-
摘要: 生态农场是发达国家农业环境政策的主要实施对象, 是我国生态农业建设的基本单位, 成为农业绿色发展的有效抓手。本文依托跨时7年的生态农场调查数据, 结合农业农村部5年的生态农业基地建设经验, 得出了我国4个区域和3类生态农场的经济参数, 进一步依据我国新型农业经营主体发展规划, 按照3%~5%生态化转型比例, 评估了生态农场在区域和全国尺度的发展空间, 分析了生态农场促进农业绿色发展的产业价值, 从战略层面提出我国近期生态农场建设的最新要求和政策建议。结果显示: 1)从区域看, 华南地区生态农场投入产出效率最高, 东北地区生态农场投入产出效率最低; 从类型看, 种养结合单体产投比和利润率最高, 养殖型和种植型单体产投比、利润率较小。2)到2022年, 国内生态农场将达到3万~5万家, 生态农场区域规模排序为: 华北地区>长江中下游地区>东北地区>华南地区, 可有效带动市场投资和提供就业机会。3)近期应在“长三角”地区和部分重点区域, 率先建成一批具有全国示范引领作用的生态农场, 逐步向全国推广生态农场评价工作, 优化生态农场补偿政策, 打造生态农场大数据系统, 培育生态农场产业化平台, 创设生态农场产业投融资机制。Abstract: Ecological farms are the main implementation objects for agricultural environmental policy in developed countries. Ecological farms represent the basic unit of promotion for ecological agriculture in China and have become an effective approach for agricultural green development. Based on a 7-year field investigation and 5 years of experience in the construction of eco-agriculture bases, the economic parameters of four regions of China (Northeast China, North China, the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River, and South China) and three types of ecological farms (planting farm, breeding farm, plant-breeding combined farm) were obtained. According to the development plan of China’s new type of agricultural business and the proportion of 3%−5% ecological transformation, the development space of ecological farms at the regional and national scales was evaluated, and the industrial value of the ecological farms in promoting agricultural green development was analyzed. The latest requirements and policy recommendations for China’s recent ecological farm construction were put forward at the strategic level. The results show that: 1) the input-output efficiency of ecological farms in South China is the greatest and that in Northeast China is the lowest. With respect to ecological farm type, ecological farms carrying out planting-breeding have the greatest input-output ratio and average profit margin, but breeding-based ecological farms and planting-based ecological farms have lower input-output ratios and average profit margins. 2) There will be 30 000−50 000 ecological farms in China by 2022, and the scale of industrial value for the ecological farms ranks as North China > the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River > Northeast China > South China, which will effectively drive market investment and provide employment opportunities. 3) Recently, it is necessary to build several ecological farms as the national demonstrations in the Yangtze River Delta region and other key areas, gradually promote the evaluation of ecological farms throughout the country. Meantime, optimizing the compensation policies, building a big data system, cultivating an industrialization platform, creating the investment and financing mechanism, and cultivating talented workforce and market subjects who would be engaged in the operation and management of ecological farms should be conducted.
-
表 1 我国四大区域3种类型生态农场投入产出情况
Table 1. Input and output situation of three types of ecological farms in four regions of China
区域
Region生态农场类型
Ecological
farm type样本数
Farm samples
number投入
Investment
(×104 ¥∙farm−1)产出
Output
(×104 ¥∙farm−1)产投比
Ratio of output
to investment投资利润率
Investment profit
rate (%)就业岗位数量
Provided jobs
number东北地区
Northeast China种植型农场
Planting farm12 661±92 830±179 1.3±0.2 30±5 59.0±6 养殖型农场
Breeding farm6 344±56 387±46 1.0±0.1 10±2 22.0±2 种养结合型农场
Planting-breeding combined farming6 625±79 709±132 1.1±0.1 10±2 36.0±3 平均
