中国生态农业学报(中英文)

Study on C0₂ emimion from soil of typical farmland in North China Plain

JIA Jin-Sheng, LI Jun, ZHANG Yong-Qiang

2003, 11(3): 1-4.

Abstract(1094) PDF(1061)

Abstract:
CO₂ emission fluxes from soil were measured during the growing season of summer maize in Luancheng Agricultural Ecology Experiment Station of the Chinese Academy of Sciences ．The results show that CO₂ emision flux from soil covered with stalk increases by 10％ compared with that of no stalk-eover．The diurnal change of the C0₂ emision flux from soil can be shown with single peak curve．The maximum value appears from 12：00 tO 16：00 and the variation ranges from 109 to 170 ug/m²·s for stalk-covered one and from 97 to 128／ug/m²·S for no stalk-covered one．CO₂ emision flux from soil has a correlativity with soil temperature of 5cm ，but the relationship between CO₂ emision flux from soil and soil moisture is complex．During the prosperously growing stage of summer maize，C0₂ emision flux from soil is bigger than that during other stages,the flux of 2 on August is 1．42 and 1．32 times of 15 on September separately for stalk-covered and no stalk-covered ones ．And the flux amount of daytime is 63．5％ for stalk-covered one and 57．9％ for no stalk-covered one of whole day．

The relationship between estimation of vegetation carbon assimilation and remote sensing information

ZHANG Jia-Hua, YAN Xiao-Dong, CHI Hong-Kang

2003, 11(3): 5-8.

Abstract(1196) PDF(1232)

Abstract:
The relationships among vegetation carbon assimilation and remote sensing information such as NDVI(normalized difference vegetation index)，LAI(1eaf area index)，APAR (absorbed photosynthetically active radiation)，and TIR (thermal infrared radiation)were analyzed in this paper．It will be essential to establish the estimation model of carbonasimilation using remote sensing information and photosynthesis mechanism ，and serve as an independent comparison to more detailed eco-physiological models of biological proces ．

Biochemical genetics of Parallchthys olivaceus population- Ⅱ．Biochemical genetic analysis of allozymes

LI Zhong-Bao, ZOU Zhi-Hua, CHANG Jian-Bo

2003, 11(3): 9-12.

Abstract(1188) PDF(877)

Abstract:
Biochemical genetics was investigated using the assay of vertical slab polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in Parallchthys olivaceus，ten enzymes were presumably encoded by 21 allozyme loci and 25 alleles were scored．The monomorphic locus with one alleleis Est-2，Est-3，Aat-2，Sod-1，Sod-2，Ldh-1，Mdh-1，Me-1，Adh-2，Sdh-2，Sdh-3，ldh-1，Idh-2，Amy-1，Amy-2 and Amy-3；and 5 loci with two alleles are polymorphic．They are Aat-1，Sdh-1，Adh-1，Est-1，and Est-4．The percentage of p.olymorphicloci(P_0.99)is 23．81％．The bands representing loci and alleles of P．olivaceus are showed in the paper and the genetic diversity and genetic structure of P．olivaceus with comparative diagrams of allozylTies are provided．

Study on population dynamics and damage of Lygus lucorum Mayr in transgenic Bt cotton

ZHOU Hong-Xu, WAN Fang-Hao, LIU Wan-Xue, LIU Xiao-Jing, LI Qiang

2003, 11(3): 13-15.

Abstract(1573) PDF(1212)

Abstract:
Population dynamics and damage of green leaf bug，Lygus lucorum Mayr，on transgenic Bt cotton are studied in this paper．The results show that the bug num ber on GK-12 is not significantly different from that on its parent，but its degree of leaves damaged by the second generation of green leaf bug is much higher．There are no differences between SGK32 1 and its parent，when the number of green lea f bug and the degree of damaged leaves are compared．The damage index of total leaves on GK-12 is 1．27 times higher than that on SGK32 1．Thus，the damage of green leaf bug to transgenic Bt cotton，GK-12，is upward，while the population and damage on SGK32 1 are controlled in some extent．

Impacts of transgenic Bt cotton on the development and fecundity of Chrysopa sinica Tjeder

DONG Liang, WAN Fang-Hao, ZHANG Gui-Fen, LIU Xiao-Jing, LI Qiang

2003, 11(3): 16-18.

Abstract(1231) PDF(1310)

Abstract:
Effects of Bt toxin on the development and fecundity of Chrysopa sinica Tjeder fed on Aphis gossypii Glover reared on three cotton varieties (Simian-3，GK-12 and 99B)and on mixed Aphis gossypii were studied in laboratory．The results show that the mortalities of larva and cocoon，the percentage of adult achievement have no significant differences among these four treatments．When larva fed on mix aphides，its development time is significantly shorter than that fed on Simian-3 or GK-12 aphid，and also shorter than that fed on 99B aphid．There is no significant influence when Chrysopa sinica fed on either Simian-3 and GK-12 or 99B aphid．When Chrysopa sinica fed on 4 treatm ents aphides ，there are no significant differences among their develc pmental time，cocoon weight，and sex ratio of adult．Aphis gossypii reared on Bt cotton have no detrim ental effect on prexM positing and oviposition time of it．But Chryso perla fem ale adult fed on 99B and mixed aphides can lay significantly more eggs，and its lifespan is significantly longer than that fed on Simian-3 or GK-12．There is no phenomenal influence on percentage hatched eggs either their parental larva fed on Simian-3，GK-12 or 99B aphides ．When the mixed aphides are given to the parental larva of Chryso perla， the hatching rate is sign ificantly lower than that fed on Simiam-3，GK-12 or 99B aphid．

Effects of petroleum spray oils control programs on the structure and dynamics of pest natural enemies communities in citrus orchard

ZHANG Zhi-Heng, CHEN Yi-Gen, Rae D.J.

2003, 11(3): 19-21.

Abstract(1093) PDF(891)

Abstract:
Effects of petroleum spray oils(PSO)control program (i．e．applying PSO mainly for pests management)and the farmer control program (i．e．applying chemosynthesis pesticides mainly)on the structure and dynamics of pest natural enemies communities in citrus orchard were studied in Huangyan，Zhejiang Province from Aug．1997 to Jun．2000．The results show that the natural enemies communities are more abundant observably and the evenness index of the communities is more stable for PSO control program than for the farmer control program ．The abundance of natural enemies Communities increases year by year for PSO control program ，but the diversity index of the communities is basically uniform．

Characteristic analysis on the patch sizes of forest landscape in the Yiluo river catchment-A case study from Luoning County

QIAN Le-Xiang, LI Shuang, LI Hong-Wei, DING Sheng-Yan

2003, 11(3): 22-24.

