2007 Vol. 15, No. 1

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Ecosystem services of wetlands and their delineation in China
ZHAO Qi-Guo, GAO Jun-Feng
2007, 15(1): 1-4.
Abstract(2179) PDF(91)
Abstract:
Abstract Wetland is an important component of the global ecosystem and plays a key role in water conservation, environmental cleanup and biodiversity conservation. China possesses approximately 10% of the world's total wetlands. However, with increasing of population and economic growth, wetlands have been over-exploited in China, which results in sharp decrease in quantity as well as quality and deterioration of their ecological functions. Wetland resources quantity, distribution and problems are analyzed in this paper. On the base of the ecosystem service functions of wetland, China's wetlands are delineated into three Ⅰ type regions and seven Ⅱ type regions, which are the east-north region, Huanghuaihai region, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River region, south China region, Yungui Plateau region，westnorth region and Qingzang region. This work will benefit the eco-environment conservation and planning, safe protection of wetland ecosystem, wetland resources utilization and allocation of development.
Carbon storage and carbon density of Pinus tabulaeformis and Pinus armandii forests at Huoditang forest region in Qinling Mountain
LIU Hua, HOU Lin, LEI Rui-De
2007, 15(1): 5-8.
Abstract(1370) PDF(1082)
Abstract:
The spatial distribution, carbon storage and carbon density of Pinus tabulaeformis and Pinus armandii were studied by using the forest inventory data of Huoditang forest region in 1990 and Citystar 4.0 of GIS software. The results show that the total carbon storages of Pinus tabulaeformis and Pinus armandii are 0.0018TgC and 0.0510TgC, respectively. Mean carbon densities are 7.6694MgC/hm2 and 38.9080MgC/hm2, respectively. The values of carbon storage and carbon density of artificial forest of Pinus tabulaeformis and Pinus armandii are higher than those of the natural forests. All of these relates to the forest-type and age grade. The results also show that Pinus tabulaeformis forests mainly distribute below the altitude of 1800m and Pinus armandii forests in the middle part of Huoditang region on all the elevation. The artificial forests of Pinus tabulaeformis and Pinus armandii most distribute along the road.
Effects of human disturbance on spatial distribution pattern of main population of evergreen broadleaf trees
YANG Mei, LIN Si-Zu, CAO Guang -Qiu, LIU Hong-Bo, CAO Zi-Lin
2007, 15(1): 9-11.
Abstract(1201) PDF(1390)
Abstract:
The dynamic state of population of evergreen broadleaf trees were investigated after human disturbance by studying the spatial distribution patterns of several main populations (Castanopsis eyrei, Syzygium buxifolium, Schima superba, Michelia maudiae) in castanopsis eyrei communities. After the communities are disturbed in different levels, the distribution of populations presents various change trends. The heavier human-caused disturbances, the more obvious aggregate nature of Castanopsis eyrei, Michelia maudiae and the less obvious aggregate nature of Syzygium buxifolium, Schima superba. On the low stand classes of trees, slight human-caused disturbance benefits the formation of aggregate distribution characteristics. On the middle stand classes of trees, the aggregate nature of trees,whose seeds, roots and branches have strong sprouting power,is more obvious in the intense human-caused disturbance.On the high stand classes of trees, the distribution pattern of population shows a random distribution.
Allelopathy of Peganum multisectum Maxim Bobr on edible podded pea
LIU Jian-Xin, ZHAO Guo-Lin
2007, 15(1): 12-15.
Abstract(1385) PDF(1212)
Abstract:
Effects of different concentration of alcohol extracts from peganum multisectum Maxim Bobr, in which the seeds of edible podded pea were soaked, on seed germination,growth and physiological characters of the seedlings were investigated. The results show that the treatments with 0.10～0.40g/mL alcohol extracts from peganum multisectum Maxim Bobr significantly inhibit seed germination and seedling growth of edible podded pea. And the germination rate, germination index, amylase activity, plant height, root volume, dry weight of seedling and ratio of root to shoot are decreased. In addition the root vigor, nitrate reductase activity, contents of chlorophyll and soluble protein in leaves of the treated seedlings are decreased remarkably. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) are dropped significantly while peroxidase (POD) activity,malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased, the expression of isoperoxidase patterns in root is inhibited.
