2000 Vol. 8, No. 1

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Characteristics of incoming radiation through maize canopy
Mo Xing-guo, Lin Zhong-hui, Xiang Yue-qin, Liu Su-xia
2000, 8(1): 1-4.
Abstract(853) PDF(851)
Abstract:
The penetration,interception,reflectance and extinction coefficient of radiation of summer maize canopy are analyzed.The penetration,reflectance and extinction coefficient all show an obvious diurnal variation under clear sky;there are remarkable changes for interception and penetration before and after flowering.The daily reflectance decreases along with crop growing period,which is as high as 0.23 at the initial stage and equal to 0.14 at the last growing stage.Over the whole growing period,the average is about 0.19.The canopy extinction coefficients for incident short and net radiation are 0.51 and 0.41,respectively.A concept of bulk extinction coefficient is firstly introduced,which may be easily used to calculate the absorbed radiation by canopy.The variation of bulk extinction coefficient is more stable than that of the traditional extinction coefficient,on average,the bulk extinction coefficient is about 0.26.
Analysis of the net radiation on paddy fields in red earth hilly region of China
Liu Yun-fen, Li Jia-yong
2000, 8(1): 5-9.
Abstract(895) PDF(785)
Abstract:
This study was conducted in Qianyanzhou Experiment Station of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,which is located in typical red earth hilly region of south China.The net radiation and the global solar radiation on the paddy fields and the meteorological observation site in the station have been respectively measured every one hour by using the automatic meteorological observing system.The results show that both the net radiation and the global radiation for the paddy fields reach the peak point at 11:00～13:00 in local time normally,and pass the zero point separately at the time of about one hour behind sunrise and ahead of sundown,and that the global radiation is zero during night,and the net radiation varies between 0～-100W/m2.It is evident from the data analysis that there exist obvious linear correlation between the net radiation and the total radiation on the paddy fields and the meteorological observation site.Accordingly we can employ the global radiation and the net radiation of the meteorological station for simulating the corresponding data of the paddy fields.And it was also found that there was an obvious annual variation for the net radiation on the paddy fields and the meteorological observation site.The variation is in keeping with the annual change of solar radiation,the maximum value emerges in July,the minimum in December at the paddy fields and in January at the meteorological observation site ,and the net radiation is positive value at both the two test sites.
Characteristics of radiation and heat processes over wheat field in North China Plain
Lu Pei-ling, Yu Qiang, Luo Yi
2000, 8(1): 10-13.
Abstract(1117) PDF(850)
Abstract:
The microclimate over wheat field during total growth period was observed in 1998.The characteristics of radiation and heat processes over wheat field were analyzed.It is showed that the albedo of wheat canopy is low in midday and high in the morning and at night.The albedo range was from 0.12 to 0.17 in daytime.The radiation balance in clear days is 60%～70% of solar radiation.The latent heat flux is 60%～75% of radiation balance in daytime for well irrigated wheat field in North China Plain.
Studies on panicle shading of rice with different row directions and spike types
Han Ya-dong, Zhang Wen-zhong, Xu Zheng-jin, Liu Xin-an, Jin Xue-hua
2000, 8(1): 14-17.
Abstract(1058) PDF(1068)
Abstract:
The panicle shading of rice with different row directions and spike types was studied.It showed that the panicle shading time in N-S row was longer than that in W-E row on critical altitude.In the morning,the altitude of panicle shading moved from the spike top to bottom in N-S row.As to W-E row,the altitude of panicle shading was same to the N-S row at first,then the altitude of panicle shading from bottom to critical altitude.The panicle shading length was from zero to spike length.
Effects of different light quality(spectrum) on crop growth and development
Xu Shi-hua, Wang Xiu-lan, Wu Yi-ming
2000, 8(1): 18-20.
Abstract(824) PDF(1022)
Abstract:
Through contrast experements in greenhouse with different color film covers,effects of light quality (spectrum) on growth,development,yield,quality and disease of crop and vegetable are researched.The spectra in yellow film cover greenhouse is better for cucumber.Its disease rate and disease index decrease 36.7% and 0.048,yield increases 8.2% compared with white film cover.