Abstract(1153) PDF(912)

Abstract:
Supported by the principle of landscape ecology and the method of geographic inform ation system ，the dynamic changes of average patch sizes and grain grade structures of forest landscapes in Luoning County，Yiluo Basin are discussed from 1984 tO 1999 and the dynamic characteristics and the trends of patch sizes are opened out．Great changes have taken place in patch sizes of landscape in the resea rch region since 1984，but the grain grade structures are mainly the small patches，and this region is tO be the landscape of fine grain structure．

Study on interspecific association among dominant species of Castanopsis carlesii commutity in Wuyi Mountains

WANG Xin-Gong, HONG Wei, WU Cheng-Zhen, YAN Shu-Jun, LAN Bin

2003, 11(3): 25-28.

Abstract(1219) PDF(1187)

Abstract:
x²-test and interspecific association coefficients formulate are used to determine the interspecific association and correlation among 19 dominant species of Castanopsis carlessii community in Wuyi mountains． The results indicate that the overall association among 19 dominant species in Castanopsis carlessii community are irrelevant，the positive quality of each species-pair is not significant，but the negative qualities of some species-pair are significant．These indicate that the community is not mature，and is in the phase of succession．

Changes of the chlorophyII content， membranous permeability and stom a of Chinese fir treated by aqueous extracts of several source plant

LIN Si-Zu, CAO Guang-Qiu, HUANG Shi-Guo, YOU Hua-Ming, HUANG Zhi-Qun

2003, 11(3): 29-31.

Abstract(1666) PDF(1352)

Abstract:
Chinese-fir seedlings were treated with different concentration aqueous extracts from 1eaves and stems of Photinia davidsoniae， Woodwardia japonica，Dicranopteris dichotoma，Castanopsis rgesii，Pinus massoniana，Schima superba，Syzygiu buxifolium，Lonopetalum chinensis and the control(Chinese fir and water)．The results show that the chlorophyll content，aperture and size of stoma are increased markedly，and the membranous permeability of the leaf are decrea sed m arkedly，which are treated by the aqueous extracts of the source plant species after six years． There are no marked effects on the stomatal density，in which the effect of Schima superba on the chlorophyll content and the membranous permeability is the best，compared with the treatments of Chinese fir and water，its chlorophyll content is increa sed by 49．3％ and 52．5％．and its membranous permeability is decreased by 30．6％ and 26．3％ ;the effect of Lonopetalum chinensis on the aperture and size of stoma is the best，compared with the treatment of water，its aperture and size of stoma are increased by 27．1％ and 30．3％． Meanwhile． the higher the concentration of the aqueous extracts is．the greater the chlorophyll content，stomatal aperture and size are and the lower the membranous permeability is．

Allelopathy effects of aqueous extracts of aerial parts of several associated plant species on the growth of Chinese fir seedlings

HE Zong-Ming, YU Xin-Tuo, LIN Si-Zu, HUANG Zhi-Qun

2003, 11(3): 32-35.

Abstract(1633) PDF(1129)

Abstract:
The growth of Chinese fir(Cunninghamia lanceolata)seedlings treated with aqueous extracts of aerial parts of 8 kinds of associated plants and those of Chinese fir itself in different consistencies levels(1evel I：166．7g／kg，level II：83．3g／kg，level III：41．7g／kg，levelⅣ ：20．8g／kg)were surveyed for 6 years．The results show that all the Chinese fir seedlings treated with the aqueous extracts of these associated plants grow faster than those of treated with aqueous extracts of Chinese fir itself(control I)and treated with clean water only(control 1I)．The order of promotion of the aqueous extracts of the plants to height and base diameter growth of Chinese fir seedlings is level I >level II>level III>level Ⅳ >control1 ，and the order of promotion of the aqueous extracts of the plants to height growth of Chinese fir seedlings is Schima SIArperba> Loropetalum chinense> Photinia davidsoniae> Woodwardia japonica > Castanopsis rgesii>Syzygium buxifolium>Pinus massoniana>Dicranopteris dichotoma>Cunninghamia lanceolata(control I)．

Influence ofosmotic potential on allelopathy bioassay

SHAO Hua, PENG Shao-Lin, ZHANG Chi, XIANG Yan-Ci, NAN Peng

2003, 11(3): 36-37.

Abstract(1069) PDF(1045)

Abstract:
The influence of osmotic effects of aqueous plant extract and mannitol solutions on the results of allelopathy bioassay was investigated for three crops including radish，cucumber and Chinese cabbage ．The results show that with the elevation of osmotic potential，the root length and seedling height of radish and cucumber decrease gradually，while the influence on the growth of Chinese cabbage is not obvious．The results differ when data from deionised water and mannitol solutions with the same osmotic potential are used respectively during the inves tigation of three main dominant species such as Cryptocarya chinensis，Castanopsis chinesis and Castanopsis fissa．It is found that allelopathic effects are substantially overes timated when osmotic effects are not taken into account It is concluded that bioassa ysusing aqueous plant extract are more realistic when osmotically adjusted control values are used．

The cold resistance of two winter wheat cultivars appraised by the freezing method in a experiment room

ZHANG Shu-Xia, ZHONG Yang-He, WEI Shu-Qiu

2003, 11(3): 38-40.

Abstract(1374) PDF(930)

Abstract:
Imitating the regularity of temperature variation in the winter wheat field of Chifeng City，in Inner-mongolia and the northeast regions by using the freezing method．two hardier cuhivars “Norstar’’and “Mironovskaia 808’’are selected tO determine their 1etha1 temperatures．The LT20 of “Norstar” and “Mironovskaja 808”is -26．2℃ and -23．9℃ ．the LT50 is-27．712 and -26．3℃ respectively in January；the freezing tolerance of the varieties in February is 1ass-hardened。their LT20 is -10．0℃ and -8．912 and the LT50 is -12．912 and -11．7℃ respectively．

Prelim inary study on the tissue culture of Heptacodium miconioides Rehd

XU Gen-Di, LIU Peng, ZHANG Zhen-Hua, ZHANG Ying

2003, 11(3): 41-44.

