entities
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摘要: 面对传统小农经营方式无法满足农业可持续发展的现实困境, 激励新型农业经营主体从事绿色生产具有重要研究价值和时代意义。本文在计划行为理论(TPB)基础上, 构建“外部环境→内在认知→行为意向→行为实施”的绿色生产决策机制框架, 并利用山东省293家蔬菜家庭农场的微观数据进行了实证检验。结果显示: 1)从作用机制来看, 外部环境通过内在认知和行为意向的中介作用对行为实施产生影响, 相关假设均通过显著性检验, 决策模型具有较好的解释力。2)从影响效应来看, 市场激励、政府规制、行为态度、控制认知和行为意向对行为实施的影响效应分别为0.393、0.177、0.260、0.423和0.296, 总体来看, 市场激励和控制认知2类因素的影响效应最大, 其次为行为态度。3)从因素载荷来看, 产业合作和消费需求、生态补偿和技术培训、经济价值认知和行为障碍感知, 分别是形成市场激励、政府规制、行为态度和控制认知的关键因素。4)从组群分析来看, 不同规模和不同代际的家庭农场, 其绿色生产决策机制有一定差异性。应从培育市场环境、降低禀赋约束、立足经济导向和坚持分类施策等方面引导家庭农场的绿色生产转型。Abstract: Increasing demand for green agricultural products means that the traditional smallholder farm industry cannot meet customers’ requirements, which has encouraged new agrarian business entities to engage in green production. This study used micro survey data from 293 vegetable family farms in Shandong Province to construct a model and empirically test the decision-making mechanism of green production for new agrarian business entities. Based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB), this study added the decision-making process of “environment → cognition” to the TPB to investigate the premise that the “external environment is consistent and stable,” and constructed a decision-making framework mechanism of “external environment → internal cognition → behavioral intention → behavior implementation”. We tested the decision-making framework using structural equation modeling (SEM) and a multi-group analysis method. The conclusions were as follows: 1) from the perspective of the mechanism of action, the external environment (market incentive and government regulation) impacted behavior implementation through the mediating role of internal cognition (behavior attitude and control cognition) and behavioral intention. The relevant hypotheses were significant, and the decision-making model had a good explanatory power for the pre-, during-, and post-green production behavior implementation of vegetable family farms. 2) The influence effects of market incentive, government regulation, behavior attitude, control cognition, and behavior intention were 0.393, 0.177, 0.260, 0.423, and 0.296, respectively. Between the external environmental factors, market incentive was more important than government regulation; while between the internal cognitive factors, control cognition was more important than behavior attitude. Overall, market incentives and control cognition had the greatest effects, followed by behavior and attitude. There were two important decision-making paths: market incentive → control cognition → behavior implementation and market incentive → behavior attitude → behavior implementation. 3) As per factor loading, the load coefficients of industrial cooperation and consumption demand, ecological compensation and technical training, economic value cognition, and behavioral obstacle cognition were the key factors of market incentive, government regulation, behavior attitude, and control cognition, which were important factors in forming the internal cognition of the external environment. Combined with the effects of the potential variables, more attention should be given to the influence of industrial cooperation, consumer demand, behavior obstacle cognition, and economic value cognition on the implementation of green production behavior. 4) The green production decision-making mechanism of family farms with different scales and number of generations of farmers differed. The behavioral intention of small farms did not have a significant impact on behavior implementation, and the behavior attitude of the older generation and small farms did not have a significant effect on behavioral intention. The behavior attitude of large farms did not have a significant effect on behavior implementation, and government regulations did not have a significant effect on behavior and attitude of small farms. Therefore, we should strengthen policy guidance and support for cultivating the market environment, reducing endowment constraints, enhancing economic performance, and rationalizing the decision-making mechanisms to promote green transformation for different types of family farms.
