Changes in and influencing factors of crop coefficient of winter wheat during the past 40 years on the Taihang Piedmont Plain
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摘要: 作物系数是计算作物需水量的基本参数, 准确确定作物系数在优化灌溉管理方面有重要作用。作物系数随作物生长及环境条件发生变化, 研究作物系数如何受生产条件和气象条件变化的影响, 可为准确确定作物系数提供依据。本研究基于中国科学院栾城农业生态系统试验站1980—2020年40余年间冬小麦在充分灌溉条件下的实际蒸散量, 研究冬小麦作物系数的变化规律; 并利用最近3年的试验数据, 明确现代生产水平下影响冬小麦作物系数的主导因素。结果表明, 1980—2020年间冬小麦在充分供水条件下的实际蒸散量及参考作物蒸散量多年平均值分别为434.7 mm和550.8 mm, 参考作物蒸散量年际相对稳定, 冬小麦实际蒸散量增加17.6%。作物系数多年平均值为0.80, 其中1980—1990年、1991—2000年、2001—2010年和2011—2020年平均分别为0.76、0.80、0.81和0.84; 40年间冬小麦产量增加42.4%, 作物系数增加11.6%, 作物产量提升是作物系数升高的主要原因。本研究表明在现状生产条件下, 叶面积指数、生物量是影响作物系数的重要因素, 在叶面积指数较高的情况下作物系数主要受饱和水汽压差及环境温度的影响, 2017—2020年冬小麦3个生育期作物系数分别是0.79、0.86和0.79; 生育期蒸散量均值为442.3 mm, 主要生育期3年平均作物系数分别为播种—越冬前0.70、越冬期间0.42、返青—拔节期0.76、拔节—抽穗期1.18、抽穗—灌浆期1.39、成熟期0.96。本研究结果显示作物系数并不是稳定不变的, 而是受作物生产力和大气蒸散力的影响。因此, 在利用作物系数和参考作物蒸散量评价作物需水量时, 需要综合考虑上述因素。Abstract: The crop coefficient (Kc) is defined as actual evapotranspiration (ET) under sufficient water supply divided by the reference crop ET (ET0), which can be calculated using meteorological factors. The Kc is used as a basic parameter to calculate the crop water requirements. The accurate determination of Kc plays an important role in optimizing irrigation management. The Kc changes with crop growth and environmental conditions. The purpose of this study was to assess how Kc varied with crop production and weather conditions by using a long-term field experiment of field management measures of winter wheat. The actual ET of winter wheat under sufficient irrigation and ET0 derived from daily meteorological parameters at Luancheng Agro-ecosystem Experimental Station of the Chinese Academy of Sciences from 1980 to 2020 were used to calculate the seasonal Kc. Additionally, the dominant factors affecting the Kc of winter wheat under the current production conditions were identified from experimental data of three recent years (2017–2020). The results showed that for winter wheat with sufficient water supply from 1980 to 2020, the average ET and ET0 were 434.7 mm and 550.8 mm, respectively. The ET0 was relatively stable, and the ET increased by 17.6%. The average Kc was 0.80 during the past four decades, with an average value of 0.76 in 1980–1990, 0.80 in 1991–2000, 0.81 in 2001–2010, and 0.84 in 2011–2020, indicating a continuously increasing trend. In the past four decades, the yield of winter wheat had increased by 42.4%, and Kc had increased by 11.6%. The increase in ET was the main reason for the increase in Kc. The ET during the past four decades increased with increasing crop production, and with a relatively stable ET0, the Kc increased. Therefore, the Kc varied with changes in crop grain production, which was related to biomass production and canopy size. Under the current growing conditions, leaf area index and biomass were important factors that affected Kc. When the leaf area index reached a certain level, Kc was mainly affected by the atmospheric evaporation potential determined by the saturated water vapor pressure difference and atmospheric temperature. The Kc during the recent three years was 0.79 for 2017–2018, 0.86 for 2018–2019, and 0.79 for 2019–2020. The average ET was 442.3 mm during the three years, and the average Kc at different growing stages of winter wheat were 0.70 from sowing to winter dormancy, 0.42 during winter dormancy, 0.76 from recovery to jointing, 1.18 from jointing to heading, 1.39 during heading to grain-fill, and 0.96 during maturity. Thus, the water requirements for winter wheat after winter dormancy increased sharply and reached the highest values during the heading to earlier grain-filling stages. The results from this study indicate that Kc varies with changes in the crop growing conditions and should not be taken as a constant value. Kc developed during three recent seasons in this study could be used to determine the crop water requirements for irrigation scheduling under the current growing conditions.