Abstract(1357) PDF(925)

Abstract:
The media of tender leaves-induced callus and cal1us-induced buds were screened and the effects of Mo,Mn and some plant hormones on cutting production of Heptacodium miconioides were analyzed． The results show that tender leaves are more beneficial to callus inducement than buds and MS+0．5mg／kg2．4-D+lmg／kglBA+0．5mg／kgZT+lg／kg active carbon is the most advantageous medium to callus inducement：1／2 MS+2mg／kg6-BA+0．2mg／kgNAA is the most profitable medium to buds induction；trea tment of 6-BA is the most useful to cutting production.

Research of the hairy-root of Rhodiola sachalinensis A．Bor．

XU Hong-Wei, ZHOU Xiao-Fu

2003, 11(3): 45-47.

Abstract(1100) PDF(1038)

Abstract:
The hairy-root culture system of Rhodiola sachalinensis A ．Bor was established in this paper．The results show that the hairy-root can be arisen at cotyledon and cotyledonary node infected by A4，R1601，ATCC15834 agrobacterium Ri-plasmid．There is about 500bp-rolC gene detected from the hairy-root culture by PCR amplifying． The hairy-root grows well at 1／2MS_o liquid medium，scatter light，20℃ and pH 4．5～4．8．In the condition of the lower nitrogen substance．such as NH₄⁺：N0₃^- equal to 1：1，the hairy-root grows well and the content of salidrls-ide has been increased．

Effects of osmotic stress on growth and redox system of plasma membrane in wheat roots and shoots

ZHENG Gui-Zhen, GUAN Jun-Feng, LI Guang-Min

2003, 11(3): 48-50.

Abstract(876) PDF(837)

Abstract:
There exists a redox system at the surface of the roots and shoots in winter wheat． The oxidation rate of NADH of the shoots is the highest at the fastest growth stage under normal water supply．The growth of roots and shoots is significantly inhibited under osmotic stress．In plasma membrane of roots and shoots，the force of reducing K₃ Fe(CN)₆ is increased under stress，and that of shoots is m ore stimulated，however，the oxidation rate of NADH is higher than that of control at the stress beginnings and final stages，and no significant differences is observed at other periods．

The relationship between the accumulation of salt ions and be taine，and the photosynthesis in leaves of Lycium barbarum L．under salt stress

ZHENG Guo-Qi, MA Hong-Wei, XU Xing

2003, 11(3): 51-54.

Abstract(1019) PDF(1076)

Abstract:
Effects of NaCl on concentrations of salt ions and glycinebetaine and photosynthesis of salt-tolerance Lycium barbarum L．are determined．The results show that leaf burn sysnptoms are very serious under NaCl stress of 9～12g／kg concentration，and slight under its concentration of 0．8～6egkg．With the increasing of NaCI concentration and the prolongation of days of treatment，the contents of Na and C1-are accum ulated gradually．As to the NaCl concentration，the rate of photosynthesis of Lycium barbarum L．gradually decreases．When the concentration of NaCl is 0．8～6g／kg，the photosynthesis of Lycium barbarum L．1eaf is decreased，which is caused mainly by the decrease of stomatal conductance．On the contrary，when the concentration of NaCl is more than 6g／kg，the photosynthesis is decreased yet．The main cause is that the photosynthetic enzyme is damaged by surplus Na and Cl-accumulated in the Lycium barbarurn L．1ea f，therefore．the non-stomatal limitation becomes the main factor，decreasing seriously the photosynthesis and PS 11 photochemica1 efficiency．Accumulations of Na and C1-show a trend from quick to slow，while betaine is accumulated excessively．The accumulation of betaine is also contributed to the salt resistance of Lycium barbarum L．

Effcts of low temperature and low light on the growth，development and physiological functions of tomato plants

HU Wen-Hai, YU Jing-Quan

2003, 11(3): 55-57.

Abstract(1574) PDF(1286)

Abstract:
Exposure of tomato plants to low temperature(10℃ and 5℃ )under low light(60tzmol／m²·s)results in a complete inhibition of plant growth，plant heights and the numbers of leaves ，and decreases the vigor of root and net photosynthetic rate．Compared with the plants before the treatment，the dry weight of shoot of treated plant is reduced，but the dry weight of root does not．During the recovery，the vigor of root，net photosynthetic rate，and the growth and development of plants under 10℃ treatment can recover completely．but those of plants under 5℃ treatment recover slowly except for the photosynthesis of developed 1eaves．

Effect of freezing stress on the membrane system of the open-field winter cabbage

LI Jian-Yong, ZHANG Zhen-Xian, GE Jun-Qing, WANG Lei, SHI Xiu-Zhu

2003, 11(3): 58-60.

Abstract(1909) PDF(1580)

Abstract:
Freezing resistance of 4 cabbages varieties was studied under open-field winter growth seasons． The results show that the electrolyte leakage and content of ma1ondia1dehyde(MDA)in cabbage leaves increase as temperature declines，especially the electrolyte leakage in “8398”and “8132”declines by 50％ in January，and membrane system is damaged seriously．The activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD)of“8398”，“8132”and“Jingfeng No．1”declines quickly under freezing temperature conditions．The peroxides(POD) activity increases as temperature declines under freezing stress．But the electrolyte leakage and content of ma1ondia1dehyde(MDA)in“Donggua No．1”are lower than those of “8398”，“8132”and“Jingfeng No．1”．Under freezing stress in January，the activity of SOD and POD in“Donguan No．1”still remains higher．It is indicated that freeze-resistance of“Dongguan No．1” is strong．

Influence of different planting modes of watermelon on the yield and meteorological factors in plastic shed

LI Jun, YANG Qiu-Zhen, XUE Xun-Ge, QU Zhao-Sai

2003, 11(3): 61-62.

