2003 Vol. 11, No. 4

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Display Method:
Greenhouse crop model and environmental control and management
SUN Zhong-Fu, CHEN Ren-Jie
2003, 11(4): 1-3.
Abstract(1233) PDF(1405)
Abstract:
In this paper，firstly the authors have briefly introduced the general situation of crop model development over the world．secondly have outlined the development and research for greenhouse horticultural model，and finally have analyzed the function and significance of crop model development in environmental control and management of modern agriculture．Besides the discussion as above，the paper，giving an example for tomato crop，has abstractively introd uced the current situation and development for the greenhouse crop simulation system．
Application of chemical methods on frost disaster prevention
SUN Zhong-Fu, DONG Zhe-Sheng, ZHANG Jian-Cheng, GUO Shang
2003, 11(4): 4-6.
Abstract(1258) PDF(1082)
Abstract:
It is known that accelerating maturation and shortening growth cycle of crops may escape from the damage by early frost disaster． In this study，aimed at the vulnerability of ordinary techniques in frost prevention，different types of chemical regulators are tested to validate their effects on crop growth．The results show that the regulators have more effective both on promoting crop growth rate and shortening crop growing cycle，and furthermore increa sing its yield． It proves to be very significant for alleviating the damage from frost disaster by using chemical regulating methods，and especially it is worthwhile for fur ther research．
Study on the instrumental error of the portable photosynthesis system
HUANG Bin-Xiang, SHI Sheng-Jin, ZHANG Li
2003, 11(4): 7-9.
Abstract(1013) PDF(818)
Abstract:
Combined measurement error of average photosynthesis rate is comprised of the instrumental error．the measurement error and the characteristics of leaf photosynthesis．The instrumental error comes from CO2 analyzer，flowmeter．temperature thermometer and barometer．The error is different with different measuring methods or leaf photosynthesis rates．The photosynthesis rate is stronger，the error is smaller．The error in open system is about 8％～ 20％，and is about 2．5％～ 15％ in closed system ．The main eror is owing tO CO2 analyzer and flowmeter．
Studies on the photosynthesis of the green organs of wheat
SHI Sheng-Jin, HUANG Bin-Xiang, WANG Zhi-Min
2003, 11(4): 10-11.
Abstract(1379) PDF(1167)
Abstract:
The observation of the daily photosynthesis variation of different green organs of winter wheat in the grain-fiUing stage show that there is an obvious difference between the largest photosynthetic efficiencies of different green organs in one day． It behaves as flag leaf>stem> awn>sheath>spike without awn．The green organs except the leaf also have strong photosynthetic capability．During the daytime，the photosynthesis rate of flag leaf drops very fast in the afternoon，but the green organs keep higher photosynthetic efficiency．The photo-compensation points of leaf，stem and sheath are very near，but the spike’s is much higher．There is no obvious noon break of spike．
lndex 0f reasonable sunshine-hour and temperature and its effect on growth period and output of Safflower
WANG Jian, ZHENG Wei, YU Shu-Long
2003, 11(4): 12-14.
Abstract(881) PDF(868)
Abstract:
The effects of reasonable sunshine-hour and temperature index on the duration period and output of“New safflower 1”and “New safflower 2” are studied in this paper．The results show that the major influences of emergence of seedlings are temperature and soil humidity；number of days of seedlings～ramification and index of reasonable sunshinehour and temperature are negative correlative；number of days of seedlings～ramification and duration period are positive corre1ative：duration period and index of reasonable sunshine-hour and temperature，density are negative correlative．Output and index of reasonable sunshine-hour and temperature are closely corelative，the relative output is more than 90％ when index of reasonable sunshine-hour and temperature is in 140～150．Number of days of emergence of seedlings and index of reasonable sunshine-hour and temperature are in good corelation in Xinhe and Fuhai，the optimum emergence of seedling date is on 6～27 April．Its homologous duration period is 108～125 days when the density is 165 thousand zhu／hm2 and is 93～110 days when the density is 300 thousand zhu／hm2．
The initial study of the relationship between meteorological factors and agronomic characters of soybean in Beijing area
TIAN Zhi-Hui, CHEN Xue-Zhen, XIE Hao, QIN Xiao
2003, 11(4): 15-17.
Abstract(1263) PDF(867)
Abstract:
The efect of meteorological factors on agronomic characters in diferent develop periods of summer soybean is studied in this paper．The results show that by increasing the accumulated temperature in devdoping period of summer soybean，the better plant and yield characters can be obtained．The meteorological factors of seeding-flowing period have a marked effect on the plant character of summer soybean．The efficient ramification commence node and growing legumen height have relationships with the meteorological factors in this period and sowing-seeding period ．The number of growing legumen and yield per plant have a marked positive correlation with the precipitation and precipitation days in this period ，and have no correlation with the meteorological factors in prophase and anaphase of develop period ．The plant height，stem diameter，and node amount of caulis have no correlation with the meteorological factors in prophase and anaphase of develop period also ．The meteorological factors in flowing- maturing period mainly affect the 100-grain weight of summer soybean．
Effects of effective microorganisms (EM) compost on summer maize growth and development
TONG Xiao-Juan, LI Wei-Jiong, NI Yong-Zhen
2003, 11(4): 18-20.