Nitrogen in wet deposition in Shanghai area and its effects on agriculture ecosystem
MEI Xue-Ying, ZHANG Xiu-Feng
2007, 15(1): 16-18.
Abstract(1126) PDF(943)
Abstract:
N is the necessary nutrition for plant growth and NH4+,NO3- are two major forms when N is absorbed by plants. NH4+ and NO3- in wet deposition are two very important factors to compensate the N loss of agricultural ecosystem. In order to learn the situation of N in the wet deposition of Shanghai District and its effects on agricultural ecosystem in this area, the amount, forms and ecological effects of N in the wet deposition were studied. Results show that in recent years, the content of N nutrition in the precipitation is fairly high in the region, among which NO3-> is 2.587mg/L,NH4+ 2.155mg/L and TIN more than 4.000mg/L. The N imported to the agriculture ecosystem of the area by wet deposition is abundant, with 26.580kg/hm2·a NH4+. In 1999, NH4+ was 38.930kg/hm2, NO3- was 31.545kg/hm2. The average annual TIN imported from wet deposition is 58.123kg/hm2·a equal to 124.549kg/hm2·a CO(NH2)2 or 327.980kg/hm2·a NH4HCO3 and in 1999 the quantity of TIN was 77.750kg/hm2 equal to 166.607kg/hm2 CO(NH2)2 or 438.732kg/hm2 NH4HCO3, accouting for 35% of the national average application amount of fertilizer(N) in 1998.
Spatial and temporal variability of soil quality in typical black soil area in Northeast China in 20 years
WANG Jing-Kuan, LI Shuang-Yi, ZHANG Xu-Dong, WEI Dan, CHI Feng-Qin
2007, 15(1): 19-24.
Abstract(1161) PDF(1437)
Abstract:
Geographical information system(GIS)combined with Geostatistics were applied to reveal the spatial and temporal variability of soil fertility quality in the topsoil(0～20cm)in the northeastern area of China during last two decades.Soil fertility quality indices in this study include pH,organic matter,available P,available K and clay.The results show that soil pH,organic matter and available K significantly decrease during the past 20 years while the available P increases with the biggest variation coefficient.The areas with the first and second grade of soil fertility quality were over 80% in 1980,whereas nearly 98% belonged to the second and third grade in 2000.So the soil fertility quality has declined in this area due to the intensive cultivation in the past 20 years.
Studies on urease activities of rhziosphere soil of legume
DU Tian-Qing, MIAO Guo-Yuan
2007, 15(1): 25-27.
Abstract(1489) PDF(1076)
Abstract:
The research shows that soil urease activities are significantly correlated to the nutrition content,which can be used as the biological index to evaluate the soil fertility.Urease activity decreases gradually as soil becomes deep;soil urease activity amount increases as crop grows and root amount strengthens,which is significantly correlative to the amount of soil microbe.Soil urease activity of rhizosphere is higher than that of non-rhizosphere;soil urease activity of rhizosphere is apparently different in different kinds of Leguminosae herbage.Leguminosae herbage with deep roots such as alfalfa and sweet clover,leaves the deep soil plenty of root residue,which helps to improve the urease activity and soil fertilily of deep soil.
Quantitative studies on soil macropores under artificial Chinese pine(Pinus tabuleaformis Carr.)forest in loess hilly region
SHI Hui, WANG Feng, LI Yang-Yang
2007, 15(1): 28-32.