Effects of water deficiency on canopy temperature of winter wheat
Liu En-min, Yu Qiang, Xie Xian-qun
2000, 8(1): 21-23.
Abstract(895) PDF(667)
Abstract:
Experiments to simulate effects of water deficiency on winter wheat were conducted and the diurnal changes of canopy temperature under different water content treatments were observed.Water deficiency could induce canopy temperature to increase about 1.5～2.0℃.Crops grew poorly under long period of drought,and the sensitivity of canopy temperature to water deficiency decreased.
The relationship between discrepancy of canopy and air temperature and crop water deficiency
Liang Yin-li, Zhang Cheng-e
2000, 8(1): 24-26.
Abstract(2300) PDF(1370)
Abstract:
The changes of discrepancy between canopy and air temperature of wheat under different soil moistures from jointing to heading stage were analyzed.The results indicated that the change of discrepancy between canopy and air temperature was smooth under full water supply,and its change was large under water deficiency.The change tendency of discrepancy between canopy and air temperature with growth stage was higher under water deficiency than full water supply.The discrepancy between canopy and air temperature can be an indicator used for evaluating the change of soil moisture and the degree of crop water deficiency
The water stress detection system of winter wheat and summer maize
Yang Xiao-guang, Yu Hu-ning
2000, 8(1): 27-29.
Abstract(975) PDF(818)
Abstract:
Based on the field experimental data of winter wheat and summer maize,the variation of leaf water potential and canopy-temperature discrepancy was analyzed and used as the index of water stress.This index could vary with growing season and the characteristics of variation was considered. The relationship between leaf water potential, canopy-temperature discrepancy and soil water content was found, and then the detection system of crop water stress was set up.
A study on drought-wet changing environment and compensative effect rules of crops
Huang Zhan-bin
2000, 8(1): 30-33.
Abstract(1406) PDF(1093)
Abstract:
Drought-wet change is a kind of water environment in crop production process. To use compensative effect of crops, caused by supplying water after drought, is a new way for agricultural drought resistance and water saving. Based on the types of drought-wet change and the meaning of the compensative effect, the compensative effects in crops, different growing stages of crops, and physilogical capacity of the metabolism are studied. According to the experimental results of maize under moisture change of soil and atmosphere, the compensative soil drought effect on growth and water use efficiency by raising humidity of atmosphere was researched.
Study of water dynamics and water use efficiency in mulched winter wheat field
Zhu Zi-xi, Zhao Guo-qiang, Deng Tian-hong, Fang Wen-song, Fu Xiang-jun
2000, 8(1): 34-37.
Abstract(1723) PDF(1044)
Abstract:
Field experiments showed that the straw mulching could change crop water consumption. Soil evaporation in mulched field was reduced in early stages of winter wheat and plant transpiration was enhanced at late stages. It was favorable for dry matter accumulation and change water consumption from physical process into biological process. The yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat in mulched field were raised into a higher level. The beneficial results of straw mulching were different at different soil water contents and different mulching times. The highest yield and water use efficiency were obtained from the field where soil water content was 55%～70% of field capacity and mulching date was on December 20, when winter wheat stopped growing in winter.
Water equilibrium in subtropical hilly ecosystems and its impacts on agriculture
Xie Xiao-li, Wang Kai-rong, Zhou Wei-jun, Tong Cheng-li
2000, 8(1): 38-41.
