Effect of intercropping on balancing effect of absorption and desorption characteristics of phosphorus in red soil
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摘要: 磷素的吸附和解吸特性对土壤磷素迁移及其环境效应具有重要影响, 过量磷肥施入易造成土壤磷素固定和流失, 但合理间作可促进磷素吸收利用, 减少固定, 研究间作和不同施磷量条件下红壤磷素吸附解吸特性的平衡效应对促进红壤磷的高效利用, 兼顾环境效应具有重要意义。本研究采取2因素裂区区组试验, 主因素为种植模式, 分别为与玉米||大豆(IM)、单作玉米(MM); 副因素为施磷水平, 分别为P0 [0 kg(P2O5)∙hm−2]、P60 [60 kg(P2O5)∙hm−2]、P90 [90 kg(P2O5)∙hm−2]、P120 [120 kg(P2O5)∙hm−2] 4个施磷水平, 通过田间试验, 研究间作和施磷量对红壤磷素吸附解吸平衡效应的影响; 应用结构方程模型(SEM)和邻接树法(ABT)定量分析间作和施磷水平对磷吸附和解吸的相对贡献, 揭示间作影响红壤磷素吸附解吸的关键因子。结果表明: 1) Langmuir 等温吸附方程最适合红壤对磷的吸附特征拟合, 土壤磷吸附量随平衡溶液磷浓度的增加呈先增加再趋于饱和的趋势, 土壤磷吸附量随施磷量的增加逐渐降低。2)种植模式和施磷水平以及交互作用极显著(P<0.01)影响红壤磷素的吸附量和解吸量。间作处理较单作磷素吸附量和解吸量分别增加22.9%和9.2%(P<0.05); 不同施磷水平下, 间作磷吸附量较单作显著增加13.0%、19.4%、41.5%和23.9% (P<0.05); 磷解吸量在P0和P60处理间作较单作显著增加90.2%和194.4% (P<0.05), 而在P90和P120处理间作较单作减少52.1%和34.1% (P<0.05)。3)不同种植模式与施磷水平下, 土壤磷吸附量与土壤pH、有机质、树脂磷、有效磷、全磷以及磷吸附饱和度呈极显著负相关(P<0.01), 与游离氧化铁、游离氧化铝和磷吸持指数呈极显著正相关(P<0.01), 土壤磷解吸量与标准需磷量呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)。红壤磷素的吸附和解吸主要受pH、有机质和游离氧化铁的影响, 间作通过改变土壤的pH、有机质和游离氧化铁含量影响红壤磷吸附量和解吸量。玉米||大豆间作具有较好的土壤磷缓冲能力, 低磷水平下促进磷素大量解吸供植物吸收利用, 高磷水平下促进磷素吸附有效减缓磷素的损失。Abstract: The migration and environment effect of phosphorus in soil are affected by its’ adsorption and desorption. Although the excessive application of phosphorus fertilizer causes phosphorus fixation and loss, reasonable intercropping promotes the absorption and utilization and decreases fixation of phosphorus. This study investigated the adsorption and desorption of phosphorus in red soil under intercropping and phosphorus application, it is signicant for promoting the efficient utilization of red soil phosphorus and balancing environmental effects. In this study, a two-factor split-plot block experiment was adopted through field trials, in which the first factor was the planting pattern, namely maize||soybean intercropping and maize monoculture; the second factor was phosphorus application levels: P0 (0), P60 [60 kg (P2O5)·hm−2], P90 [90 kg (P2O5)·hm−2], and P120 [120 kg (P2O5)·hm−2]. This study aimed to explore the effects of intercropping and application of phosphorus on the adsorption and desorption of phosphorus in red soil, and to quantitatively analyze the relative contribution of intercropping and phosphorus application to phosphorus adsorption and desorption by using the structural equation model, and to reveal the key intercropping effect factors on the adsorption/desorption of phosphorus in red soil by using the aggregated boosted tree methods. Results showed that: 1) the Langmuir isothermal adsorption equation was most suitable for fitting phosphorus adsorption in red soil. The adsorption amount of soil phosphorus increased first and then tended toward saturation with the increase in phosphorus concentration in the equilibrium solution, while the adsorption amount of phosphorus decreased gradually with the increase in phosphorus application. 