Abstract(1154) PDF(1113)
Abstract:
The radius,number and distribution of soil macropores under artificial Chinese pine(Pinus tabuleaformis Carr.)forest were quantitatively researched by the water breakthrough curve and Poiseulle equation.The radius of soil macropore,which is defined as the pores between field capacity and saturated water content,is 0.2～3 mm,of which the macropores with the radius larger than 1mm account for only 2.2% of total macropore number.And there are more macropres in the upper layers of soil profiles than those in the lower layers.The weighted mean radius of macropores in the upper layers is larger,and is gradually decreased along with the soil depth.The ratio between the macropore area and water through sectional area is 1.27%～18.13%,and the ratio is less than 5% for most samples.The slope position,gradient,shape and direction intensively affect soil macropores.Although soil macropores account for small portion of the soil volumes,there is a remarkable power function relation between the mean radius of soil macropores and water flux,saturated hydraulic conductivity.The mean radius determines 77% and 75% variances of water flux and saturated hydraulic onductivity,respectively.The mechanics of intensifying soil penetration by plants is the effect of preferential flow,which is produced by soil macropores formed by roots.
Effects of a long-term located fertilization on enzyme activity of the non-calcareous fluro-aquic soil
QIN Ren, YANG Tuan-Jie, LIU Shu-Tang, WANG Wan-Zhi, HAN Xiao-Ri
2007, 15(1): 33-36.
Abstract(1110) PDF(1061)
Abstract:
The experiment was conducted in the 26-year experiment in fixed plot of non-calcareous fluro-aquic soil in 2002 and 2003.The soil enzyme activities were measured.The results indicate that the activity of soil urease enzyme,protease enzyme,phosphatase enzyme and surase nzyme can be boosted by the application of organic fertilizer alone and the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers for a long term.The results of correlation analysis show that the activity of soil urease enzyme and protease enzyme are significantly positively related to soil organic matter,total nitrogen,alkali-hydrolysis N;phosphatase enzyme is significantly positively related to soil organic matter,organic phosphorous,available phosphorous;surase enzyme is significantly positively related to soil organic matter.It is indicated that there is a close relationship between the soil fertilization and the above indexes,so they can be used as the biology index of soil fertility properties and quality.
Effects of a long-term utilization of different base-fertilizers on soil environment in solar greenhouse
CHEN Jin-Jing, CAO Zhi-Fu, REN Hua-Zhong, GAO Li-Hong, ZHANG Fu-Man
2007, 15(1): 37-41.
Abstract(1156) PDF(984)
Abstract:
An elementary study was conducted to study the influence of a long-term utilization of different base-fertilizers on physical and chemical properties,and the bio-environment of soil in solar greenhouse.The results show that the soil treated by straw organic fertilizer owns good physical and chemical properties,and higher fertility.The enzyme activity of the treated soil is high with vigorous microorganism vitality and the ratio of bacteria to fungi is stable.The general soil fertility of soil treated by straw organic fertilizers is the highest among the three treatments.The long time application of the processed chook manure fertilizer induces the soil's acidity stronger,the soil nutrient content is the mediam of three treatments,the enzyme activity higher,the population of soil bacteria greater,but the fungi quantity excessive,which may cause the multiplication of germina.As the base-fertilizer,the slow-released fatty has positive influences on soil available nutrients.But the organic matter content,soil enzyme activity and microorganism activity of the treated soil are all lower.The cooperative application of organic-inorganic fertilizers ccording to the actual circumstance should be taken to attain the ideal results in the production.
Effects of coupling of straw-return and nitrogen fertilizer on photosynthetic characters and yield of winter wheat
LIU Yi-Guo, LIN Qi, WANG Yue-Fu, GUO Jia-Xuan, LIU Hong-Jun
2007, 15(1): 42-44.
Abstract(1079) PDF(954)
Abstract:
Effects of the coupling of straw(wheat)-return and different nitrogen amount (four levels)on photosynthetic characters and yield of wheat were studied under field condition.The results show that straw-return can improve photosynthesis of wheat,gets higher thousand-grain weight and grain yield compared to the normal(non-straw) cultivation.The rates of photosynthesis and transpiration of wheat of straw-return treatments are enhanced with the increasing of N fertilizer to a certain applied level.But they start to decrease when the nitrogen is applied more than 225kg/hm2.The coupling of straw-return and N fertilizer application can increase the wheat yield mainly through affecting the number of ears per hectare.The optimal amount of N fertilizer applied to wheat with straw-return is 225kg/hm2.