Abstract(844) PDF(980)
Abstract:
Field observations for ten years were carried out in a catchment basin-basic ecological unit to investigate the natures of water equilibrium. This unit had been selected as the representative ecosystem of subtropical hilly land of South China. Obtained data include the annual variation and distribution of the rainfalls, evaporation and run off, and irrigation requirement in the ecosystem. The results showed that the amount of rainfalls was abundant and able to maintain water equilibrium in the ecosystem. However, the distribution of rainfall varied largely in a year. During the rain season(late March to June),the amount of rainfalls was much greater than evaporation(including plant consumption), which resulted in water logging.In contrast,during the period from late July to late September, the amount of rainfalls was smaller than half of evaporatioin. Over this period, water deficiency dominated the water ecology of the system and resulted in dry environment. With such water environment, crop productions in the subtropical hilly regions suffer seriously from both impacts of water logging and drought.Based on the water characteristics in the subtropical hilly ecosystems, the main effort for arising crop production is to reduce harms from both of water logging and drought. The countermeasures are to strenghen the construction of farmland(engineering and agronomical method) and to improve water management, in order to control waterlogging and best use water resource.
A primary study on the effects of seeping irrigation on water-saving and yieldincreasing of winter wheat in Beijing
Feng Li-ping, Zhen Wen-chao, Batur Bake
2000, 8(1): 42-44.
Abstract(995) PDF(840)
Abstract:
With the treatments of seeping and sprinkler irrigation in winter wheat field, taking less irrigation as a check, the movement characters of soil water and its effects on wheat yield formation under different irrigation methods were studied. The soil water consumption of seeping irrigation in the layer of 0～20cm was less than that of sprinkler. The soil water content of the surface layer of 0～20cm in seeping irrigation field was lower during the whole growing season and the soil water consumption of seeping irrigation in the layer of 20～120cm was more than that of sprinkler. The soil water in the layer below the depth of 120cm was less used by wheat both in the two irrigation ways than the upper layers. The change of soil water in the layer below 120cm was small. The yield of seeping irrigation was increased by 11.6% and 17.6% compared with sprinkler and less irrigation, respectively. Seeping irrigation could save water by 57.1% compared with sprinkler irrigation. Its water use efficiency was 1.35 times of sprinkler irrigation method.
Influence of agricultural micro-environment factors on greenhouse gases emission from the soil
Qi Yu-chun, Dong Yun-she, Zhang Shen
2000, 8(1): 45-48.
Abstract(986) PDF(1137)
Abstract:
The global warming is one of the environmental problems. The global climate change is the result of the natural process and human activity. The increasing of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane' emission flux is the main impelling force. At the same time, the emission of the greenhouse gases (GHG) are also affected by the environment,so the study on the environment influence mechanism is the key link of keeping abreast of the interaction between the climate change and the GHG emission. It is of important realistic significance for decreasing the emission of the GHG and slowing down the global warming pace. In this paper, we will generally discuss about the influence of the environment factors and put forward some measures that could control and retard the GHG emission.
Effects of carbon dioxide concentration on the growth and development of mushroom
Guo Jia-xuan, Zhong Yang-he, Zhang Shu-xia
2000, 8(1): 49-52.
Abstract(908) PDF(1087)
Abstract:
The key relations between carbon dioxide concentration and the growth and development of mushroom are expounded. The research advance of carbon dioxide concentration on the mycelia growing stage, primordium formation stage and fruit-body growing stage are summarized. The problems in research are analyzed, the research direction in future is proposed.
Technique system of applying CO2 from industrial exhaust gas to greenhouse vegetable
Wang Xi-ping, Wei Rui-jiang, Xiang Yun, Chang Gui-rong, Li Jun-ling
2000, 8(1): 53-55.
Abstract(1496) PDF(905)
Abstract:
Based on microclimate observations and the experiments of applying CO2 into the greenhouses, an improved CO2 application technique on the amount,time and method was established.An economical decision equation of applying ＣO2 air fertilizer was also advanced.A technical system that collects the CO2 from the industrial exhaust gas, transports it by high pressure,and applies it to greenhouse was promoted.It is an effective way to decrease industry pollut,compensate CO2 in greenhouse,increase yield and guality of greenhouse vegetable.
Study on the time course of the fruit expansion of navel orange
Wang Xin-li, Ni Guo-yu
2000, 8(1): 56-59.