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图 1 1980—2020年冬小麦生长季气象参数及其敏感系数
SAT: 平均温度敏感系数; SSH: 日照时数敏感系数; SWS: 平均风速敏感系数数; SRH: 相对湿度敏感系数。SAT: sensitivity coefficient of average temperature; SSH: sensitivity coefficient of sunshine hours; SWS: sensitivity coefficient of average wind speed; SRH: sensitivity coefficient of relative humidity.
Figure 1. Changes in meteorological factors and their sensitivity coefficients during winter wheat growing seasons from 1980 to 2020
图 2 冬小麦生长季参考作物蒸散量及降雨量变化(1980—2020年)
Figure 2. Changes in reference crop evapotranspiration (ET0) and rainfall during winter wheat growing seasons from 1980 to 2020
图 3 1980—2020年充分供水条件下冬小麦产量及蒸散量的变化
Figure 3. Variations of yield and evapotranspiration (ET) of winter wheat under sufficient water supply from 1980 to 2020
图 4 1980—2020年充分供水条件下冬小麦作物系数的变化
Figure 4. Variation of crop coefficient of winter wheat under sufficient water supply from 1980 to 2020
图 5 1980—2020年充分供水冬小麦作物系数与蒸散量、参考作物蒸散量相关分析
Figure 5. Correlation analysis of crop coefficient, evapotranspiration, and reference crop evapotranspiration during winter wheat growing seasons under sufficient water supply from 1980 to 2020
图 6 1980—2020年充分供水冬小麦作物系数与产量、生物量相关分析
Figure 6. Correlation analysis of crop coefficient, yield and biomass of winter wheat under sufficient water supply from 1980 to 2020
图 7 2017—2020年充分供水处理冬小麦作物系数及降雨量的变化
Figure 7. Changes in crop coefficients of winter wheat under sufficient water supply and distribution of rainfall and irrigation during the growing seasons of winter wheat from 2017 to 2020
图 8 2017—2020年充分供水处理冬小麦平均生物量及叶面积指数变化
Figure 8. Changes in biomass and leaf area index during three growing seasons of winter wheat under sufficient water supply from 2017 to 2020
图 9 2017—2020年冬小麦主要生育期作物系数与生物量、叶面积指数的相关关系分析
Figure 9. Correlation analysis between crop coefficients with biomass and leaf area index of winter wheat during different growth stages for three seasons from 2017 to 2020
图 10 2017—2020年冬小麦各生育期作物系数与饱和水汽压差、温度相关性分析
Figure 10. Correlation analysis between crop coefficient with saturated water vapor pressure difference and air temperature during different growing stages of winter wheat for three seasons from 2017 to 2020
表 1 试验地点不同层次土壤物理特征
Table 1. Soil physical characteristics at different soil layers for the experimental site
深度
Depth (cm)土壤质地
Texture容重
Bulk density (g∙cm−3)田间持水量
Field capacity (%)凋萎系数
Wilting point (%)饱和导水率
Saturated hydraulic
conductivity (m∙d−1)0~20 沙壤土 Sand loam 1.41 36.1 9.6 1.090 20~35 沙壤土 Sand loam 1.51 35.0 11.4 0.434 35~65 轻壤土 Light loam 1.47 33.4 13.9 0.730 65~90 中壤土 Middle loam 1.51 34.2 13.9 0.713 90~145 砂质黏壤土 Sandy clay loam 1.54 34.7 12.9 0.020 145~170 黏壤土 Clay loam 1.64 39.3 13.9 0.003 170~200 砂质黏壤土 Sandy clay loam 1.59 38.5 16.4 0.016 
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表 2 试验地点冬小麦田间管理措施变化(1980—2020年)