2) Phosphorus adsorption and desorption in red soil were significantly affected by planting pattern, phosphorus application, and the interaction between planting pattern and application of phosphorus (P<0.01). Compared with monoculture, the maize||soybean intercropping increased the adsorption and desorption of phosphorus by 22.9% and 9.2%, respectively (P<0.05). Under four application rates of phosphorus, compared with monoculture, the adsorption of phosphorus in intercropping increased significantly by 13.0%, 19.4%, 41.5%, and 23.9% (P<0.05), respectively. The desorption of phosphorus increased significantly by 90.2% and 194.4% in P0 and P60 intercropping (P<0.05), but decreased by 52.1% and 34.1% in P90 and P120 intercropping, respectively (P<0.05). 3) Under different planting patterns and phosphorus application levels, the adsorption of soil phosphorus had a significant negative correlation with soil pH, organic matter, resin phosphorus, available phosphorus, total phosphorus, and degree of phosphorus saturation (P<0.01), and a significant positive correlation with free iron oxide, free alumina, and phosphate sorption index (P<0.01). However, the desorption of phosphorus from red soil had a significant negative correlation with a standard phosphorus requirement (P<0.01). The adsorption and desorption of phosphorus in the red soil were mainly affected by pH, organic matter, and free iron oxide. Intercropping of maize and soybean changed soil pH and contents of organic matter and free iron oxide, resulting in differences in the phosphorus adsorption and desorption from that of maize monoculture in red soil, improving the soil phosphorus buffering capacity. At a low phosphorus level, intercropping can accelerate a large amount of phosphorus desorption for plants to absorb and utilize; at high phosphorus levels, intercropping can promote phosphorus adsorption and effectively slow down the loss of phosphorus.
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Key words:
- Phosphorus /
- Adsorption /
- Desorption /
- Intercropping of maize and soybean /
- Phosphorus application level /
- Red soil
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图 2 不同施磷水平下玉米||大豆间作(IM)和玉米单作(MM)的土壤磷等温吸附曲线
P0为不施磷, P60为低施磷量[60 kg(P2O5)·hm−2], P90为常规施磷肥[90 kg(P2O5)·hm−2], P120为高施磷量[120 kg(P2O5)·hm−2]。
Figure 2. Adsorption isotherms of phosphorus in soil of maize-soybean intercropping (IM) and maize monoculture (MM) systems under different phosphorus levels
P0 is no phosphorus fertilizer, P60 is low-level phosphorus fertilizer [60 kg(P2O5)·hm−2], P90 is conventional phosphorus fertilizer [90 kg(P2O5)·hm−2], P120 is high-level phosphorus fertilizer [120 kg(P2O5)·hm−2].
图 3 不同施磷水平下玉米||大豆间作(IM)和玉米单作(MM)的土壤磷等温解吸曲线
P0、P60、P90、P120说明见图2的图注。
Figure 3. Isothermal desorption curves of phosphorus in soil of maize-soybean intercropping (IM) and maize monoculture (MM) systems under different phosphorus levels
Description of P0, P60, P90, P120 are shown in the note of Figure 2.
图 4 不同施磷水平下玉米||大豆间作(IM)和玉米单作(MM)的土壤磷解吸率变化特征
P0、P60、P90、P120说明见图2的图注。
Figure 4. Characteristics of desorption rates of soil phosphorus of maize-soybean intercropping (IM) and maize monoculture (MM) systems under different phosphorus levels
Description of P0, P60, P90, P120 are shown in the note of Figure 2.
图 5 结构模型方程分析不同施磷水平下玉米||大豆间作和玉米单作土壤性质与磷吸附和解吸附的因果关系
细实线、粗实线和虚线箭头表示显著(P<0.05)、极显著(P<0.01)和不显著(P>0.05)路径, χ2 =57.70, Df.=17, P<0.01。The thin lines, thick lines, and dotted arrows indicate significant (P<0.05), very significant (P<0.01), and no significant (P>0.05) path. χ2 =57.70, Df.=17, P<0.01.