Abstract(1362) PDF(959)
Abstract:
An experiment was done in plots of summer maize field with different fertilizer treatments．The results show that the soil organic matter，total nitrogen and available nitrogen are higher in the plots applied with EM compost than those applied with the same amount of traditional compost and chemical fertilizer．LAJ．1eaf chlorophyll content．the biomass of canopy，leaves stems，ears and grains of maize，which have similar variation trends in different fertilizer treatments，were higher in plots applied with EM compost than those applied with the same amount of traditional compost and chemical fertilizer．The more the compost input，the more obvious difference in the values．Maize yields in the plots applied with EM compost fire 11％- 20％ higher than those applied with the same amount of traditional compost．The more the cornpost input，the more remarkable increase of the maize yield．
Effects of 60Co-r ray radiation on the growth Speed and chlorophyll content of Begonia tuberhybrida Voss ，Ph．viotlacea Rchb．，Cyclamen persicum Mil1．，Dahlia pinnata Chlav
QIANG ji-Ye, CHEN Zong-Yu, LI Fo-Lin, FAN Li-Li
2003, 11(4): 21-23.
Abstract(1673) PDF(1095)
Abstract:
The effects of 60Co-r ray radiation on the growth speed and chlorophyll content of Begonia tuberhybrida Voss．，Ph．viollacea Rchb．，Cyclamen persicum Mil1．，Dahlia pinnata Chlav．are analyzed in this paper．The results show that the 4 kinds of flowers have higher growth speed in the early stage under the condition of low dosage and in the late stage under the condition of high dosage．There is a positive relativity between restraint and radiation dosage and there are higher photosynthesis and fight adverse circum stances for Begonia tuberhybrida Voss． seed ，ph ． viollacea Rchb ，Dahlia pinnata Chlav．ball after the radiation by 10 Gy and Begonia tuberhrida Voss．root，Ph．viollacea Rchb．after the radiation in high dosage．The pattern and petal type of Begonia tuberhybrida Voss．flower have changed by radiation．In further we would get higher decorative flowers and the fine kind of economic value．
Analysis of the influence factors on winter wheat canopy temperature
GUO Jia-Xuan, MEI Xu-Rong, LU ghi-Guang
2003, 11(4): 24-26.
Abstract(1530) PDF(1259)
Abstract:
Latent heat flux and sensible heat flux in winter wheat field were measured by uNng the eddy covariance technique，and the effect of energy balance components and wind speed to canopy temperature and the canopy-alr temperature difference were analyzed also．The results show that the net radiation flux is the main energy factor infecting canopy temperature，and there is a remarkable linear correlation between them(a=0.01)．The effects of latent heat flux．sensible heat flux，and ground heat flux on canopy temperature are related to weather condition．Wind speed remarkably infects the canopy-air temperature difference，and there is a negative correlativity between them．
Impact of agriculture on the soil sink for methane
LI Jun, YU Qiang, TONG Xiao-Juan
2003, 11(4): 27-28.
Abstract(1352) PDF(1016)
Abstract:
Tillage can largely reduce the soil CH4 sink because of its long inhibition on soil CH4 uptake．Ammonium can inhibit CH4 oxidation in the soi1 but nitrate can not do that．The effect of ammonium inhibition on soil CH4 oxidation is better than the manure with the same amount of nitrogen as ammonium．Crop residue that has small C／N ratio or can lead to soil acidification has a large inhibition on soll CH4 oxidation．Biowaste compost has a short-term inhibition on soll CH4 oxidation．Irrigation and the use of pesticide can decrease the soil CK,uptake．No-tillage，application of ammonium and organic fertilizer are the available measures to remain or increase the potential of CH4 uptake in arable soil.
Study on the relation between paddy field temperature and methane emission flux
WANG Ling, XIE De-Ti, LIU Hai-Long, YANG Zuo-Ming
2003, 11(4): 29-31.
Abstract(1039) PDF(1082)
Abstract:
There are consanguineous connections between the paddy field temperature and the methane emision flux．After analyzing four kinds of temperature by gray association，the results show that the paddy field temperature at 5 cm below is the closest one．The methane emision flux attains the max．in the tassel period and attains the min．in the ripe period ．The temperature increasing effect is clearer than the decreasing effect．Finally，the correlativity between paddy field temperature and the methane emision flux submits to the curve of S．
lnquirement to adjusting and controlling index of flowering period of the comlnon calla
QIAN Miao-Fen
2003, 11(4): 32-33.
Abstract(1368) PDF(1034)
Abstract:
The investigation on the flowering speed of the common calla and the observation of its environmental temperature and rdative humidity in the same period and at the same altiude indicate that，by using regression analysis method，the flowering days have a linear relation with the accumulated temperature and the length of the flower stem is a log relation to the effective accumulated temperature．Among the flowering altitude，sale altitude and the accumulated temperature，there are good relations．The flowering period can be controlled by adjusting the environmental temperature．
The dependency analysis of leaf area m athematic sim ulation。flower bud length，and flower stem length of Strelitzia reginae
QIAN Miao-Fen
2003, 11(4): 34-35.
Abstract(1352) PDF(1015)
Abstract:
Using geometrical graph method and leaf length multiplying width parametric method ，the paper simulates the leaf atea of Streditzia reginae．The results show that flower bud length，leaf area ，and stem length have preferble sequence dependency．
The climatic regionalization of protected horticulture in South China
ZHANG Ya-Hong, CHEN Oing-Yun, CHEN Duan-Sheng
2003, 11(4): 36-39.