Abstract(1487) PDF(859)
Abstract:
Through a large number of field measurements,time regulations of fruit expansion of the navel oranges Newherl,Roberson-35 and Pengla as well as internal relations among its growth characteristics are analysed.The results show that the expanding course of fruit obeys the regulation of Logistic equation.The relations among expanding rate,fruit diameter and expanding duration are consistent with those obtained from field measurements.Duration of fruit expansion is long,but with a small range,the variation of expanding rate is gentle.Among the three observed species,Newherl shows strong advantages in cultivation practice.Therefore,it should be popularized.
Changes of eco-environment of farmland and development of some crops diseases and insect pests
Zhao Bing-zi, Xu Fu-an
2000, 8(1): 60-62.
Abstract(1052) PDF(829)
Abstract:
Based on long-term statistical data provided by specific department in Xinxiang region of Henan province,it is showed that the main factors related with agricultural eco-environment have changed greatly in recent decades.For example,annual sunshine hours and annual average wind speed decreased gradually,while the relative humidity increased slowly with time,which caused regional decrease of evaporation from water surface.Moreover,some plant diseases and insect pests are becoming more serious than ever owing to the changed meteorological factors,the development of irrigation system and the increased N application rate.Effective measurements for lessening the danger of plant diseases and insect pests are to establish water-saving agriculture and economic fertilization systems and to evolve new varieties with high pest resistance.
Effect of the mulching of paspalum notatum flugge on the microclimate in orchard
Xiao Jin-xiang, Luo Wei-nian, Dong Wen-da, Cao Xiu-xiang, Liu Shi-yu
2000, 8(1): 63-66.
Abstract(1070) PDF(929)
Abstract:
The time and space regular changes of light intensity,wind speed,temperature,relative humidity with the mulching of paspalum notatum flugge in orchard are analysed.Light in peach orchard is twice more than citrus orchard at noon in winter.The wind speed is three or four times more at fourteen in winter.The highest surface temperature with mulch is 20.0℃ lower than uncovered soil in row interval,10.0℃ lower in plants interval.The temperature with mulch in winter is 2.4℃ higher than uncovered soil in citrus orchard,1.1℃ higher in peach orchard.The effect of temperature descend in summer and the effect of temperature keeping is very manifest.The photic ratio in citrus orchard changed with height is the relation of exponent,and the wind speed changed with the shoot height is the relation of second curve.Temperature in uncovered soil descends with the ascent of hight,but the soil temperature with mulch has the opposite result.However,the relative humidity is low in morning and evening,and high at noon,the relative humidity in summer is higher than in winter.The relative humidity in different treatments ascends sometimes or descends sometimes with the change of height.
A study on the vegetation parameterization scheme
Chen Wan-long, Shao Hai-yan
2000, 8(1): 67-72.
Abstract(1239) PDF(849)
Abstract:
In order to describe in detail thermal and hydrological exchange in soil-vegetation-atmosphere continuum,a simple and universal scheme of vegetation parameterization is established based on the effective specific humidity.It is an isothermal "big leaf" scheme.The scheme is tested using observation data from three experimental stations and the computed sensible heat flux,latent heat flux,net radiation and soil temperature have been compared with the observations,the result shows that this scheme could describe the transfer feature of heat and water successfully.
Environmental regulation of plant tissue culture
Wu Yi-ming
2000, 8(1): 73-75.
Abstract(1058) PDF(1062)
Abstract:
The main reason for the slow growth,the weak quality,and the low survival rate of plantlets after taking out from vessels is the traditional way of the tissue culture plantlets.The characteristics of this way are the weak sunshine in the sealed little vessels,the lack of carbon dioxide, the high humility and the accumulation of poisonous gases,such as ethylene.By means of environmental engineering and adjusting the conditions of microecological environment in vessels,the quality and productivity of the group-cultured young plant could be enhanced and the cost lowered,and a new model for factory production has been created.
The design and application of an observation instrument of microclimate within crop canopy
Sun Xiao-min, Yu Qiang, Luo Yi, Xie Xian-qun, Jiang Zhao-yang, Wang Tian-duo
2000, 8(1): 76-79.