Abstract(1395) PDF(1106)

Abstract:
The data for temperature，relative humidity，and yield of watermelon are gained under three planting modes in plastic shed ．The temperature and relative humidity are propitious to the growth of watermelon on three weather states in the planting of three stands and two floors，in Shanghai on springtime．The temperature above 40℃ is not propitious to the growth of watermelon fruit．The suitable average temperature of a day is 27℃ for watermelon．the changes are from 15℃ to 38℃ ，the suitable relative humidities are from 75％ to 80％．

Effects of nitrogen nutrition on the physiological characteristics of wheat colony in dryland

ZHANG Lei-Ming, YANG Jun-Lin, SHANG GUAN Zhou-Ping

2003, 11(3): 63-65.

Abstract(1388) PDF(969)

Abstract:
The coordinate effects on wheat structural parameter，leaf photosynthetic characteristics，yield and water use efficiency at different nitrogen 1evels in dry 1and farming were studied．The results show that the structura1 parameter．amount of tillers，leaf photosynthetic rate，water use efficiency and yield are increased with nitrogen supplies ，but it is detrimental to the improvement of the colony structure and function when the nitrogen supply exceeds the suitable quantity．So there is a significant coupling relationship between soil water and fertilizer．The production increase depends on not only the fertilizer itself．but also the interaction between soi1 water and fertilizer．

Effects of cooperation between associative azotobacteria and rhizobia on wheat seedling

XU Xing-Liang, GUAN Xiu-Qing, LIU Gong-She

2003, 11(3): 66-68.

Abstract(892) PDF(989)

Abstract:
Wheat seeds were inoculated respectively by different combinations between associative azotobacteria and rhizobia，and then planted in the pots filled with sterilized vermiculite for 28 days．The fresh weight，dry weight，total N ，the rate of F_v /F_m of wheat seedlings and root nitrogenase activity were measured．The results show that root nitrogenase activities of the seedlings inoculated by associative azotobacteria can be detected，some come up to 386．6(±3．5)nmol／g(fresh weight)．And the dry weight，total N，the rate of F_v /F_m of most seedlings inoculated together by associative 87．0-tobacteria and rhizobia are a little higher than those inoculated by only one kind of associative azotobactefia．Especially the nitrogen-fixing ability of combination between Klebsiella oxytoca and Sinorhizobium melilot Ⅱ is more notable and has application potential on the agricultural production．

Effect of nitrate levels on dynamic changes of root morphology in different maize inbred lines

WANG Yan, MI Guo-Hua, ZHANG Fu-Suo

2003, 11(3): 69-68.

Abstract(1866) PDF(1574)

Abstract:
Dynamic changes of root morphology affected by nitrate levels in different maize inbred lines (“478”、“CA170”)are studied in this paper．The results show that increasing the nitrate application level can enhance the shoot biomass as the planting time passes ．whereas “478”is higher than “CA170”at two nitrate concentrations．Compared with “CA170”，the variety of“478”has a longer total root length，average root length and density of laterals to obtain more nitrogen at N deficiency，but this tendency is not so significant at the very beginning of the sampling time(7d)．At high nitrate supply，the density of laterals increases for the two varieties，root average length however，becomes short，and the genotypic difference of the two varieties does not exist．Therefore，A larger root system of“478”is useful to extract much more N especially at low N condition．

Effects of different zinc concentrations on maize restoration after zinc deficiency and the function of endosperm in zinc deficiency

WANG Jing-An, ZHANG Fu-Suo

2003, 11(3): 72-75.

Abstract(1170) PDF(1044)

Abstract:
In this paper，the effects of different Zn concentrations on maize restoration after Zn deficiency and the function of endosperm in Zn deficiency were studied with solution culture experiments．The results show that the restorations of maize in different genotypes after Zn deficiency need different Zn concentrations．Higher Zn concentration is required for the restoration in sensitive genotypes than in insensitive genotypes；the suitable Zn concentration for restoration is higher than that of normal culture，thus the supply of low Zn(at a concentration of 0.1umol／L)has no restoration function：cu1ture without the removal of endosperm enhances the growth inhibition of sensitive genotypes in both the deficiency and the low concentration of Zn，while reduces the growth inhibition of insensitive genotypes；P content is elevated in both Zn deficiency and low concentration of Zn，and endosperm can relieve this effects．When supply of Zn is restored after Zn deftciency，Zn content in plants is elevated，hut P content is deduced，and maize plants luxuriously absorb Zn when Zn is supplied after Zn deficiency，it sugges ts that a higher Zn concentration is required after Zn deficiency in plants． When Zn supply is restored at a concentration of 0.1／umol／L，Zn content in“Jidan 120”has no obvious change．but is elevated in“Liaodan 22”，it suggests that the insensitive genotypes have a stronger ability to use low concentration of Zn．

Effects of long-term located fertilization on wheat growth in shajiang black soil

KONG Ling-Cong, CAO Cheng-Fu, WANG Zhi-Shou, CHEN Ai-Ping, ZHANG Cun-Ling

2003, 11(3): 76-78.

Abstract(1132) PDF(1045)

Abstract:
Effects of different applications of fertilizer on the growth and grain yield were studied systematically according to the results of a 20-year located experiment．The results show that the effect of the fertilizers on wheat yield is IV >Ⅲ > 1I> I> CK．It is indicated that the application of a single chemical fertilizer has a little contribution to the increase of crop yield owing to its insufficient improvement of the soil fertility；even though it can promote strong seedlings and big tillers per plant，increase ears and grains per spike，etc．Single application of organic manure contributes greatly to the improved soil fertility，but it is not efficient for plant to absorb nutrients and take part in material syntheses and accumulation at the early growth stage．So it is difficult to realize final high yield due to its slow-relea sing character．On the contrary，it is clea r that the yield level with combined application of organic manure and chemical fertilizers is relatively coordinative，and the accumulated dry matter is also effective and econom ica1．Then it is suggested that the application of chemical fertilizers combined with organic manure will be an efficient way in sustainably improving wheat yield and soil fertility in shajiang black sol1；but we must attach serious importance to the application of potassium at the same time．

Effect of Sm-Gly-VB₆ on the soybean seedlings under acid rain stress

ZHOU Qing, HUANG Xiao-Hua

2003, 11(3): 79-80.