Abstract(1071) PDF(1303)
Abstract:
Aiming at the main problems in protected horticulture development in South China，and selecting meteorological factors that play an important role on protected horticulture production，the climatic regionalization in protected horticulture of South China has been made by adopting the methods of principal component analysis and cluster analysis．The South China is divided into 5 climatic districts．Current situation and prospect of protected horticulture development in different districts are analyzed and some suggestions are given from the pointview of climatology．
Relationship between leaf transpiration rate of Lycium barbarum L．and its physiological factor as well as environmental micrometeorological factors
LIU Jing, WANG Lian-Xi, LI Feng-Xia, DAI Xiao-Li, SU Zhan-Sheng
2003, 11(4): 40-42.
Abstract(1671) PDF(962)
Abstract:
By modeling the relationship between transpiration rate and some factors respectively，the relationships between 1ear transpiration rate and the factors such as photosynthesis rate，stoma conductance，etc．are studied．The results show that there are close relationships between leaf transpiration rate，and leaf and air temperature，relative humidity，difference of vapor pressure，stoma conductance radiation and CO2 density difference．Upon this environmental，micrometeorological factors，the leaf and air temperature，relative hum idity have high influence on the leaf transpiration rate，the total solar radiation has low influence，the wind is lower as it is weakly．
A studv on the breath rate change of basidiomycetes at mycelial stage
YANG Jie, ZHONG Yang-He
2003, 11(4): 43-46.
Abstract(1223) PDF(1248)
Abstract:
The changes of breath rares during the mycelial growth of three basidiomycetes(Ganoderma lucidum ，Hericium erinaceus,Flammulina velutipes)at the mycelial stage were studied．The results show that the mycelial breath rates of three basidiomycetes a11 increase with mycelial growth，but the value of each species is different．The mycelial breath rate is stable during the same growth period． Each curve of mycelial mean growth rate of the three basidiomycetes shows only one peak．The maximum of breath rate comes later than that of the mycelial growth rate.
The diagnosis and estimation of CO2 concentration increasing and climate warming on the agricultural production
WANG Xiu-Lan, XU Shi-Hua, CUI Du-Chang
2003, 11(4): 47-48.
Abstract(864) PDF(923)
Abstract:
The crop growth and development，as well as the outputs for cereal crops(wheat，rice，maize，and soybean)，vegetables(Chinese cabbage，cucumber)under CO2 concentration increasing are studied through simulation experiment，and the effects of climatic warming on agricultural technologies and agricultural climate are analyzed． Finally，the agricultural diagnosis is made and some countermeasures are put forward．
Numerical simulation study of fine-mesh compartment of mountain agroclimatic resource in Beijing Mentougou area
GUO Wen-Li, CHEN Ming-Xuan, ZHANG Hong-Tao
2003, 11(4): 49-54.
Abstract(965) PDF(964)
Abstract:
In this paper，a simulation experiment has been made to indicate the mountain microclimate effect of Mentougou area based on a three dimensional quasi-static equilibrium air-soil coupling model developed in G-Chen coordinates system ．The study indicates that the mountain air temperature and surface soil temperature are almost opposite change to terrain height and temperature contours tendency is basically in accordance with terrain contours tendency．The temperatore in the lower mountain valley is higher than that in the east plain in winter and the temperature diurnal variation is the most obvious in summer．Surface soil temperature has close relationship with the air temperature and its distribution is similar to that of the air temperature．Relative humidity over mountain surface is increasing along with terain height．Owing to the effects of "X”valley shape overlaying Mentougou area．the lower level wind vector has convergence to mountain cap and brings valley breeze during daytime and is opposite during nighttime．
Study on surface water transport in agricultural landscape on the slop lands of red soil(dry season)I．Water transport at soil-atmosphere interface
XIE Xiao-Li, DUAN Hua-Ping, WANG Kai-Rong
2003, 11(4): 55-58.
Abstract(1173) PDF(1021)
Abstract:
A located observation and study of water transport at soil-atmosphere interface was conducted． The results show that there are differences in soil evaporation among different agricultural cultivations while no difference in the dynamic variation of water vapor transfer flux．The daily variation curve of soil evaporation is a typical single peak curve．Many factors may affect the surface water transport．When surface vegetational typ es are stable and the effects of crop are not remarkable，the water transfer at soil-atmosphere interface is affected not only by climatic condition but also apparently by soil water contents(0～20cm)．The water vapor transfer through interface is significantly positively correlated with the net radiation and is corelated with the environmental temperature．It is also affected by water potential and has a highly significant negative corelation with the air humidity．Therefore，the water vapor transfer at interface is mainly controlled by soil surface(0～20cm)water contents．Their relationship has a linear correlativity．The amount of soil evaporation is 1／3 of the total field evapotranspiration．There are potentials for controlling the consumption to these none productive water moisture．Measures such as soil-manuring，irigation-controlling，physical obstacle of preventing soil evaporation are presented．
Study on surface water transport in agricultural landscape on the slop lands of red soil(dry season)l1．Water transport at leafoatmosphere interface
XIE Xiao-Li, DUAN Hua-Ping, WANG Kai-Rong
2003, 11(4): 59-62.