Effects of types and applying amount of solid fertilizer on growth, quality and yield of non-heading Chinese cabbage under container culture
HUANG Jun, WU Zhen, GUO Shi-Rong, LI Shi-Jun
2007, 15(1): 45-48.
Abstract(1222) PDF(976)
Abstract:
Effects of different solid fertilizers and their applied amount on growth, yield, quality and economic benefit of non-heading Chinese cabbage“Aijiaohuang”cultivated in container were studied. The results show that the contents of soluble sugar, soluble protein and vitamin C of non-heading Chinese cabbage are improved significantly by application of reasonable compound of solid fertilizer. The nitrate content declines remarkably. The addition of inorganic fertilizer and biological fertilizer into organic fertilizer can meet the nutrient demands of non-heading Chinese cabbage during quick growth period, meanwhile the high yield and benefits can be achieved.
Effects of different application rates of humic acid compound fertilizer on leave nutrient accumulation and physiological mechanism of grape
DU Hui-Ying, XUE Shi-Chuan, SUN Zhong-Fu
2007, 15(1): 49-51.
Abstract(1800) PDF(1191)
Abstract:
The effects of different application rates of humic acid compound fertilizer (HA) on nutrient accumulation and physiological characteristics of two-year old grape(Kyoho)were studied. The results show that different application rates of HA can affect the physiological activities and nutrient accumulation of grape.Superoxide dismutase(SOD)activity is improved significantly when the applicationrate of fertilizer is lower than 1.75g/plant, and decreases gradually when the application rate is higher than 1.75g/plant. The peroxidase(POD)activity reaches the highest point when the application rate of fertilizer is 3.50g/plant, then with the increasing of application rate, POD activity in HA treatment is decreased significantly. That of inorganic compound fertilizer treatment changes smoothly. The change of transpiration rate is consistent with that of POD activity. Compared to inorganic fertilizer, HA compound fertilizer can promote N,P,K to be absorbed and utilized by grape.
Studies on increasing N utilizing efficiency in maize by applying humic acid
CHEN Zhen-De, HE Jin-Ming, LI Xiang-Yun, CHEN Jian-Mei
2007, 15(1): 52-54.
Abstract(1191) PDF(1287)
Abstract:
Effects of applying urea mixed with humic acid on nutrient absorption, yield and N utilizing rate in maize were studied. The results indicate that the humic acid can obviously promote the absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium by maize plants with an obvious increase of the contents of nitrogen and potassium oxide in the stem and leaves of maize plants. Humic acid added in urea can evidently increase grain yield and N utilizing rate of maize. According to the yield and N utilizing rate of maize, 10% humic acid added in urea is better than other treatments in comprehensive effects.
Experiment on Eisenia foetida for pre-compost of chook manure
YANG Shi-Guan, LIU Ya-Na, ZHANG Bai-Liang
2007, 15(1): 55-57.
Abstract(1144) PDF(1494)
Abstract:
The experiment was conducted to study the growth and fecundity of Eisenia foetida used to treat the chook manure with different pre-compost. The results indicate that the growth and the reproduction of Eisenia foetida in chook manure pre-composted for 7 days are better than those in the untreated manure; the highest daily growth rate reaches 0.08 in the chook manure pre-composted for 28 days; the highest daily propagation rate reaches 0.13 in the chook manure pre-composted for 35 days. The treated chook manure bears lower C/N ratio and NH4-N content, higher NO3-N content than the untreated one.
Effects of regulated deficit irrigation on grain yield of spring wheat in an arid environment
ZHANG Bu-Chong, LI Feng-Min, QI Guang-Ping
2007, 15(1): 58-62.