Figure 5. Structural equation model analysis of causal relationships among soil properties and phosphorus (P) adsorption, desorption of maize-soybean intercropping and maize monoculture systems under different phosphorus levels
图 6 基于邻接树法分析玉米||大豆间作(IM)和玉米单作(MM)土壤因子对磷吸附(Absorption)和解吸(Desorption)的相对作用
OM为有机质, Fe2O3为游离氧化铁, Resin-P为树脂磷, TP为全磷, Ava-P为速效磷, Al2O3为游离氧化铝。OM is organic matter, Fe2O3 is free Fe2O3, Resin-P is resin phosphorus, TP is total phosphorus, Ava-P is available phosphorus, Al2O3 is free Al2O3.
Figure 6. Aggregated boosted tree (ABT) analysis for relative importance of soil chemical properties for phosphorus absorption and desorption of maize-soybean intercropping (IM) and maize monoculture (MM) systems
表 1 不同施磷水平下玉米||大豆间作(IM)和玉米单作(MM)的土壤磷等温吸附方程
Table 1. Equations of adsorption isotherms of phosphorus (P) in soil of maize-soybean intercropping (IM) and maize monoculture (MM) systems under different phosphorus levels
处理
TreatmentLangmuir 方程 Langmuir equation Freundlich 方程 Freundlich equation Temkin 方程 Temkin equation C/Q=C/Qm+1/K1×Qm R2 Q=K2×C1/n R2 Q=a+K3lnC R2 P0 IM C/Q=0.001 30C+0.025 29 0.990** Q=233.560C0.239 0.932* Q=227.585+92.4259lnC 0.948* MM C/Q=0.001 60C+0.004 295 0.990** Q=73.682C0.511 0.993** Q=−58.744+151.8457lnC 0.971** P60 IM C/Q=0.001 60C+0.022 52 0.940* Q=146.870C0.299 0.981** Q=132.150+85.2624lnC 0.966** MM C/Q=0.001 85C+0.010 81 0.980** Q=54.640C0.511 0.945* Q=−102.068+130.4687lnC 0.935* P90 IM C/Q=0.001 66C+0.023 42 0.990** Q=91.126C0.413 0.963** Q=4.501+116.5802lnC 0.988** MM C/Q=0.001 70C+0.022 94 0.990** Q=31.421C0.600 0.986** Q=−48.210+97.3087lnC 0.883* P120 IM C/Q=0.001 73C+0.053 17 0.990** Q=81.520C0.421 0.952** Q=−33.856+119.6437lnC 0.970** MM C/Q=0.001 67C+0.029 91 0.960** Q=48.804C0.497 0.962** Q=−114.631+120.6803lnC 0.991** P0、P60、P90、P120说明见图2的图注。C为平衡溶液磷浓度, Q为土壤对磷吸附量, Qm为磷最大吸附量, K1为吸附亲和力常数, K2、K3为吸附容量指标, 1/n、a为吸附强度系数。Description of P0, P60, P90, P120 are shown in the note of Figure 2. C is phosphorus content at equilibrium solution; Q is phosphorus adsorbed capacity; Qm is phosphorus maximum adsorbed capacity; K1 is adsorption affinity constant; K2 and K3 are adsorption capacity indexes; “1/n” and “a” are adsorption strength coefficients. 表 2 不同施磷水平下玉米||大豆间作(IM)和玉米单作(MM)的土壤磷吸附量及等温吸附参数
Table 2. Soil phosphorus (P) absorption and its isothermal adsorption parameters of maize-soybean intercropping (IM) and maize monoculture (MM) systems under different phosphorus levels
处理 Treatment 吸附量
Absorption
(mg∙kg−1)最大吸附量
Maximal
adsorption (mg∙kg−1)吸附亲和力常数
Adsorption affinity
constant最大缓冲容量
Maximum buffer
capacity (mg∙kg−1)标准需磷量
Standard P
requirement (mg∙kg−1)磷吸持指数
P sorption
index吸附饱和度
Degree of P