Abstract(1255) PDF(992)
Abstract:
After observing the water transport at leaf-atmosphere interface of typical crop system ，it is proved that the water vapor transfer flux is determined by the construction of plant community．The variation of water vapor transfer flux at leaf-atmosphere interface of a stable community is not only apparently affected by soil moisture and meteorological condition but also by plant physiological mechanism ．Transpiration velocity has daily variation．The analysis show that the net radiation，saturated-air water vapor balance，air temperature，surface temperature and wind speed have highly significant influence on transpiration(positive correlation)．The net radiation and air temperature are the main factors．Stomatal conductivity of leaf reflects its transpiration velocity and the daily variation of stomatal resistance is the plant response to meteorological condition．Stomatal resistance is strongly affected by soil moisture．By improving growth condition of crop，adjusting stomatal action，harm onizing crop transpiration and water-consuming restriction of photosynthesis，the water vapor transfer at leaf-atmosphere car)．be adjusted and controlled and the water use efficiency of crop can be increased．
The periodic characteristic of wind speed above and within a maize canopy
JIANG Zhao-Yang, WANG Tian-Duo, YU Qiang, SUN Xiao-Min
2003, 11(4): 63-65.
Abstract(1166) PDF(947)
Abstract:
In this paper，the variabilities of wind speed within and above maize canopy have been analyzed by using Morlet continuous wavelet transform ．The main results show that the continuous wavelet analysis provides a concise and compact information in the scale-time domain，it reveals the ld and 18d period components of the data．Averaged wavelet spectra over time and scales give the temporal variability and the energy distributions with different periodic components of the data．
Research on evapotranspiration of field ecological system of summer maize in Northern Plain
YANG Xiao-Guang, LIU Hai-Long, WANG Yu-Lin, YU Hu-Ning
2003, 11(4): 66-68.
Abstract(1630) PDF(1069)
Abstract:
Continuously measuring the evapotranspiration during the whole summer maize growing period in the Northern Plain，daily and seasonly variations of field evapotranspiration and their influence factors are analyzed．The results show that the total evapotranspiration of summer maize presents an obvious daily variation and the rate of evapotranspiration of summer maize varies with the growing periods．The net radiation，soil water and leaf area index can all affect the variations of the total daily evapotranspiration．Finally，the mathematic equation of summer maize to simulate the movement and transferring of soil water has been established．
Normalized leaf area index model for summer maize
LIN Zhong-Hui, XIANG Yue-Qin, M0 Xing-Guo, LI Jun, WANG Ling
2003, 11(4): 69-72.
Abstract(2162) PDF(2208)
Abstract:
Based on the data of severaI summer maize varieties acquired at Yucheng and Luancheng experimental stations，as well as some data from literatures．a general model of LAI was developed．It is a modified Logistic curve with normalized accum ulation temperature as a dependent variable．It is intended to provide a generalized LAI curve within the growing season for regional crop monitoring and yield estimation.
An assessment model for effects of climate abnormity on wheat production in North China Plain
FENG Li-Ping, SUN Ning, LIU Rong-Hua, WANG Yong-Qin
2003, 11(4): 73-76.
Abstract(1444) PDF(984)
Abstract:
An assessment model for effects of climate abnormity on wheat production in North China Plain(WHTMOD)was built．WHTMOD consists of wheat phonology simulation model，photosynthesis simulation model，yield formation simulation model，water balance model，and nitrogen dynamic mode1．The physiological processes such as crop photosynthesis，respiration，and distribution of biomass among organs in wheat are considered in the model，and the effects of temperature，daylength， C02，water， and nitrogen are also considered． WHTMOD can be used tO simulate the wheat growth，development and yield formation，and to express the effects of climate abnormity on wheat prod uction for studied areas．Validation of model shows that there is a good agreement between the simulated and observed values．
Study on energy and C02 fluxes over winter wheat fields with different water treatments
MO Xing-Guo, CHEN Dan, LIN Zhong-Hui, XIANG Yue-Qin
2003, 11(4): 77-81.
Abstract(1094) PDF(996)
Abstract:
Based on the observations on energy balance in winter wheat fields with different water treatments in Shunyi County，Bering，the daily and diurnal variations of energy partitioning，albedo and C02 fluxes over the different water treating fi elds are compared and analyzed．The results show that the daily mean albedo is about 0．18during the jointing period，the 1atent and sensible heat fluxes show significant diference under different water treatments．The daily variation of CO2 flux above canopy is a parabola shape and the canopy is a sink of CO2 in this period．
Characteristics of evapotranspiration and energy budget of soybean field in the Sanjiang Plain
WANG Yi-Yong, YANG Qing, ZHANG Guang, HUANG Chun-Jie, MA You-Bin
2003, 11(4): 82-85.
Abstract(1679) PDF(1246)
Abstract:
The evapotranspiration，water use efficiency，radiation budget and energy balance of soybean field in the Sanjiang Plain are analyzed in this paper．The results show that the evapotranspiration capabilities of farmland are equal to precipitation during the crop growth Seaso n，the change of so ybean field evapotranspiration is sim ilar to the change of leaf area index．The ratios of net radiations to total radiation are different in different soybean growth stages and the value is 50％ in the sowing and seedling stage，increases to 60％ in the florescence and bear pods，finally decreases to 55％in the milking and harvesting time．The energy balance of soybean field has daily change and seasonal variation，the latent heat consumes 90％ of net radiation，the sensible heat and the soil heat flux are very small during the soybean growth Season．and the values respectively are below 1．5％and 10％．
Study on the situation of soil organic carbon storage in ecotone between ag riculture and anim al husbandry-A case study from Inner Mongolia
QIU Jian-Jun, TANG Hua-Jun, LI Chang-Sheng
2003, 11(4): 86-88.