Abstract(1034) PDF(919)
Abstract:
An observation system was developed to measure microclimate (temperature,humidity and wind speed) within canopies of crops.Four groups of sensors are used,which are calibrated in laboratory,and compared and tested under natural conditions.The observation of microclimate was conducted in a maize field at Yucheng Experimental Station in Aug.1999.The observation results showed good correspondence with basic principles of microclimate.This instrument gives a more precise and real-time measurements than previous ones.
Effects of cooling summer on the yields of cotton and double rice in Jiangxi Province
Wei Li, Zhang Jian-ping
2000, 8(1): 80-82.
Abstract(676) PDF(735)
Abstract:
In this article,the characteristics of cooling summer and its effects on the yields of cotton and double rice are discussed.The study showed that cooling summer was benefit to the yields of cotton and double rice.Some agricultural measures about cooling summer year were also proposed.
Impacts of climatic change on the suitability of temperature for rice at developmental stages and the potential productivity in the Hang-Jia-Hu Region
Li Quan-sheng, Luo Yue-zhen
2000, 8(1): 83-86.
Abstract(1245) PDF(738)
Abstract:
Base on the field tests and on-the-spot observation,the parameters for the temperature suitability assessment function and the potential productivity calculation were determined,and the impacts of climatic change on the suitability of temperature for rice at developmental stages and the potential productivity in the Hang-Jia-Hu Region were analyzed.Results indicated that the climatic change had ameliorated the temperature condition at the transplanting and tillering stage and the grain filling and maturing stage of the early rice,and the heading and flowering stage and the grain filling and maturing stage of the late rice.In view of the average value of the temperature suitability assessment of the above 4 stages,the average of the duration from 1981 to 1997 was higher than that of the duration of from 1951 to 1980,being 11.1%,5.2%,13.4% and 13.2% up,respectively.From the point of view of the potential productivity,the light potential productivity of the early rice,and the light and the light-temperature potential productivity of the late rice showed a decreasing tendency,except for the significant increase in the light-temperature potential productivity of the early rice.However,the ratio of the light-temperature potential productivity to the light potential productivity showed an increasing tendency both for the early and late rice,indicating that the amelioration of temperature condition and its compensation function were significant.
Climate divison of tea tree cultivated limit in China
Jiang Yue-lin, Li Zhuo
2000, 8(1): 87-90.
Abstract(1077) PDF(953)
Abstract:
The relationship between climatic factors and the tea tree cultivated limits is studied.The results show that the temperature condition in winter is the key factor of determining the tea tree cultivated limit in China.We take annual extreme minimum temperature ≤-15℃ and ≤-5℃(frequency being 10%) as the north cultivated limit of the bush-mid or small leaf type tea tree and the tall treebig leaf type tea tree,respectively.Therefore,the north limit for the bush-mid or small leaf type tea tree is along Sheyang,Bengbu,Xinyang,Shangxian,Wudu,Luding,Deqin,Linzhi and Cuona. The north limit for the tall tree-big leaf type tea tree is along Wengzhou,Longyan,Shaoguan,Rongjiang,Guangnan,Kunming and Liuku.The vertical lowest temperature limit of two kinds of tea tree is -10℃ and -3℃ respectively.Then,the vertical limit height of two kinds of tea tree cultivation is between 440 and 2130 meters above sea level.
2000, 8(1): 91-92.
Abstract(869) PDF(882)
Abstract:
2000, 8(1): 93-94.
Abstract(796) PDF(869)
Abstract:
Climate ecology adaptability of economic crop varieties introduced in Shanghai area
He Fang-fang, Duan Xiang-suo, Yang Xing-wei
2000, 8(1): 95-96.
Abstract(1280) PDF(859)
Abstract:
The analytic diagnose system about climate ecology adaptability of introducing economic crop varieties was established by analyzing the space-time distribution and the evolution of ecological environment.It offered a base for analyzing and diagnosing the adaptability and the growth capability of varieties introduced.

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