Average— 543±174 642±229 1.2±0.1 20±10 39.0±18.7 华北地区
North China种植型农场
Planting farm69 519±103 836±337 1.6±0.4 60±24 159±23 养殖型农场
Breeding farm21 1247±492 1701±560 1.4±0.3 40±9 17.0±4 种养结合型农场
Planting-breeding combined farming18 285±62 717±216 2.5±0.8 150±17 34.0±9 平均
Average— 684±502 1085±237 1.8±0.6 80±40 70.0±60 长江中下游地区
The Middle and Lower
Reaches of the
Yangtze River种植型农场
Planting farm16 672±203 1140±192 1.7±0.2 70±12 80.0±27 养殖型农场
Breeding farm3 1859±224 2265±485 1.2±0.1 20±8 25.0±8 种养结合型农场
Planting-breeding combined farming21 343±145 504±82 1.5±0.2 50±10 56.0±14 平均
Average— 958±797 1303±892 1.5±0.2 50±20 53.7±28 华南地区
South China种植型农场
Planting farm26 111±35 134±47 1.2±0.3 20±3 52±12 养殖型农场
Breeding farm8 335±97 802±153 2.4±0.4 140±47 25±4 种养结合型农场
Planting-breeding combined farming8 134±30 304±77 2.3±0.5 130±37 24±5 平均
Average— 193±123 413±347 2.0±0.7 97±7 34±16 表 2 我国四大区域3种类型生态农场在调查期及2022年不同转换比例下的数量、占比
Table 2. Numbers and proportions of different types of ecological farms in four regions in China in the survey period and 2022 with different transformation rates
时间
Time项目
Item东北地区
Northeast
China华北地区
North
China长江中下游地区
The Middle and Lower Reaches
of the Yangtze River华南地区
South
China调查期
Survey period调查生态农场数量
Number of investigated ecological farms95 155 118 100 现状占比
Proportion of status quo (%)20.3 33.1 25.2 21.4 种植型生态农场
Planting ecological farm数量 Number 52 93 26 64 占比 Proportion (%) 55 60 22 64 养殖型生态农场
Breeding ecological farm数量 Number 7 36 17 23 占比 Proportion (%) 7 23 14 23 种养结合型生态农场
Planting-breeding combined ecological farm数量 Number 36 26 75 13 占比 Proportion (%) 38 17 64 13 2022 3%转型比例
Ecological farms number
if 3% farms transformed
to ecological farm总量 Total 6090 9937 7565 6410 种植型 Planting farm 3333 5962 1667 4103 养殖型 Breeding farm 449 2308 1090 1474 种养结合型
Planting-breedingc ombined farm2308 1667 4808 833 5%转型比例
Ecological farms number
if 5% farms transformed
to ecological farm总量 Total 10 150 16 560 12 607 10 684 种植型 Planting farm 5556 9936 2778 6838 养殖型 Breeding farm 748 3846 1816 2457 种养结合型
Planting-breeding combined farm3846 2778 8013 1389 表 3 2022年不同转换比例下我国四大区域3种类型生态农场区域规模空间评估
Table 3. Evaluation of future regional market space of ecological farm in four regions of China in 2022 with different transformation rates
区域
Region农场类型
Ecological farm type现状占比
Proportion of
status quo (%)3%比例转化
3% farms transformed to ecological farm5%比例转化
5% farms transformed to ecological farm总投入
Total
investment
(×108 ¥)总产出
Total
output
(×108 ¥)总利润
Total
profit
(×108 ¥)就业人数
Farm
employment
(×104 persons)总投入
Total
investment
(×108 ¥)总产出
Total
output
(×108 ¥)总利润
Total
profit
(×108 ¥)就业人数
Farm
employment
(×104 persons)东北
Northeast China种植型
Planting farm54.7 220.3 276.7 56.3 19.7 367.2 461.1 93.9 32.8 养殖型
Breeding farm7.4 15.4 17.4 1.9 1.0 25.7 28.9 3.2 1.6 种养结合型
Planting-breeding combined farm37.9 144.2 163.6 19.4 8.3 240.4 272.7 32.3 13.8 小计
Subtotal100.0 379.9 457.7 77.6 29.0 633.3 762.7 129.4 48.2 华北
North China种植型
Planting farm60.0 309.4 498.4 189.0 94.8 515.7 830.6 315.0 158.0 养殖型
Breeding farm23.2 287.8 392.5 104.5 3.9 479.6 654.2 174.2 6.5 种养结合型
Planting-breeding combined farm16.8 47.5 119.5 72.0 5.7 79.2 199.2 120.0 9.4 小计
Subtotal100.0 644.7 1010.4 365.5 104.4 1074.5 1684.0 609.2 173.9 长江中下游地区
The Middle and Lower
Reaches of the
Yangtze Rive种植型
Planting farm22.0 112.0 190.0 78.0 13.3 186.7 316.7 130.0 22.2 养殖型
Breeding farm14.4 202.6 246.8 44.2 2.7 337.6 411.4 73.7 4.5 种养结合型