Abstract(1103) PDF(980)
Abstract:
A biogeochemieal model(DNDC)for agro-ecosystem was employed to predict the soil organic carbon dynamics in ecOtone between agriculture and anim al husbandry in Inner Mongolia．The results show that the total soil organic carbon storage in 0～30cm soil of agricultural lands in Inner Mongolia is abo ut 466．226 million ton；the soil organic carbon is lost at a rate of 13．35 million t／a；and protective cultivations are very useful for accumulation of soil organic carbon in this areas ．
A study on abroad challenges of scaling-up of crop models for regional applications
LIU Bu-Chun, WANG Shi-Li, MA Yu-Ping
2003, 11(4): 89-91.
Abstract(1289) PDF(1153)
Abstract:
Several challenges of scaling-up that arise when applying crop simulation models developed for the plot-scale leve1 or the field-scale level to broader spatial scales and higher system levels are systematically summarized．These problems include the variability of environmental variables in space and time，the spatial aggregation of response，spatial average bias，temporal variability bias and bias occurring because of neglecting new properties and processes in the existing models．Some potentially useful approaches for controlling and minimizing these errors are concluded．
Effect of water control in combination of depth and amount on dry matter partition and water use efficiency of winter wheat
REN Wei, YA0 Ke-Min, YU Oiang, OUYANG Zhu, WANG Ling
2003, 11(4): 92-94.
Abstract(1273) PDF(1039)
Abstract:
A three years field tria1．under the water control experim ent with different soll depths and water contents，is cartled out to study the effects of water control on dry matter distribution， yield and water use efficiencies of winter wheat．The resUIts show that the dry matter accum ulation above the ground is 65％ FC> 50％ FC> 80％ FC in the treatment of surface irrigation and 80％ FC>65％ FC>50％FC in other three treatments of under surface irigation；the treatment of 30cm×80％ FC produces the highest yield of 6512．4kg／hm2, the lowest yield of 3568．1 kg／hm2 appears in the treatment of 50cm ×50％ FC．The crop water use efficiency gradually increases with the depths increasing．The optimum combinations would be 30cm × 80％ FC and 30cm × 65％ FC．
Research progression on characteristics of water expend and water rise efficiency of aerobic rice
YANG Jie, YANG Xiao-Guang
2003, 11(4): 95-98.
Abstract(1589) PDF(1132)
Abstract:
From the aspects of the rule of water demand and expend，water efect on its growth and yield，and water-in-dexes,the characteristics of water demand and expend，and water use efficiency of aerobic rice are summarized．Finally，the research direction in the future iS also included in the paper．
Plastic mulching effects on potato under drip irrigation and furrow irrigation
WANG Feng-Xin, KANG Yao-Hu, LIU Shi-Ping
2003, 11(4): 99-102.
Abstract(1216) PDF(958)
Abstract:
Based on field experiment，this paper gives a brief introduction of the mulching effects on soil water distribution and depletion under drip irrigation，the growth of potato under drip irrigation and furrow irrigation，etc．The results show that the plastic mulch can reduce the evapo ration through soil surface and maintain relatively high soil moisture in the topsoil during the early growing period of potato． However，transpiration has become the main way of soil water depletion during the later period and makes the mulching effect on the reduction of evapo ration insignificant．When the temperature is high，the plastic mulch can res train the growth of potato．
Effects of sprinkler irrigation on the field mieroclimate
LIU Hal-Jun, KANG Yue-Hu, LIU Shi-Ping
2003, 11(4): 103-107.
Abstract(749) PDF(888)
Abstract:
The experiment of the effects of sprinkler irrigation on the field microclimate shows that sprinkler irrigation affects the air temperature and humidity near crop canopy not only at the sprinkler day but also during the whole sprinkler irrigation season．The air temperature inversion appears for a very 1ong time，the air temperature is decreased sharply，and the vapor pressure within heights from lm to 4m is significantly increased near canopy under sprinkler irrigation condition．Daily soil temperature amplitude under sprinkler irrigation condition is smaller than that under surface irigation condition at ground surface．The temperature amplitude decreases sharply as depth increa ses under both sprinkler irrigation and surfaca irrigation conditions．Total water uses during winter wheat growing period are 436．5mm and 459．4 mm under both sprinkler irigation and surface irrigation conditions，respectively．However，the winter wheat yield under sprinkler irrigation is 6430kg/hm2，and 4455kg／hm2under surface irrigation condition．The water use efficiency(WUE )of winter wheat on the field under sprinkler irrigation condition is 1．47kg／m3 while it is 0．97 kg／m3 under surface irigation condi．tion．WUE under sprinkler irrigation condition is about 52％ higher than that under surfaca irigation condition.
Study oil water requirement and the moisture index of spring wheat in irrigated areas of Ningxia
LI Feng-Xia, WANG Lian-Xi, LIU Jing, XU Yang-Chun
2003, 11(4): 108-110.
Abstract(1712) PDF(1020)
Abstract:
Based on the experiments of spring wheat and the relationships between soil moisture，weather condition and crops，the moisture indexes and the water requirement of spring wheat in different growth stages are determ ined by using the equation of soil moisture balance in farm land and the method of evapotranspiration calculation which is offered by FAO ．The relative equation between soil moisture and physiology and ecology of spring wheat is established using the method of curvilinear simulation．Finally，a model of saving water，as well as the amount and the irrigation frequency of spring wheat in irrigated areas is established．
Study on the water use efficiency of upland rice in different water treatments
ZHAO Jun-Fang, YANG Xiao-Guang, WANG Zhi-Min, WANG Hua-Qi, B.A, M, Bouman
2003, 11(4): 111-113.