Table 2. Field management measures for the experimental plot during 1980−2020 for winter wheat
时期
Period栽培品种
Cultivar年总施肥量1)
Annual fertilizer amounts耕作与秸秆处理
Tillage and straw management1980—1990 ‘冀麦22’
‘Jimai 22’N 150~200 kg∙hm−2;
P2O5 80~100 kg∙hm−2小麦和玉米秸秆在人工收获后移除, 通过安装于拖拉机上的犁在冬小麦播种前进行
翻耕。
Straw of wheat and maize was removed from the field manually, soil was ploughed using a plough mounted on a tractor before sowing wheat.1991—1998 ‘冀麦24’
‘Jimai 24’N 250~300 kg∙hm−2; P2O5100~150 kg∙hm−2 联合收割机收获冬小麦并将秸秆覆盖于田间, 夏玉米秸秆于冬小麦播种前人工清除。耕作方式不变。
Wheat was harvested by combine and wheat straw was left in the field as mulch, straw of summer maize was manually removed before winter wheat sowing. The farming method unchanged.1998—2003 “石4185”
‘Shi 4185’N 300~350 kg∙hm−2; P2O5130~170 kg∙hm−2;
K2O 20 kg∙hm−2两种作物全部实行秸秆还田, 其中玉米秸秆机械粉碎后, 于冬小麦播种前旋耕与上层土壤混合。耕种方式不变。
Straws of winter wheat and summer maize were both returned to the field, with winter wheat straw left on the soil surface after harvesting. Maize straw was cut into small pieces after maize harvesting. Before sowing winter wheat, rotary tillage was applied twice to mix the straw with the top soil layer. Other farming practices unchanged.2004—2009 ‘7221’和‘科农199’
‘7221’ and ‘Kenong199’N 300~350 kg∙hm−2; P2O5150~180 kg∙hm−2;
K2O 20 kg∙hm−2秸秆处理方式不变。使用新式旋耕法逐渐代替传统耕作法。每隔2~3年深耕一次。
The same straw and tillage management as above, with deep plough added every 2−3 years.2009—2020 ‘科农199’和‘石新633’
‘Kenong199’ and ‘Shixin633’N 400~425 kg∙hm−2; P2O5180~200 kg∙hm−2;
K2O 90 kg∙hm−2秸秆处理和耕作方式同上。
The same straw and tillage management as above.1)年总施肥量是小麦、玉米一年两季的用量。其中N通过尿素施入, N含量约为46%; P2O5采用磷酸二铵, 含P2O5 46%, N 16%; K2O采用氯化钾, 含K2O 62%。1/4的尿素、全部磷酸二铵和氯化钾在冬小麦耕种前施入, 剩余的尿素在冬小麦拔节和玉米大喇叭口等量追肥施入。The annual fertilizer application was the total amount of fertilizers applied to both winter wheat and summer maize. N fertilizer was urea containing 46% N; P2O5 fertilizer was diammonium phosphate containing 46% P2O5 and 16% N; and K2O fertilizer was potassium chloride containing 62% K2O. One-fourth of urea, all diammonium phosphate and potassium chloride were applied before tillage at sowing winter wheat. All the other urea was divided equally applied to winter wheat at jointing stage and summer maize at 9th leaf stage.
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表 3 2017—2020年冬小麦生长季气象条件
Table 3. Weather conditions during winter wheat growing seasons from 2017 to 2020
气象要素 Meteorological factors 2017—2018 2018—2019 2019—2020 多年平均 Long-term average from 1980 to 2020 降水 Precipitation (mm) 135.0 114.7 106.2 120.07 正积温 Positive accumulated temperature (℃) 2089.1 2101.9 2205.7 1941.2 日照时数 Sunshine hours (h) 1229.4 1193.8 1082.7 1263.9 日均风速 Average daily wind speed (m∙s−1) 1.2 0.9 0.9 1.3 相对湿度 Relative humidity (%) 59.4 59.2 57.5 65.9 参考作物蒸散量 Reference crop evapotranspiration (mm) 542.5 538.8 551.5 542.1
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