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表 1 家庭农场绿色生产决策模型相关变量定义及描述性统计分析结果
Table 1. Variable definition and descriptive statistical analysis results of family farm green production in decision-making model
潜变量
Latent variable维度
Dimension测量题项
Measurement item均值
Mean value标准差
Standard deviation行为态度
Attitude
(ATT)经济价值
Economic value我认为绿色生产能增加蔬菜种植收入(ATT1)
I think green production can increase income from vegetable production. (ATT1)3.65 1.077 生态价值
Ecological value我认为绿色生产能减少环境污染和健康风险(ATT2)
I think green production can reduce environmental pollution and health risks. (ATT2)4.34 0.948 声誉价值
Reputation value我认为绿色生产是提高农场声誉的途径(ATT3)
I think green production is the way to improve the reputation of the farm. (ATT3)3.89 0.951 控制认知
Personal behavior control
(PBC)生产认知
Production cognition我了解蔬菜绿色生产的过程和技术手段(PBC1)
I understand the green vegetable production process and technical means. (PBC1)3.25 0.992 障碍感知
Obstacle perception我认为农场的信息、资金、劳动力条件符合绿色生产要求(PBC2)
I think the information, capital and labor conditions of the farm meet the requirements of green production. (PBC2)3.18 1.075 控制评价
Control evaluation我有能力承受绿色生产的技术风险(PBC3)
I have the ability to bear the technical risk of green production. (PBC3)3.40 1.088 市场激励
Market incentives
(MI)消费需求
Consumer demand消费者对绿色蔬菜需求量大(MI1)
Consumers have a large demand for green vegetables. (MI1)3.38 1.030 产业合作
Industrial cooperation合作社或企业对农场提供绿色生产支持(MI2)
Cooperatives or enterprises provides green production support for farms. (MI2)3.04 0.993 检测追溯
Testing and tracing下游收购商的质量检测和产品追溯严格(MI3)
Downstream purchasers have strict quality inspection and product traceability. (MI3)2.93 1.091 同行影响
Peer influence其他种植蔬菜的农场(户)都逐渐向绿色生产转型(MI4)
Other farm(er)s growing vegetables are gradually transforming to green production. (MI4)3.19 1.005 政府规制
Government regulation
(GR)宣传引导
Propaganda and guidance政府重视对绿色生产方式的宣传引导(GR1)
The government attaches importance to the publicity and guidance of green production mode. (GR1)3.49 1.039 技术培训
Technical training政府经常提供绿色生产方式的技术培训(GR2)
The government often provides technical training for green production mode. (GR2)3.55 0.945 生态补贴
Ecological subsidy政府对绿色投入品、高效设备和生产服务的补贴力度大(GR3)
Government subsidies for green inputs, efficient equipment and production services are high. (GR3)3.35 0.946 法规约束
Regulatory constraints政府法律法规对农场对化学品施用、废弃物回收约束力大(GR4)
Government laws and regulations have great binding force on chemical application and waste recycling. (GR4)3.41 0.971 行为意向
Behavioral intention
(BI)产前投入
Preplant investment蔬菜种植过程中, 我愿意投入绿色环保品(BI1)
In the process of vegetable planting, I am willing to invest in green products. (BI1)3.61 1.103 产中管理
Management in production蔬菜种植过程中, 我愿意采纳高效药肥管理方式(BI2)
In the process of vegetable planting, I am willing to adopt high-efficiency medicine and fertilizer management. (BI2)3.47 1.093 产后处置
Postproduction treatment蔬菜种植过程中, 我愿意清理及回收利用废弃物(BI3)
In the process of vegetable planting, I am willing to clean up and recycle waste. (BI3)3.21 1.135 行为实施
Behavior
(BH)产前投入
Preplant investment①使用高毒农药1)=0; 使用常规农药=0.5; 使用绿色农药=1。②全部使用化肥=0; 有机肥施用量2)<22 500 kg∙hm−2=0.5; 有机肥施用量≥22 500 kg∙hm−2=1。③地膜厚度3)<0.005 mm=0; 地膜厚度[0.005~0.01 mm)=0.5; 地膜厚度≥0.1 mm=1。根据①、②和③计算平均分。(BH1)