Abstract(1296) PDF(990)
Abstract:
Through field experiment，the water use efficiency of upland rice in different water treatments was studied．The results show that diurnal changes of photosynthesis rate，transpiration rate and the water use efficiency of“Upland rice 502”and“Jindao 305”are similar in elongation and flowering stage．Both photosynthesis rate and transpiration rate are higher in the middle of the day than any other times．The diurnal change of water use efficiency looks like a‘L’，The water use efficiency of“Upland rice 502”is higher than that of“Jindao 305”under enough irrigation and water deficit treatments．The water use efficiencies of agricultural water consumption of“Upland rice 502”and“Jindao 305”are lower than those of irrigation，especially water use efficiencies of the two varieties under water deficit condition are higher than those of under enough irrigation respectively， Water use efficiencies of agricultural water consumption and irrigation of “Jindao 305”are lower than those of“Upland rice 502”．
Compensative effects of plant chemical regulation Of physiological harm caused by water stress after flowering of winter wheat
DUAN Liu-Sheng, GUAN Cai-Hong, HE Zhong-Pei, ZHAI Zhi-Xi
2003, 11(4): 114-117.
Abstract(1746) PDF(963)
Abstract:
The experiment was conducted with winter wheat CV．Jingdong 6 in PVC pipe and under rain free condition．It is indicated that all the distribution of 3H2O in roots and flag leaf，characteristics of vascular bundle in primary roots and internode below ear，roots validity，transpiration rate and stomatal impedance of flag leaf are changed by water stress after flowering．The treatments of seed coating and foliage spraying at early jointing stage using Beinong 6(HK6)，a plant growth regulator，are proved to release and compensate the harmful effects of water stress．Both the area of vascular bundie in primary roots and internode below ear are increased by HK6，while the roots validity and the ability of water absorption and transportation are promoted． In flag leaf，stomatal impedance is changed to maintain the transpiration rate and the water use efficiency of single wheat plant is higher．The rate and ratio of 14C assimilates expo rted from flag leaf are increased by the chemical regulation．
Study on benefits of soil and water conservation on sloping land orchard of red soil
LIU Shi-Yu, CHENG Dong-Bing
2003, 11(4): 118-120.
Abstract(1580) PDF(970)
Abstract:
This thesis has probed the benefits of soil and water conservation by eight different treatments on sloping land orchard of red soil．The resuIts show that compared with bare soil(CK)，planting Bahia grass on level bench terrace wall is the most effective method to conserve water and soil．It reduces the average runoff coefficient by 89．7％ and the amount of soil erosion almost 100％ ．Other treatments also result in some positive effects．Furtherm ore，the physical and chem ical properties of soil with sod culture are improved respectively．
The changes of planting structure and rational use of water resource in the oasis of Minqin County，Gansu Province
HE Ya-Juan, PAN Xue-Biao
2003, 11(4): 121-123.
Abstract(1513) PDF(1338)
Abstract:
The agricultural statistical information of Minqin County during 1949～2000 was analyzed．The results show that there are great changes on the planting structure and yield during this fifty-two years in the oasis of Minqin County．The total tendency of the planting area of cereal crops in proportion tO the total planting area is minishing．The wheat planting area has been reduced by 15％ from 1982 tO 1998，while those of maize，cotton and other economic crops have been increased．especially that of the seed melon has been increased by 10％ ．Finally，the relationship between the crop water requirement and the water resource-carrying capacity and their affections tO adjust agricultural production are analyzed ．
Evaluation of water resources and countermeasures to the shortage of agricultural water in Jizhou City
LIU Zi-Ying, LIU Bao-Ming
2003, 11(4): 124-125.
Abstract(968) PDF(1000)
Abstract:
The utilization states and problems of water resources in Jizhou City are discussed in this paper，and several countermeasures are put forward to solve the problems such as saving water technologies．using slightly salt water and intensifying field management
The study on heat island effect in Beijing during last 40 years
S0NG Yan-Ling, ZHANG Shang-Yin
2003, 11(4): 126-129.
Abstract(2505) PDF(2359)
Abstract:
Variations of mean temperature in Beijing city are analyzed in this paper．The results show that the difference of mean daily temperature between city and suburb is the largest on 24 December in 1995 during the last 40 years，and the mean daily ternperature in the city is 4．612 higher than that in the suburb；the difference of temperature between the city and the suburb is the utmoSt in winter season and the mean seasona1 temperature in the city is 1．1l℃ higher than that in the suburb，while the difference is the least in spring season，and the temperature in the city is 0．26℃ higher than that in the suburb；for the inter-annual variability of temperature，the difference of temperature is little from 1961 to 1977，while the difference is great from 1978 to 2000，and the temperature in the city is 0．62℃ higher than that in the suburb，so the heat island effect is reinforced from 1978 to 2000；the difference of temperature is the 1ea st in 1960’s，and the temperature in the city is 0．13℃ higher than that in the suburb，whereas the difference is the maxima1 in 1990’s．and the temperature in the city is 0．7812 higher than that in the suburb；the number of high temperature days(≥3512 )is going up obviously in recent years，but the highest temperature is not changed greatly，and the highest temperature is higher than 3812 only in 1997，1999 and 2000．The mean annual temperature is increa sing apparently during the last 40 yea rs，and it is increa sing by 0．43℃ ／10a in the city and 0．21℃ ／10a in the suburb，an obvious 12 years cycle of mean annual temperature is found．
Evaluation on eco-climate adaptability of crop and herbage in northern ecotone
LU Yu-Hua, ZHENG Da-We
2003, 11(4): 130-133.