Abstract(1762) PDF(1787)
Abstract:
Studies on the regulated irrigation of spring wheat indicate that in an arid environment, the soil water potentials of spring wheat are lower in the regulated deficit irrigation treatments than that in the no-water-deficit control from jointing to booting, and 14.3～66.5mm more stored soil water is consumed under the regulated deficit irrigation. Significant differences are observed in yield, kernels per spike, and water use efficiency of spring wheat under the regulated deficit irrigation as compared to the control. The yield, kernels per spike, and water use efficiency of wheat are greatly improved rather than inhibited by water deficit. The proper soil water deficits of spring wheat are water deficit(45%～50% of field capacity) at the vegetative stage(jointing)and free from water deficit at the other growing periods such as booting, heading, and filling to pre-physiological maturity(65%～70% of field capacity). Correspondingly, the optimum total irrigation water is 330mm to 350mm. In addition, the regression analysis presents quadratic relationships between seasonal evapotranspiration and yield, water use efficiency of spring wheat under the regulated deficit irrigation.
Effects of altered water condition on some chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of flag leaves of winter wheat
ZHAO Li-Ying, DENG Xi-Ping, SHAN Lun
2007, 15(1): 63-66.
Abstract(3446) PDF(3074)
Abstract:
Modulated chlorophyll fluorescence induction kinetics was used to investigate the effects of altered water conditions on the photosynthetic functions of flag leaves of different winter wheat varieties. The photosynthetic functions include many chlorophyll luorescence parameters such as minimal fluorescence(Fo), maximal fluorescence (Fm) and the ratio of the variable fluorescence to maximal fluorescence Fv/Fm, the potential activities of PSⅡ(Fv/Fo)，photochemical quenching (qP) and non-photochemical quenching (qNP). The results show that Fo and qNP increase, but Fv, Fm, Fv/Fm,Fv/Fo, qP, ETR reduce under the water stress. However, the result is contrary under the altered water onditions.It indicates that PS Ⅱ　reaction center is destroyed by drought stress. When water is supplied at the jointing stage and grain-filling stage, or drought is supplied at two stages but water is supplied at other stages, qP is increased being helpful to enhance the open ratio of PS Ⅱ reaction center and making more photosynthetic energy to be used in the photosynthetic electron transport in order to improve the electron transport capacity. Meanwhile, the increase of non-photochemical quenching coefficient is helpful for the dissipation of excess light energy protecting the photosynthetic tissue and mitigating the stress of environment on photosynthesis.
Influence of soil moisture on photosynthetic physioecological properties of Mosta chinensis
LU Yi-Jun, WANG Hua-Sheng, GE Ying, CHANG Jie
2007, 15(1): 67-70.
Abstract(1159) PDF(884)
Abstract:
A comparing analysis on photosynthetic physioecological properties of Mosla chinensis under four moisture treatments with relative soil water contents of 100%,60%,40% and 20%, respectively, has proved that the diurnal mean values of net photosynthetic rate (PNmean),stomatic conductance (Gs) and water use efficiency(WUE) of plants are the highest under 60% soil moisture, the content of hlorophyll and the ratio of chlorophyll a to b are higher both under 100% and 60% treatments. Plants living in these moisture conditions have a stronger capacity to reduce the hurts caused by effulgence. The field study shows that the plants living in mesophytic to slightly humid environments grow well, but their colonizing ability in the environments is weak. These results indicate that the most suitable moisture niche for Mosla chinensis is mesophytic and slightly humid, and the fact that plants can not occupy the most suitable water habitat in fields may be one of the major reasons restricting the population to extent quickly.
Photosynthetic characteristics and water use efficiency of Pinus densiflora under different soil moisture conditions
JIN Yong-Huan, Don-Koo LEE, Ho-Sang KANG
2007, 15(1): 71-74.
Abstract(1650) PDF(1033)
Abstract:
Photosynthetic characters and water use efficiency of Pinus densiflora grown under three soil moisture conditions were examined for two-year-old pot-cultured seedlings. The results show that net photosynthetic rate(Pn), transpiration rate(Tr), stomatal conductance(Sc) and water use efficiency (WUE) of the seedlings and their diurnal variations of Pinus densiflora are all significantly different between light stress (LS) and moderate stress (MS) of soil moisture. Under the moderate stress of soil moisture, mid-day depression in net photosynthesis starts ahead by one hour and its duration is longer, both Pn and Sc are decreased, and the decrease in daily mean of WUE is less than that of Pn.