Abstract(977) PDF(929)

Abstract:
The protective effect of Sm-Gly-VB₆ on the harm of soybean seedlings by acid rain was studied through vermiculite cultivation experiment．The results show that under acid rain(pH2．5)stress，the chlorophyll content and the chlorophyll a／b ratio reduce；the cell membrane permeability increases and the activity levels of catalase(CAT)decrease．However，under the same acid rain stress，in the soybean seedlings sprayed with 50 mg／kg Sm-Gly-VB₆，the harmfulness of chlorophyll content，the cell membrane permeability，and the catalase(CAT)activity are reduced．Therefore，Sm-Gly-VB₆ can reduce the harmful effect of acid rain on soybean seedlings.

Effects of applying lime on the properties of acid soil and the leaves quality in flue-cured tobacco

TANG Li-Na, XIONG De-Zhong

2003, 11(3): 81-83.

Abstract(1047) PDF(1135)

Abstract:
The effect of applying lime in acid soil on soil biochemical properties ，leaves growth and quality of flue。cured tobacco was examined．The results show that applying lime in acid soil can not only increase the quantities of soil bacteria，actinomycetes and cellulose-decomposing bacteria but also significantly enhance the activities of soil urease，phosphatase ，cellulosase and peroxidase．750～1125kg／hm² of lime applied in the soil of pH5．2 can improve the root growth，yield and quality of tobacco leaves ．

Effects of different proportions of N，P，and K on nitrate contents in rape

SUN Quan, GAO Yan-Ming, LI Jian—She

2003, 11(3): 84-86.

Abstract(1754) PDF(905)

Abstract:
The field and plot experiments were conducted to study the effect on the accumulation of nitrate in rape by applying different kinds of fertilizers and proportions． The results show that nitrogen fertilizer is the main source of the NO₃^--N in rape．The appropriate combination of N ，P，and K fertilizer can significantly reduce the NO₃^--N content，and there are big differences in the effect on nitrate by applying different N，P，and K proportions in field and greenhouse conditions．The best amounts of N，P，and K applied in greenhouse is N 225kg／hm²，P₂0₅ 60kg／hm²，and K₂O₄5kg／hm²，and the proportion of N：P₂0₅：K₂O is 5：1．33：1．In this way the guaranteed high yield and low nitrate in rape can be obtained．

The function of microbial fertilizer and its application prospects

GE Jun-Qing, YU Xian-Chang, WANG Zhu-Hong

2003, 11(3): 87-88.

Abstract(1661) PDF(1467)

Abstract:
The sorts，character，physiology and ecology effect of microbial fertilizer are discussed and its basic and application research should be strengthened．Finally，the application prospect of microbial fertilizer is presented as wel1.

Studies on the techniques of promoting the quality of agricultural products and reducing the pollution of nitrate by applying fertilizers

XU Qian-Xin, LI Yu-Hua, YU Cai-Hong

2003, 11(3): 89-91.

Abstract(1068) PDF(1036)

Abstract:
The results of six years resea rches show that the output and productive value of crops in the process of agricultural prod uction are all promoted，especially the quality of agriculrural products is improved and the pollution of nitrate is reduced，by applying balanced fertilizers of N ，P and K fertilizer，adding useness of the good quality microfertilizers，tombinating the microfertilizer，organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer，and reducing the amount of chemical fertilizer．Adding useness of microfertilizer and organic fertilizer can reduce the using amount of chemical fertilizers by 10％ and 50％ respectively，in addition，the nitrate in the edible parts of vegetables can be reduced by 17．04％～ 24．86％．

Effect of Bacillus mucilaginosus preparation on potassium in soils

WU Hong-Sheng, CHEN Jia-Hong, LIU Zheng-Zhu, ZHAO Nan—Hai, SHI Guang-Hui

2003, 11(3): 92-94.

Abstract(1232) PDF(1099)

Abstract:
Effect of Bacillus mucilaginosus preparation on the transform ation of potassium of soil mineral in pot mineralization test and field test and particularly the dynamics changes between available potasium and slow acting potasium in soils are reported in the article．Results show that adequate Bacillus mucilaginosus preparation applied in potasium deftcient soil increases the available potasium，up to 128．6％ in contrast to CK in jointing stage，and potasium adsorbed by plant，by 32．3％ more than CK ，due posibly to the release of the mineral potasium in soil by a special enzyme produced by Bacillus mucilaginosus．

Study and utilization on symbiotic relation between microbes and plants

WANG Yuan-Zhen, PAN Ting-Guo, KE Yu-Qin

2003, 11(3): 95-98.

Abstract(1308) PDF(2501)

Abstract:
Symbiosis is an inevitable phenom enton for organisms to adapt themselves to environment，and it includes various natural combinations such as symbios is between microbes，and symbiosis of bacteria，actinomycetes，blue-green algae and fungi to plants．Exploring and utilizing symbiotic resource of biological diversity is significant in both theory and pracrice．

Dissolved N₂0 concentrations and its emisions of well water in Taihu Lake Region

XIONG Zheng-Qin, XING Guang-Xi, SHEN Guang-Yu, SHI Shu-Lian

2003, 11(3): 99-101.

Abstract(1222) PDF(1064)

Abstract:
Aquatic systems are an important source of nitrous oxide emissions．N₂O concentrations and fluxes from water surface and its concentrations at both the top and the bottom of well water were monitored in Taihu Lake Region．The results show that high N₂O-N concentrations(13．09ug／kg)are dissolved in well water，resulting in high N₂O-N fluxes (90．85ug／m²·h)from well water surface．Analysis of N₂O concentration dissolved at the top and the bottom of water suggests that during the warm season，the well water may be served as a sink for N₂O and there is an obvious difference between the top and the bottom water and between different sampling times．There exists a significant positive relation-ship among dissolved N₂O concentration，N₂O flux，nitrate concentration and water temperature．The well systems are an important so urce of N₂O and denitrification is proceeding actively in the well water．

The simplified model of salt-water regimes in farm land soil under the processing of evaportranspiration

ZHANG Miao-Xian, MAO Ren-Zhao

2003, 11(3): 102-105.

Abstract(1098) PDF(1272)

Abstract:
According to the principle of salt-water balance and the observation and experimental data about ground water，irrigation and salt regimes，making use of water-need coefficient and transpiration coefficient and introducing salt and water migr ation coefficients，this paper presents a simplified model of salt-water regimes of upper soil layer under the processing of evapotranspiration．Based on the growth function of the crop roots，a water uptake ratio coefficient of crop roots is pres ented also，so that divide the lower boundary water flow into root extraction and soil capillary water movement．Intmduced salt mod ified coefficient to evapotranspiration and feedback with the salt and water production function，evapotrans-piration and the salt-water regime model are modified ．The model is simple and suitable for the regulation and control of water and salt regimes on farmland under the processing of evapotranspiration．

Study on spatial heterogeneity of farmland spectrum based on TM data

MAO Ren-Zhao, LI Hong-Jun

2003, 11(3): 106-109.