Abstract(1665) PDF(947)
Abstract:
By applying Bayes principle，the comprehensive evaluation of eco-clim ate adaptability of crop and herbage was conducted in different&teas in northern ecotone．The analysis indicates that in semi-drought and drought areas，the eco-cli-mate adaptability of herbage is obviously better than that of crop and spring wheat．Thus an all-around identification of vegetations in northern ecotone is presented，which can be used as a reliable reference in further structure adjustment in these areas．
Review on turfgrass variety selection and application in transitional zones of China
HU Lin, LI Min, ZHAO Bing-Xiang, YU Lu-Sheng
2003, 11(4): 134-136.
Abstract(1362) PDF(1059)
Abstract:
The turfgrass variety selection and its application development in transitional zones of China in the last decade is reviewed．The influences of the major factors on turfgrass variety selection are analyzed and the reasons for the change of predom inant turfgrass species in transitional zones of China in the last decade are discussed．Finally，the prospect for the turfgrass variety selection and its application in this area in the future is made．
Effects of climatic change on tobacco yield and the selection of its adaptive region in China
LIAO Yao-Ming, ZHOU Xiao-Rong
2003, 11(4): 137-138.
Abstract(1437) PDF(1222)
Abstract:
The effects of climatic changes on tobacco’s growth and development，its yield and quality，its adaptive region selection，and its diseases and insect pests，etc．，are analyzed in this paper．In the end，some countermea sures on how to make full use of its advantageous effects and overcome its disadvantageous effects are put forward．
Variety in agro-climate of Three-Gorges Reservoir in Chongqing
LIU Hai-Long, YANG Xiao-Guang, WANG Ling
2003, 11(4): 139-142.
Abstract(1319) PDF(952)
Abstract:
In this article the variety of climate in Three-Gorges Reservoir from 1961 tO 2000 is analyzed．The results show that a 20-years main cycle in temperature and sunlight is found out and the variety of non-cycle temperature in the Eastern reservoir has increa sed 2．0℃ ，more higher than other sections，and the variety of the precipitation in the ea st has decrea sed 181．5mm ，more obvious than the west and the center．The agro-climate environm ent variety in the next 10 years is forecasted by GM (1，1)Gray System Model，the results show that most of the reservoir’S climate elements will increase，some will lessen．Finally，some advices are put forward.
A loss estimation model and drought monitoring of wheat in mountainous areas of South Ningxia
LIU Jing, WANG Lian-Xi, MA Li-Wen, WU Wan-Li, SUN Yin-Chuan
2003, 11(4): 143-147.
Abstract(1617) PDF(1383)
Abstract:
In this paper，the daily ET0 and ETc are calculated using Kc and FAO-PM from 1961 to 2000，and the evapotranspiration in every 10 days of wheat is estimated by the soil water balance equation．The real water consumption，as well as the degree of the water consum ption and requirements of wheat during the growing Season are established by using the soil water balance equation and means of correcting leakage of soil water and flow of precipitation every year．Based on this work，a loss estimation method on monitoring drought and estimating yield loss of wheat is established using functions of crop growth water and maxlimit of yield．The results show that the effects is satisfied and suitable form nitoring drought and estimating yield loss of wheat on mountainous areas of south Ningxia．
The relationship between aroma and taste of flue-cured tobacco leaves and elevation in Dalou Mountmnous Region of Northern of Guizhou
MU Biao, YANG Jian-Song, LI Ming-Hai
2003, 11(4): 148-151.
Abstract(2413) PDF(1739)
Abstract:
With the related analysis of elevation and climatic ecology quota of tobacco leaves and the analysis of chemical composition of tobacco leaves and smoke qualities appraisal in 7 counties (city)and 71 different elevation climatic ecology points for 3 years in Dalou Mountainous Region of the Northern of Guizhou，we can conclude that a very notable level of linear relation between the climatic ecology quota of tobacco leaves quality and elevation has rea ched and all climatic ecology quota mainly show the influence of elevation to tobacco leaves quality．The nicotine and total nitrogen contents reduce along with the elevation going up，and the quality is better in the districts of elevation 900～1100m ．The appearance quality，the inherent character，and the taste of tobacco lea ves decrease along with the elevation going up， and there is a slightly difference in the decrea sing range of different species in the same year and the same specie in different years．Adopting the corresponding technique measures just can acquire the high-quality tobacco leaves in the districts above the elevation 1300m ．
Influence of the adverse condition of shading-nets on yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco
XIAO Jin-Xiang, WANG Yan, LI Hui, HE Kuan-Xin, LI Li-Xin
2003, 11(4): 152-154.
Abstract(1465) PDF(1149)
Abstract:
The influence of the adverse condition of shading-nets in flue-cured tobacco was studied．The res ults show that the field clim ate changes remarkably under the shading-net cover．The average daily temperature decreases by 3.2"C ．The penetrating rate among plants reduces by 17.2％ ．The evaporations among rows and plants respectively drop 1.7mm and 1.0mm ．The climate change makes flue-cured tobacco delay in bud emergence and blossoming，and decrease its growth of roots，stems and leaves．The yield decreases to 1126．5kg／hm2．The percentage of the superior and medium tobacco reduces by 36．1％．Therefore．a 1ong term of covering is not suitable for flue-cured planting．
Effects of different sowing dates on yieid and protein content of spring wheat
SUN Yan-Kun, FU Qiang, WANG Hong-Yan
2003, 11(4): 155-157.