Effects of water stress on chlorophyll fluorescence in leaves of plum(Prunus salicina Lindl.)
HU Xue-Hua, PU Guang-Lan, XIAO Qian-Wen, LIU Yong-Hong, DENG Jia-Lin
2007, 15(1): 75-77.
Abstract(1322) PDF(1112)
Abstract:
The effects of water stress on the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of the plum were studied by using plant efficiency analyser (PEA). The results indicate that chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of leaf are changed obviously under water stress. Fo is increased; Fm, Fv, Fv/Fm, Fv/Fo, Fm/Fo and the area between the curves of Fo and Fm are decreased, suggesting that the primary light energy conversion of PSⅡ，the potential activities of PSⅡ，the potential photosynthetic activities, photosynthetic electron transport, etc. have been inhibited under water stress. The chlorophyll content, relative water content of plum leaves decrease under water stress. And the characteristics against water stress of three plums varieties are discussed.
Effects of environment-friendly degradable films on corn growth and soil environment
WANG Xin, XU Guo-Bin, REN Zhi-Gang, ZHANG Zhan-Jun, JIAN Yu-Feng, ZHANG Yong-Ming
2007, 15(1): 78-81.
Abstract(1376) PDF(930)
Abstract:
An experiment was conducted to measure the soil moisture,soil temperature,leaf's area,leaf's numbers,degradable states of films and yield of corn in the field covered by three kinds degradable films and one kind of ordinary film.The results indicate that the degradable films have the remarkable function of heat and humidity preservation in the pre-growing period of corn.And the leaf's area increases evidently though the leaf number does not change significantly.The liquid degradable film owns the quickest degradation without environmental pollution,and can be applied on the crop which has short growing period,such as vegetables.The biological degradable film decomposes slowly and shows an effective environmental protection function with a higher yield of corn than that of bare ground,so it can be used in the crop which has a long growing period.The bio-photo degradable film decomposing most slowly can increase the yield evidently though its environmental protection function is not evident,so it is suitable to the crop which has a long procreation age.
Summer maize growth supervision and nutrition diagnosis with red edge parameters
TAN Chang-Wei, WANG Ji-Hua, LU Jian-Fei, HUANG Wen-Jiang
2007, 15(1): 82-86.
Abstract(1378) PDF(915)
Abstract:
The correlations of agronomy components and red edge parameters were discussed.The results indicate that the FD-Max can be used for predition of leaf area index,and Depth672 for the stem total nitrogen content,Lwidth for the leaf total nitrogen content,water content and soluble sugar of leaf and stem.The regression models with the red edge parameters as independent variables were established.The analysis on the forecasting function of the models shows that red edge parameters can be used as sensitive indicators of summer maize growth and nutrition status.
Impacts of sunlight and temperature on yield of rebirth-paddy
YANG Zuo-Ming, LIU Hai-Long, WANG Ling
2007, 15(1): 87-90.
Abstract(1200) PDF(1086)
Abstract:
In order to discuss the effects of climate change on the growth of rebirth-paddy,the paper analyzed the ecological conditions of rebirth-paddy,the changing characteristics of sunlight and temperature and the climate-produce-potential of sunlight and temperature in the town of Zhuxi.The results show that sunlight and temperature are the main factors limiting the yield of rebirth-paddy.The average temperature and minimum temperature are most closely related to the yield.And sunshine and sky coverage are other two important factors relating to the yield of rebirth-paddy.The resource of light and heat is abundant in the research region,and the change of climate-produce-potential of sunlight and temperature is large,but there still exists a large gapbetween actual yield and climate-produce-potential of sunlight and temperature.The yield can be increased through breed-improving and agriculture measures.
Response of leaf area expansion and photosynthetic characteristics of cucumber to soil water status in greenhouse
CHEN Jin-Ping, LIU Zu-Gui, DUAN Ai-Wang, MENG Zhao-Jiang, ZHANG Ji-Yang
2007, 15(1): 91-95.