Planting-breeding combined farm63.6 164.9 242.3 77.4 26.9 274.8 403.8 129.0 44.9 小计
Subtotal100.0 479.5 679.1 199.6 42.9 799.1 1131.9 332.7 71.6 华南
South China种植型
Planting farm64.0 45.5 55.0 9.4 21.3 75.9 91.6 15.7 35.6 养殖型
Breeding farm23.0 49.4 118.2 68.9 3.7 82.3 197.1 114.8 6.1 种养结合型
Planting-breeding combined farm13.0 11.2 25.3 14.2 2.0 18.6 42.2 23.6 3.3 小计
Subtotal100.0 106.1 198.5 92.5 27.0 176.8 330.9 154.1 45.0 总计
Total— — 1610.2 2345.7 735.2 203.3 2683.7 3909.5 1225.4 338.7 -
[1] 习近平. 走高效生态的新型农业现代化道路[N]. 人民日报, 2007-03-21(9)XI J P. Take the new road of agricultural modernization with high efficiency and ecology[N]. People’s Daily, 2007-03-21(9) [2] 颜旭. 化肥农药使用量零增长行动目标顺利实现 我国三大粮食作物化肥农药利用率双双超40%[N]. 农民日报, 2021-01-19(1)YAN X. The action goal of zero growth in the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides was successfully achieved—the utilization rate of chemical fertilizers and pesticides of China’s three major grain crops exceeded 40%[N]. Farmers’ Daily, 2021-01-19(1) [3] 常钦. 农业废弃物这样变成宝[N]. 人民日报, 2020-11-20(18)CHANG Q. Agricultural waste turns into treasure[N]. People’s Daily, 2020-11-20(18) [4] 高尚宾, 徐志宇, 靳拓, 等. 乡村振兴视角下中国生态农业发展分析[J]. 中国生态农业学报(中英文), 2019, 27(2): 163−168GAO S B, XU Z Y, JIN T, et al. Analysis of eco-agriculture construction based on rural revitalization in China[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2019, 27(2): 163−168 [5] 黄国勤. 论生态农场建设与发展[J]. 农学学报, 2019, 9(4): 95−100 doi: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas18070001HUANG G Q. The construction and development of ecological farm[J]. Journal of Agriculture, 2019, 9(4): 95−100 doi: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas18070001 [6] 徐祥浩. 生态农场的概念及其意义[J]. 生态科学, 1983, 2(2): 122−125XU X H. Concept and significance of ecological farm[J]. Ecologic Science, 1983, 2(2): 122−125 [7] 吴子锦. 保护环境发展农业的新模式−生态农场[J]. 环境保护, 1982, 10(11): 25−26, 29WU Z J. A new model of protecting environment and developing agriculture — Ecological Farm[J]. Environmental Protection, 1982, 10(11): 25−26, 29 [8] 高尚宾. 中国生态农场案例调查报告[M]. 北京: 中国农业出版社, 2018GAO S B. Survey on Eco-Farm Cases in China[M]. Beijing: China Agricultural Press, 2018 [9] 乔玉辉, 甄华杨, 徐志宇, 等. 我国生态农场建设的思考[J]. 中国生态农业学报(中英文), 2019, 27(2): 206−211QIAO Y H, ZHEN H Y, XU Z Y, et al. On pathways of eco-farm development in China[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2019, 27(2): 206−211 [10] 张军. 从民生指标国际比较看全面建成小康社会成就[N]. 人民日报, 2020-08-07(10)ZHANG J. On the achievements of building a moderately prosperous society in an all round way from the international comparison of people’s livelihood indicators[N]. People’s Daily, 2020-08-07(10) [11] 唐海龙, 徐玉新, 李勇, 等. 生态农业模式下耕地固碳潜力分析−以弘毅生态农场冬小麦—夏玉米轮作体系为例[J]. 工程研究——跨学科视野中的工程, 2012, 4(1): 26−32TANG H L, XU Y X, LI Y, et al. Analysis on the soil carbon sequestration potential under the ecological agriculture mode: a case study of the winter wheat-summer corn rotation system of Hongyi organic farm[J]. Journal of Engineering Studies, 2012, 4(1): 26−32 [12] 廖江威, 谭益民, 王一帆. 我国生态农场发展的现状、问题及展望[J]. 湖南农业科学, 2020, (5): 104−107LIAO J W, TAN Y M, WANG Y F. Current situation and prospect of ecological farm development in China[J]. Hunan Agricultural Sciences, 2020, (5): 104−107 [13] 骆世明. 农业生态转型态势与中国生态农业建设路径[J]. 中国生态农业学报, 2017, 25(1): 1−7LUO S M. Agroecology transition and suitable pathway for eco-agricultural development in China[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2017, 25(1): 1−7
计量
- 文章访问数: 412
- HTML全文浏览量: 56
- PDF下载量: 95
- 被引次数: 0