① Using high toxic pesticides1)=0; using conventional pesticides=0.5; using green pesticides=1. ② Using chemical fertilizer only=0; application amount of organic fertilizer2)<22 500 kg∙hm−2=0.5; the application amount of organic fertilizer≥22 500 kg∙hm−2=1. ③ Film thickness3)<0.005 mm=0; film thickness [0.005−0.01 mm)=0.5; film thickness≥0.1 mm=1. The score is the average of ①, ② and ③. (BH1)1.99 0.568 产中管理
Management in production①不采纳测土配方和绿色防控技术=0; 采纳其中1种=0.5; 采纳2种=1。②无农药和化肥使用记录=0; 有其中1种=0.5; 有2种=1。③不使用水肥一体化或无人机等高效施药设备=0; 使用其中1种=0.5; 使用2种=1。根据①、②和③计算平均分。(BH2)
① Not adopting soil testing formula and green prevention and control technology=0; adopting one of them=0.5; adopting two=1. ② No record of pesticide and chemical fertilizer use=0; one of them=0.5; two of them=1. ③ Not use high-efficiency spraying equipment such as water fertilizer integration or UAV=0; use one of them=0.5; use two of them=1. The score is average of ①, ② and ③. (BH2)2.01 0.553 产后处置
Postproduction treatment①地膜焚烧、填埋或弃置田间=0; 地膜清理至固定地点4)=0.5; 地膜回收=1。②药肥包装焚烧、填埋或弃置田间=0; 包装清理至固定地点=0.5; 包装回收=1。③蔬菜秸秆焚烧、填埋或弃置田间=0; 秸秆清理至固定地点=0.5; 秸秆资源化利用=1
根据①、②和③计算平均分(BH3)。
① Burning, burying or abandoning plastic film in field=0; cleaning plastic film to fixed place4)=0.5; recycling plastic film=1. ② Burning, landfilling or abandoning the fertilizer package in the field=0; cleaning the package to a fixed place=0.5; recycling the package=1. ③ Burning, burying or abandoning of vegetable straw in the field=0; cleaning the straw to a fixed place=0.5; straw resource utilization=1. The score is the average of ①, ② and ③. (BH3)1.95 0.565 1)高毒农药指禁止在蔬菜中使用的农药; 绿色农药指A级绿色蔬菜生产中允许使用的农药; 常规农药指除高毒和绿色农药外其他农药。2)据专家建议, 如果使蔬菜地土壤有机质提升, 有机肥施用量投入22 500 kg∙hm−2。3)2017的新国标要求地膜厚度不得小于0.01 mm, 0.005 mm及以下为超薄地膜。4)将地膜、包装、秸秆等废弃物带回家中或放置垃圾箱视为清理至固定地点。1) High toxic pesticides refer to the pesticides prohibited to be used in vegetables; green pesticides refer to the pesticides allowed to be used in the production of A-class green vegetables; conventional pesticides refer to other pesticides except high toxic and green pesticides. 2) According to experts, if the organic matter of vegetable soil is improved, at least 22 500 kg of organic fertilizer should be input per hectare..3) The new national standard of 2017 requires that the film thickness should not be less than 0.01 mm, and 0.005 mm and below are ultra-thin films. 4) In this paper, plastic film, packaging, straw and other wastes are taken home or placed in dustbin as cleaning to a fixed place. 表 2 蔬菜家庭农场绿色生产决策模型各题项的信度及效度检验
Table 2. Reliability and validity test of each item of green production decision-making model for vegetable family farms
潜变量
Latent variable测量题项
Measurement item因素负荷量
Factor load题目信度
Squared multiple correlation (SMC)组合信度
Combination reliability (CR)平均变异萃取量
Average variation extraction (AVE)行为态度
Attitude
(ATT)ATT1 0.698 0.575 0.725 0.468 ATT2 0.721 0.331 ATT3 0.630 0.426 控制认知
Personal behavior
control (PBC)PBC1 0.575 0.487 0.702 0.444 PBC2 0.758 0.520 PBC3 0.653 0.397 市场激励
Market incentives (MI)MI1 0.733 0.537 0.815 0.525 MI2 0.769 0.591 MI3 0.697 0.486 MI4 0.697 0.486 政府规制
Government regulation
(GR)GR1 0.694 0.482 0.815 0.526 GR2 0.771 0.594 GR3 0.777 0.604 GR4 0.652 0.425 行为意向