saturation (%)P0 IM 387.68a 768.04a 0.051bc 39.55c 7.75c 18.48ab 0.379f MM 342.98b 626.47b 0.172a 132.85a 43.38a 19.73a 0.455f P60 IM 334.75bc 625.15b 0.071b 44.41c 8.75c 15.25bc 1.528d MM 280.34d 541.67e 0.171a 92.50b 17.91b 13.89cd 1.285e P90 IM 309.90c 601.15bc 0.071b 42.70c 8.42c 14.69c 1.652cd MM 219.06f 588.42bc 0.074b 43.60c 8.58c 11.09e 1.720c P120 IM 310.97c 579.09d 0.032c 18.81d 3.68d 15.46bc 2.229a MM 250.96e 598.97bc 0.056bc 33.43c 6.63cd 12.28de 1.997b 种植模式 Planting pattern (Pp) ** ** ** ** ** ** * 施磷量 P level (P) ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Pp×P ns ** ** ** ** ns ** P0、P60、P90、P120说明见图2的图注。同列数值后不同字母表示处理间差异达P<0.05显著水平; *和**分别表示达P<0.05和P<0.01显著水平, ns表示未达显著水平。Description of P0, P60, P90, P120 are shown in the note of Figure 2. Data followed by different letters in the same column are significantly different at P<0.05 level. * and ** denote significant difference at P<0.05 and P<0.01 levels, respectively; ns denotes not significant. 表 3 不同施磷水平下玉米||大豆间作(IM)和玉米单作(MM)的土壤磷解吸量及滞后系数
Table 3. Desorption and desorption hysteresis coefficients of phosphorus in soil of maize-soybean intercropping (IM) and maize monoculture (MM) systems under different phosphorus levels
处理
Treatment解吸量
Desorption
(mg·kg−1)解吸率
Desorption
rate (%)滞后系数
Hysteresis
coefficientP0 IM 45.11bc 11.68c 0.88b MM 23.71d 6.95d 0.93a P60 IM 58.72a 17.55b 0.82c MM 19.94d 7.07d 0.93a P90 IM 24.43d 7.86d 0.92a MM 51.04ab 23.45a 0.77d P120 IM 37.82c 12.19c 0.88b MM 57.41a 22.89a 0.77d 种植模式 Planting pattern (Pp) ns ** ** 施磷量 Phosphorus level (P) ** ** ** Pp×P ** ** ** P0、P60、P90、P120说明见图2的图注。同列数值后不同字母表示处理间差异达P<0.05显著水平; *和**分别表示达P<0.05和P<0.01显著水平, ns表示未达显著水平。Description of P0, P60, P90, P120 are shown in the note of Figure 2. Data followed by different letters in the same column are significantly different at P<0.05 level. * and ** denote significant differences at P<0.05 and P<0.01 levels, respectively; ns denotes not significant. 表 4 玉米||大豆间作和玉米单作红壤性质与磷吸附解吸特征参数的相关性
Table 4. Relationship between red soil properties and phosphorus (P) sorption-desorption parameters of maize-soybean intercropping and maize monoculture systems
指标
IndexpH 有机质
Organic matter游离氧化铁
Free Fe2O3游离氧化铝
Free Al2O3树脂磷
Resin-Pi有效磷
Olsen-P全磷
Total P标准需磷量
Standard P requirement磷吸持指数
P sorption index吸附饱和度
Degree of P saturation吸附量 Absorption −0.645** −0.609** 0.678** 0.692** −0.886** −0.612** −0.735** 0.212 0.931** −0.645** 解吸量 Desorption 0.232 0.278 −0.121 −0.200 0.189 0.372 0.394 −0.518** −0.276 0.302 **表示极显著相关(P<0.01); *表示显著相关(P<0.05)。** represents significant correlation at P<0.01 level; * represents significant correlation at P<0.05 level. -
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