Abstract(1644) PDF(1180)
Abstract:
The effects of dmerent climate factors on the development， yield， and quality of wheat in different sowing dates are studied．The resu1ts show that the suitable sowing period of spring wheat is in the middle of April．Sowing in this time．the yield and protein contents of the spring wheat wil1 be increased markedly．
The influence of climatic ecology factors on the yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco and the countermeasures of planting tobacco in Jiangxi
XIAO Jin-Xiang, LIU Zheng-He, WANG Yan, HE Kuan-Xin, LI Li-Xin
2003, 11(4): 158-160.
Abstract(2273) PDF(1935)
Abstract:
The vield and nicotine content of flue-cured tobacco are better in the southern Jiangxi than in the middle and northern．The average yield is 1920．Okg／hm2 in the south，1698．Okg／hm2 in the middle，and 1705．5kg／hm2 in the north．The average nicotine content is 22．7g／kg in the south，18．2g／kg in the middle，and 13．5g／kg in the north．Assaying the clim atic condition in each development stage according tO the yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco，the paper confirms the priority and requirements of light，temperature and water in each development stage and puts forward some cultivating countermea sures．
Researches on contribution rate of rainfall to the yield of spring wheat
LI Bao-Hua, LI Xiao-Hong, LIU Ya-Ping, LI De-Ming
2003, 11(4): 161-162.
Abstract(955) PDF(933)
Abstract:
A computer model of relationship is established between spring wheat yield，and soil organic matter content，precipitation，air temperature using the data of state farm ，Heilongiiang Province in 40 remaining years，in the way of the plurality normal regression means．The analyzed results show that in the locality conditions，the largest contribution rate of the year rainfall to spring wheat yield is 24kg／hm2·mm；from jointing to florescence stage(brief 50 days)when the precipitation is below 80mm，the largest contribution rate is 45kg／hm2·mm to the spring wheat yield of precipitation；in the milk stage(brief 20 days)when the precipitation is below 10mm，the largest contribution rate of precipitation is 36kg/hm2·mm．
Microclimate analysis of Yingtaogou Valley．Beijing City
GUO Wen-Li, WU Chun-Yan, WANG Zhi-Hua, TANG Guang, OUYANG gong-Ji
2003, 11(4): 163-165.
Abstract(1341) PDF(1050)
Abstract:
Climatic observation on the Yingtaogou Valley of the Mentougou in Beijing was conducted，The results show that the Yingtaogou Valley has some climatic superiority to fit the needs of cherry growth．
Study on the microclimate of sheep-raising house in winter in pasturing area of northern ecotone
LU Yu-Hua, GAI Yu
2003, 11(4): 166-168.
Abstract(1281) PDF(1019)
Abstract:
The microclim ate of the sheep-raising house in the northern ecotone was observed in winter．The results show that the surface temperatures in unheated houses are -2．5～0℃．It raises tO 11℃ that is higher than that in the sheep pen and outside during 20．00 P．m～8．00 a．m at the level of 0．3m ．The air temperature in the house is -2℃ which is 10C higher than that in the sheep pen and outside and the rdative humidity in it is 58％ ．The air temperature in the unheated sheep-raising house with an enlarged density can reach tO 0℃ at the level of 1．5m and the relative humidity in it is 65％．
The climatic resource characteristics and countermeasures of agricultural development in Leizhou Peninsula
ZHI Shi-Qun, LIU Ai-Jun, ZHOU Shi-Huai
2003, 11(4): 169-170.
Abstract(1827) PDF(1353)
Abstract:
Based on the meteorological data，the climatic characteristics in Leizhou Peninsula are analyzed．The results show that the quantity of heat is rich in Leizhou Peninsula located in the North tropical zone．The agriculture with distinguished features is developed，and the base of the tropical cash crop and winter agricultural products is created ．Finally，some preventive methods of agrometeorological disasters are put forward．
Reasonable exploitation of climatic resources to develop vegetable industry in Guangzhou
LUO Sen-Bo, OU Shan-Guo, LUO Qiu-Hong, TU Yue-Xian
2003, 11(4): 171-172.
Abstract(982) PDF(924)
Abstract:
In this paper．climatic reasons of vegetable supplying off-seasons and the relationship between vegetable supplying off-seasons and meteorological factors in Guangzhou are analyzed．With the aim of reasonable exploitation of the elimatic resources．some mea sures to achieve abundant vegetable supply for a whole year and proposals to develop export-oriented green vegetable industry are presented．
Agro-meteorology information and forecast service system of province class in Guangxi
OU Zhao-Rong
2003, 11(4): 173-175.
Abstract(1213) PDF(1077)
Abstract:
Using the streamline design ideas and modulized，functionized design method，the agro-meteorology information and forecast service system of province class in Guangxi(GXAOS)was explored．The project has gained remarkable economy and society profit for three years．The system design，structural characters，function of each module，and application prospect are introduced primarily in this paper．
Characters of natural resources and environment of ecotone and its countermeasures of sustainable development
ZHAO Ju, ZHENG Da-Wei, TUO De-Bao
2003, 11(4): 176-177.
Abstract(1557) PDF(1219)
Abstract:
Ecotone is a transition belt between cultivation area and grazing area with special characters of resources and environment．The counterm easures of sustainable developm ent in those areas are to break the closing state of the system ，to introduce negative entropy in order to promote the system from a low stage to a high stage，to restructure the regional agriculture and economy to couple cultivation and husbandry SO as to optimize the allocation of resources of the system ，to encourage the opening to the whole country and the world in order to input energy，mass and inform ation，and to develop new jobs and livelihoods．

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