Behavioral intention
(BI)BI1 0.859 0.738 0.898 0.748 BI2 0.949 0.901 BI3 0.778 0.605 行为实施
Behavior (BH)BH1 0.878 0.563 0.893 0.737 BH2 0.937 0.878 BH3 0.750 0.771 表 3 蔬菜家庭农场绿色生产决策模型的整体适配度检验
Table 3. Overall fitness test of green production decision-making model for vegetable family farms
统计检验指标
Statistical test index绝对适配度指标
Absolute fitness index增值适配度指标
Value-added fitness index精简适配度指标
Streamlined fitness indexx2/df RMSEA GIF AGIF TLI IFI CFI PNFI PCFI 模型估计值
Model estimate2.036 0.060 0.900 0.868 0.930 0.942 0.941 0.751 0.793 判断标准
Judgment criteria<3 <0.8 >0.9 >0.9 >0.9 >0.9 >0.9 >0.5 >0.5 检验结果 Result 理想 Ideal 理想 Ideal 可接受 Acceptable 可接受 Acceptable 理想 Ideal 理想 Ideal 理想 Ideal 理想 Ideal 理想 Ideal 表 4 蔬菜家庭农场绿色生产决策模型的假说验证与路径系数
Table 4. Hypothesis verification and path coefficients of green production decision-making model for vegetable family farms
路径假设
Path hypothesis非标准化估计系数
Nonstandard estimation coefficient标准化估计系数
Standardized estimation coefficientC.R.(t值)
Combination reliability (t-value)BI←ATT 0.236** 0.171 1.969 BH←ATT 0.131*** 0.214 2.644 BI←PBC 0.690*** 0.316 4.232 BH←PBC 0.244*** 0.398 3.512 ATT←MI 0.450*** 0.484 4.848 PBC←MI 0.467*** 0.632 6.025 ATT←GR 0.223*** 0.235 2.564 PBC←GR 0.206*** 0.273 3.137 BH←BI 0.120*** 0.269 4.161 **、***分别表示在P<5%和P<1%水平显著; 非标准估计系数表示自变量改变1个单位时, 因变量或中间变量的改变量; 标准化估计系数表示自变量改变1个标准差时, 因变量或中间变量的改变量。** and *** indicate significance at P<0.05 and P<0.01 levels, respectively. The nonstandard estimation coefficient represents the change of dependent variable or intermediate variable when the independent variable changes one unit; the standardized estimation coefficient represents the change of dependent variable or intermediate variable when the independent variable changes one standard deviation. 表 5 蔬菜家庭农场绿色生产决策模型各潜变量对行为实施的直接效应、间接效应和总效应
Table 5. Direct effect, indirect effect and total effect of each latent variable on behavior implementation in green production decision model of vegetable family farms
路径假设
Path hypothesis直接效应
Direct effect间接效应
Indirect effect总效应
Total effectBH←ATT 0.214 0.046 0.260 BH←PBC 0.316 0.107 0.423 BH←GR — 0.177 0.177 BH←MI — 0.393 0.393 BH←BI 0.269 — 0.269 表内数据为标准化估计系数。The data in the table are standardized estimation coefficients. 表 6 不同组群蔬菜家庭农场绿色生产决策模型的估计结果
Table 6. Estimated results of green production decision-making model of vegetable family farms in different groups
路径假设
Path hypothesis代际差异 Intergenerational difference 规模差异 Scale difference 新一代(年龄<48岁)
New generation (<48)老一代(年龄≥48岁)
Older generation (≥48)小型农场(<6 hm2)
Small farm (<6 hm2)大型农场(≥6 hm2)
Large scale farm (≥6 hm2)BI←ATT 0.459*** 0.076 0.024 0.342*** BH←ATT 0.304** 0.279** 0.232* 0.139 BI←PBC 0.191* 0.414*** 0.536*** 0.213* BH←PBC 0.235** 0.262** 0.412*** 0.267** ATT←MI 0.59*** 0.478*** 0.563*** 0.335** PBC←MI 0.574*** 0.647*** 0.689*** 0.522*** ATT←GR 0.217* 0.225* 0.188 0.395*** PBC←GR 0.226* 0.305** 0.264** 0.360** BH←BI 0.266*** 0.273*** 0.138 0.402*** *、**、***分别表示在P<0.1、P<0.05和P<0.01水平显著; 表内数据为标准化估计系数。*, ** and *** indicate significance at P<0.1, P<0.05 and P<0.01 levels, respectively. The data in the table are standardized estimation coefficients. -
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