Abstract(1083) PDF(1100)
Abstract:
The potted experiment of cucumber in greenhouse was conducted to study the effects of soil water status on leaf area expansion and photosynthetic characteristics.The results show that there are three growing phases during leaves expansion of cucumber,exponential growth phase(EG),linear scale growth phase(LSG)and stability constant growth phase(SCG).With the soil water content increasing,the leaf area(LA)enlarges significantly,and the maximum of leaf growth rate(LGR)appears obviously early.The relative expansion rate(RER)of leaves increases at the EG phase,but gradually reduces at the LSG and SCG phases.Soil moisture significantly influences the leaf expansion and photosynthetic characteristics.During the proceeding of leaf growth,the chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate(Pn)increase gradually with significant differences among treatments.The diurnal variations of Pn of all treatments demonstrate a single peak curve.The apparent quantum yield(AQY)and carboxylation efficiency(CE)of cucumber leaves among different treatments show significant differences.
Effects of cadmium on seed germination and growth of alfalfa
CI En, GAO Ming, WANG Zi-Fang, WU Yun, QIN Jian-Cheng
2007, 15(1): 96-98.
Abstract(2062) PDF(2227)
Abstract:
Effects of cadmium on alfalfa seed germination and growth were studied.The results show that the effects of cadmium on the germination rate of seeds are not significant when Cd2+ concentration ranges from 0mg/kg to 10mg/kg,but the effects on the germinating energy are significant.Once Cd2+ concentration is up to 30mg/kg,the germination of seeds is evidently inhibited with significantly decreased germinating energy and rate.Cd2+ with different concentrations all can inhibit the growth of buds and roots significantly,and has stronger inhibition on root than on plumule.Basically,with the increase of Cd2+ concentration,the inhibiting effect is enforced,and the index of seed vigor is decreased.The growth of seedlings is almost inhibited completely while Cd2+ concentration is up to 50mg/kg.
Studies on the physiological and biochemical characteristics of Guanximiyou pomelo plants under salt stress
MA Cui-Lan, LIU Xing-Hui, WANG Xiang-Ping
2007, 15(1): 99-101.
Abstract(1180) PDF(1159)
Abstract:
Changes of physiological and biochemical characteristics of Citrus grandis Osbeck cv. Guanximiyou plants under salt stress were studied in hydroponics culture experiments.The results show that with the increase of salinity and treated time,the root vitality,relative water content (RWC),pH value of cell sap in leaves and the contents of photosynthetic pigments and amino acid decrease,but the macromolecule leakage value and the content of malondialdedyed (MDA)in leaves increase.There is a significant correlation between physiological and biochemical characteristics.The root vitality and the content of MDA in leaves are sensitive to salt stress and the decrease of root vitality may be the earliest response of Guanximiyou pomelo plants to the salt stress.
Effects of simulated acid rain on polyamine contents in young fruits of longan
QIU Dong-Liang, LIU Xing-Hui
2007, 15(1): 102-104.
Abstract(1330) PDF(950)
Abstract:
The test was conducted with 8-year-old trees of longan cultivar“Wulongling”.Fruit clusters were sprayed with the simulated acid rain with different pH values to study the effects of the acid rain on the polyamine contents in young fruits of longan.The results show that the contents of polyamines(PAs),putrescine(Put)and spermidine(Spd)+spermine(Spm) increase under the stress of acid rain.This is a prompt response to the acid rain stress which can last for a longer period.With the development of young fruits,their contents decrease.The contents of PAs,Put,Spd+Spm in the easily-dropping fruit are significantly higher than those of formal ones.
Researches on resistance to downy mildew induced by copolymer of chlorine and potassium ions in cucumber
YUN Xing-Fu, DU Jun-Qing, MA Li-Guo, LIU Jie-Cai, HUO Xiu-Wen
2007, 15(1): 105-108.