Abstract(1091) PDF(1259)

Abstract:
The spatial structure of farmland spectrum extracted from 2 scenes of TM image was analyzed by means of the geostatistics．The results show that there is the obvious semi-variance structure for the pixel grey level of three bands in most section；and the semivariogram plots can be fitted by Spherical and Exponential models res pectively， while Power model can be used in saline soil region；the proportion of structural variance to sill is in a higher leve1．from 41％ to 96％．The limited distance of spatial correlation is 6～45 pixels．

Response of plant growth and water use efficiency to different water contents under environmental CO₂ concentration raising

YU Man-Yuan, HUANG Zhan-Bin, SHAN Lun

2003, 11(3): 110-112.

Abstract(1112) PDF(1522)

Abstract:
The paper analyzes the responsc of plant growth，physiological process and water use efficiency，etc．on different water conditions under CO₂ concentration raising．The results show that CO₂ raising will produce positive effect on plant growth under water deficient conditions，such as increasing of plant leaf area，dry biomas，and root／shot ratio．Meanwhile，it can improve stoma physiology，reduce water transpiration，raise water potential of plant leaf，and enhance grain yield of crop and the water use efficiency，and compensate the adverse effect of water deficiency on plant growth and water use efficiency．This has an important meaning on water saving and yield increa sing of agriculture．

Hydro-ecological effect of the soil dry layer as affected by biota use in the Loess Plateau

HUANG Ming-Bin, YANG Xin-Min, LI YU-Shan

2003, 11(3): 113-116.

Abstract(1812) PDF(1335)

Abstract:
According to measured data from ten meters below surface in the fields of crop land， woodland，grassland，shrub land and orchard with high production，the used soil dry layer with different degrees was found．The hydrological effect of dry layer shows that the model of water cycle has been strengthened in the pathway of soil，vegetation and atmosphere．The transformation from surface runoff to ground runoff may be prevented in vegetation land with high prod uction and outflow in quantity from these lands may also be decreased owing to the great amount of water deficit in soils．It is also pointed out that the ecological effect of dry layer is to weaken the soil water environment of vegetation growth and decrease the regulation of soil water to plant in semiarid area of the loess region．

Effect of soil stored water before sowing on yield of winter wheat mulched with plastic film in dryland

WANG Yong

2003, 11(3): 117-120.

Abstract(1053) PDF(966)

Abstract:
Experiment of different stored water of soil before sowing were conducted in dryland of east Gansu．The results show that the winter wheat yield has interrelated significantly with the stored water of soil before sowing in 0-200cm soil layers．With the increa sing of the soil stored water，the yield of winter wheat increases to 40．8％，the transpiration rate，photosynthetic rate，leaf area index，and efficiency of stored water in summer fallow raise．

Effect of trickle irrigation under sub-film on the soil conditions of rhizosphere in cotton

HU Xiao-Tang, I Ming-Si

2003, 11(3): 121-123.

Abstract(997) PDF(1133)

Abstract:
Based upon field experiments and by sub-film trickle technique，the soil environment of cotton rhizosphere including moisture，heat，and air conditions is studied．The results show that film mulch can increase soil temperature and the cotton root system nearly grows horizontally in upper soi1．Furthermore．it is found that sub-film trickle irrigation is advantageous of air transfer in the soil beneath film since the irrigational technique results in the alternative rows of dry soilzones and wetted soil zones in field．With the sub-film trickle irrigation technique to cotton in field，the irrigation water for the cotton has been saved by 40％～ 50％．and the cotton yield has been increa sed by 20％．

Study on water consumption and high-yield cultivating techniques of cotton in the Hexi Corridor Region

SU Pei-Xi, ZHANG Xia-Jun, GUAN Zhi-Qiang

2003, 11(3): 124-127.

Abstract(1475) PDF(787)

Abstract:
The water consum ption of cotton on Linze County in the Hexi Corridor Region was studied by water equilibrium method．The water consumption is 675．5mm ．5 or 6 times of irrigation should be applied for promoting water use efficiency．The growing techniques of cotton with plastic film-cover include short plant，close planting and early seeding．Special early-maturing varieties of upland cotton should be selected．Yield of lint cotton by the cultural method of two plants per bunch with one tall and one short is raised by 74．1％ in mean yield and by 83．1％ in maximal yield compared with that by local traditionally cultural method．

The temperature effects of membrane coverage on cultivated soil of cotton field in Xinjiang

HU Ming-Fang, TIAN Chang-Yan

2003, 11(3): 128-130.

Abstract(1744) PDF(1024)

Abstract:
The results of cotton field experiment with membrane coverage show that coverage with narrow or wide membrane increases cotton yield by 46．8％ and 5 1．3％．and improves the germination rate and cotton growth．Changes of soil temperature during all seasons show that during the early period(from the last ten days of April to June)，the accumulated temperature of soil under narrow or wide membrane coverage increases 105℃ and 195℃ compared with uncovered respectively，and soil temperature increases 0．7～3．2℃ ，but this heat effects reduce during the later period．Coverage increases soil temperature of all layers，and temperature increments decrease along with increasing of soil depth．The temperature from morning to night has no obvious difference between coverage and uncovered at the early stage，but at the later stage (from July)compared with uncovered，the temperature under coverage decreases by 0．8～ 4．2℃ ．The temperature effect with wide membrane is more effective than that with narrow membrane．

The recent development of technique of contour hedgerows

WANG Ling-Ling, HE Bing-Hui, LI Zhen-Xia

2003, 11(3): 131-133.

Abstract(1510) PDF(1266)

Abstract:
The designs，such as minimal and maximal distances between two strips and the structure of the strips， and management of contour hedgerow are discussed and the comprehensive benefits are systematically analyzed．Furthermore，the problems and developing tendency are pointed out，as wel1．

Stereo-planting pattern of wheat，cotton，pepper and corn and its beneficial an alysis

ZHANG Shu-Lian, CHEN Zhi-Jie, ZHANG Feng, ZHANG Mei-Rong

2003, 11(3): 131-136.

Abstract(993) PDF(813)

Abstract:
The research shows that the stereo-planting pattern of wheat，cotton，pepper and corn with fine disposition in fields structure and agricultural techniques can make the field ecological riche， crop edgy effect，and ecological control of disease and pest fully developed．Compared with wheat-cotton，wheat-pepper interplanting and wheat-corn rotation cropping，the productive value of stereo -planting pattern has increased by 34．1％，27．5％ and 94．0％，separately，pureincome increases 8188 yuan／hm²，6090．5 yuan／hm² and 12066 yuan／hm²．

Study on status,developing trend，and the distribution of production base of special maize in Jilin Province

WANG Yang, QI Xiao-Ning, LIU Zhao-Yong

2003, 11(3): 137-138.

Abstract(678) PDF(924)

Abstract:
The paper analyzes the production situation and developing trend of special maize in Jilin Province and its production bases are divided into 5 big regions according to the following principals such as taking measures suitable for the local conditions，keeping administrative area integrated，and sustainable developing. Finally，four measures to set up special maize production base are put forward．

Amodel of“combining-four factors in one system”with high efficiency facility agriculture in Loess Plateau

XU Fu-Li, LIANG Yin-Li

2003, 11(3): 139-141.

Abstract(1159) PDF(1114)

Abstract:
The structure，function，and economic benefit of the model of“combining-four factors in one system”with high efficiency facility agriculture in Loess Plateau were investigated and analyzed．The results show that farmers must have a certain amount of lives tock in a criticaIlevel and scale in order to carry it effectively．A suitable model of the “combiningfour factors in one system”with high efficiency facility agriculture must be given according to the local agriculture conditions and the characteristics of farlners family，and the construction countermeasures must be given at the same time．

Application of land quantified model in land use system

QIAO Yu-Hui, YU Zhen-Rong, Dries.sen P.M ., HAO Feng-Wu

2003, 11(3): 142-145.

Abstract(1364) PDF(959)

Abstract:
After the earlbration，the land quantified model(PS123)is used to analyze several factors of land use system such as the seeding date，irrigation scenario and biophysical potential production．The optimum seeding date is from the end of September to October．The irrigation amount is 180～240 mm and it is appropriate to irrigate 75～90 mm each time at the last part of the growing season．The biophysica1 poten tial yidd of Quzhou region is about llOlOkg／hm²．

Characteristics of land-use in river valleys of Taihang mountains area，Hebei Province

WANG Cheng

2003, 11(3): 146-148.

Abstract(905) PDF(734)

Abstract:
Using the theory of landscape ecology，the land-use characteristics of main valleys are analyzed in 7 rivers of Taihang mountains area of Hebei Province．The results show that the valley land-use patterns of 7 rivers are similar despite that the river properties ，landforn'l characteristics and water situations are different from each other，and farmland occupies 50％～ 80％．village 20％ and forest land less than 10％ of valley area．The land-use types increase from upstream to downstream．The land patches are relatively fragmented，and the number of land patch is 5 or 6 per 1000 meters valley．The reserved watercourse oceupies 15％～ 30％ of valley area in Fuping County．and no more than 10％in Yuanshi County．

Studies on the comprehensive development of hilly land in Fujian—I．Effects of different planting manners on the or chard ecosystem

ZHENG Zhong-Deng, HUANG Yi-Bin, WENG Bo-Qi, LUO Tao, YU Jia-Wang

2003, 11(3): 149-151.

Abstract(1521) PDF(1182)

Abstract:
Effects of different planting manners on the orchard ecosystem are studied and the results show that the relationship between the intensity of rainfall and run-off amount shows an exponential function．The horizontal reclaim in terrace is the effective engineering practice to prevent run-off and soil erosion in hilly land． The practices that reclaim in down-slope for planting fruit trees ，planting the grass plants in 50cm width between fruit trees to form the gras fences，growing leguminous plants such as Pinto peanut on slope surface are the comprehensive ways to run the hilly orchard．Planting leguminous forages in new developing orchard may decrease soil bulk weight，improve soil porosity and the kinds and amount of soil microorganism ，adjust the temperatures on the soil surface and within soil layer，increase soil moisture and organic matter，improve soil fertility and increase the contents of soil total N and fast-acting nutrition．These planting practices are favorable to the growth of fruit trees ．

Research progress and prospect on conservation tillage

JIA Shu-Long, REN Tu-Sheng

2003, 11(3): 152-154.

Abstract(17284) PDF(1275)

Abstract:
The research progress on conservation tillage at home and in the world are stated and the effects of conservation tillage on crop yield，soil erosion，soil properties，water use efficiency，crop disease，pest and weed are analyzed．Finally，some key technical issues for the adoption of conservation tillage in China are emphasized．

Ecology harnessing and its utilization for high efficiency of the sandification land in west Jilin Province

LIU Hui-Tao, WEN Jing-Hui, SUN Yi, REN Jun, ZHANG Bing-Bing

2003, 11(3): 155-157.

Abstract(1065) PDF(828)

Abstract:
Natural factors and artificial factors result in the sandification of the land in west Jilin Provinee．The resources types are divided into 3 main kinds．11 types and 9 varieties of soil．Three kinds of harnessing models are gained from the comprehensive harnessing in many years and the suggestions on the sustainable utilization of the sandification land are put forward．

Grassland resource dynamics in aridity area in China

ZOU Ya-Rong, ZHANG Zeng-Xiang, ZHOU Quan-Bin, TAN Wen-Bin

2003, 11(3): 158-160.

Abstract(1057) PDF(953)

Abstract:
This paper studies the dynamic of the Chinese grasland resource in different aridity areas supported by GIS and RS based on TM images ．The results show that there is an obvious zone under different aridities where the high cover grassland is changed to farm land especially at 4，5，6 degrees which are mainly distributed in the west and north of China and in these zone the grasland is being replaced by urban at each aridity area and the grasland is being degradated．The area between the grasland changing into farmland and farm land changing into grasland is about the same in middle cover grasland，but the area occupied by the farm land shows that the grasland decrea ses and a lot of grassland are changed into forest．With the increasing aridity degree，the degradation becomes serious in low cover grasland，especially at 4，5 degrees ．But at 1 degree，the main change is that the grasland is changed to forest．The main reasons of grasland changing into farm land are the population pressure and over graze，etc. Grassland degradation will lead to the environment of north China worsen．

Research advancement of agroecosystem health and its management

WU Lan-Fang, OUYANG Zhu, CHENG Wei-Xin, ZHANG Xing-Quan

2003, 11(3): 161-162.

Abstract(1177) PDF(1112)

Abstract:
Ecosystem health is the goal of ecosystem management． The concept，evaluation indicators and evaluation method of agroecosystem health are stated in this paper．Its evaluation indicators and criteria should combine the societyeconomic indicators and resource-environmental indicators according to its structure and function．To appraise the capacity of agricultural resource and to determine the direction of agricultural production are the purpose of the assessment．

Division for eco-environmental construction in Heihe watershed

WANG Xiu-Zhen, XIE Bao-Yuan, WANG Li-Xian

2003, 11(3): 163-165.

Abstract(1288) PDF(994)

Abstract:
Division is the basis and the premise for optimizing regional environmental resourees planning．In this paper，based on the prindples of sustainable development and State Eco-environment Construction Planning ，a new index system is established for eco-environment cons truction in Heihe watershed corresponding to local nature and economic conditions，assisted by some old special classification and partial planning results and some theory of modem ecology，economy and physiography，then，Heihe water-shed has been divided into three big arets and four sub-areas for eco-environment construction by SPASS．and some construction models have been put forward according to the major features of different divisions．

Bioremediation of water ecosystem

CHEN Yu-Ru

2003, 11(3): 166-168.

Abstract(1098) PDF(1004)

Abstract:
Biorem ediation is an effective method for biodegrading pollutions using microorganism systems．It has many advantages such as low cost，high efficiency and a long life cycle，etc．The advances of water bioremediation are stated，particular attention must be paid to the biodegradation of hydrocarbons，denitrification and the use of new reactors using microrganism enzymes．

The quality of the water-ecology environment in the important fishery function areas of Jialingjiiang and Wujiang rivers

LI QiLin, HUANG Yun, LIU Guang-De, ZENG Xiang-Yan, LU0 Dong-Qi

2003, 11(3): 169-171.

Abstract(1019) PDF(1004)

Abstract:
The evaluation of the ecological environment in the important fishery function areas of JialinNiang and Wujiang rivers is of light pollution．The heavy metals and organic compounds of several water samples have exceeded the standards．The single pollution index demonstrates that the main contaminants are petroleum-type and total phosphorus，and the total phosphorus greatly exceeds the standards The pH，total phosphorus，volatile phenol，petroleum-type，Cr⁶⁺，and nonaqueous solvable ammonia of the water have coherency． Finally，some countermeasures to improve the quality of waterecology environment in this area are put forward．

Acting formations and applying development of allelopathy

HUANG Gao-Bao, CHAI Qiang

2003, 11(3): 172-174.

Abstract(1756) PDF(1881)

Abstract:
The current advance of researches on the autotoxicity of crops and the allelopathy among crops or among crops and weeds is reviewed in this paper and the great potentials of allelopathy are proposed，in getting rid of the obstacles of continuous cropping，constructing the high efficient intercropping systems，regulating the crops growth and preventing the pests and weeds．

Research on biosafety of transgenic plants

LIU Chuan-Guang, LIN Qing-Shan, JIANG Yi-Jun, GAO Yun

2003, 11(3): 175-177.

Abstract(1224) PDF(1105)

Abstract:
The biosafety question and the risk of transgenic plants are reviewed in this paper，and the current situation of biosafety superintendence and management on the world are also discussed． Finally，some recommendations for China are raised accordingly．

Influence of the development of the biomass energy technology on agricultural ecological environment in China

ZHANG Bai-Liang, YANG Shi-Guan, MA Xiao-Qin

2003, 11(3): 178-179.

Abstract(1275) PDF(934)

Abstract:
The problems existing in agricultural ecological environment now are analyzed and the effects of the biomass energy technology on the improvement of the agricultural ecological environment，especially the biomass briquetting technologies，are discussed in detail．

Preliminary studies on the information agricultural techno-system aimed to precision

ZHA0 Qian-Jun, LI Jun

2003, 11(3): 180-184.

Abstract(1293) PDF(1122)

Abstract:
The paper summarizes the connotation and the key technologies of precision agriculture，discuses the contents，construction，design and visualization of agriculture management information system about the nation，district and county area．

Agricultural non-point source pollution and its countermeasures in the western regions

GAO Huai-You, ZHAO Yu-Jie, ZHENG Xiang-Qun, ZHANG Ren-Wu

2003, 11(3): 184-186.

Abstract(1014) PDF(1098)

Abstract:
In this paper，the current situation of agricultural non-point source pollution in the western regions and the reason that caused the pollution are studied．and the pollution degree in the western regions is compared with the eastern regions also ．Finally，how to solve the problem is discussed in this paper．

The ways of lowering the animal environmental pollution through feed and nutritional manipulations

WU Xi-Lin, YANG Feng, GUO Chun-Hua

2003, 11(3): 187-189.

Abstract(981) PDF(1188)

Abstract:
The ways and function of lowering the animal environmental pollutions through feed and nutritional manipulations are giyen such,as feed and nutritional research，new feed additives ，dietary halance techniques ，feed processing teehnology and feeding systems improvements．Finally，the application prospect of ecological feeds is put forward．

Study on the production technology of organic tea in Xinyang of Henan Provice

YUAN Guo-Qiang, FANG Fu-Zhen

2003, 11(3): 190-192.

Abstract(1084) PDF(980)

Abstract:
The production technologies of organic tea in Xinyang， Henan Province are stated in this paper． Firstly，through selecting tea garden，building the organic ecology structure of tea garden and carrying out the technology from tea garden to organic tea garden，the foundation of better ecological environment is established for organic tea．Secondly，through exploiting the soil management technology of organic tea garden，prohibiting from using chemical fertilizer and other composed fertilizer，using organic fertilizer，microbiological fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer，prohibiting from using artifical insecticide，herbicide and fungus resistant agents，preventing and curing the plant disea ses and insect pests，the good circulation of ecological environment can be guaranteed.

2003 Vol. 11, No. 3