Abstract(1199) PDF(971)
Abstract:
The resistance to downy mildew ［Pseudoperonospor cubensis(Berk.et Curt.)Rostov.］ of cucumber can be induced when the cucumber seedlings are treated by the copolymer of chlorine and potassium ions with 2g/kg,5g/kg,10g/kg,15g/kg and 20g/kg concentration at the stages of cotyledon and first true leaf.In the experiment of a natural disease infection,the disease in treated plants is observed 3 to 6 days later.The mean rates of disease plants which are induced by copolymer of chlorine and potassium ions with 2g/kg,5g/kg,10g/kg,15g/kg and 20g/kg concentration are 25.26%,26.63%,31.46%,39.12% and 33.38%lower than those of the control,respectively;the mean rates of disease leaf are 22.89%,28.08%,34.02%,38.36%,and 36.59%lower.The mean disease indexes are 18.32%,28.97%,34.80% 35.89% and 36.77% lower with significant differences between the treatments and the control.The mean relative immunization efficiencies are 31.99%,43.75%,51.23%,53.43%and 53.70%,respectively.In experiment of an artificially inoculated disease infection,the mean disease indexes are 38.51%,44.86%,40.81%,43.00%and 43.33%lower than those of the control,respectively;and the most significant differences between the treatments and the control are attained.The lag period of the induced resistance to downy mildew of cucumber is 2～4 days,the latent period is 7～9 days,the protection period of induced resistance is 27days.In addition,the study shows that the optimum concentration of the copolymer of chlorine and potassium ions are 10g/kg and 15g/kg.
Evaluation on the controlling effects of eight insecticides on the natural population of citrus leaf-miner
CAI Zi-Jian, HU Han-Qing, WEI Xiao-Xia
2007, 15(1): 109-112.
Abstract(1042) PDF(961)
Abstract:
The life tables grouped according to various factors,the index of population trend (I)and the interference index of population control(IIPC)were used as the basic sampling parameters to evaluate the controlling effects of eight common-used insecticides on the natural population dynamics of the citrus leaf-miner(CLM)Phyllocnstis citrella Stainton.Results indicate that petroleum oil,acetamiprid,imidacloprid,carbosulfan,lambda-cyhalothrine and dimthypo present better interfering effects on CLM.Among all the insecticides,97%petroleum oil EC applied with 1/500 concentration shows the best controlling effects on the population dynamics of the CLM,its index of population trend(Ⅰ) of the CLM decreases to 0.0055 from 5.3412 of the control,and its IIPC is 0.0010.The IIPC of 3% acetamiprid EC applied with 1/2000 concentration,10%imidacloprid WP applied with 1/3000 concentration,20% carbosulfan EC applied with 1/2000 concentration,2.5% lambda-cyhalothrine EC applied with 1/2000 concentration,18% dimthypo AS applied with 1/1500 concentration,5% chlorfluazuron EC applied with 1/4000 concentration and 48% chlorpyrifos EC applied with 1/3000 concentration are 0.0025,0.0026,0.0103,0.0273,0.0811,0.4305 and 0.5454,respectively.According to the above results,petroleum oil is suitable for the pesticide application guideline for green food production.Acetamiprid,imidacloprid,carbosulfan,lambda-cyhalothrine and dimthypo could be selected as alternative insecticides.Chlorpyrifos and chlorfluazuron are not advocated to control CLM in the grove.
Effects of clomazone and its mixture on weeds in soybean field and the following crops
ZHAO Kai-Bing, XU Jia-Chun, SHEN Wei-Liang
2007, 15(1): 113-116.
Abstract(1253) PDF(1066)
Abstract:
Experimental results show that the controlling effect of clomazone(36CS) is obvious on gramineaous weeds,but ineffective on some latifoliate weeds in soybean field.The mixture of clomazone and chlorimuron-ethyl is effective in controlling both gramineaous and latifoliate weeds,however,the mixture impacts the plant height,height of ear setting,length of ear without grains of maize.Clomazone and its mixture can cause albinism at seedling stage of maize,but are safety to the following wheat.
Application research of grass phenophase models in grassland—A case study from Xilin Gol grassland
WEI Yu-Rong, PAN Xue-Biao, Aoqier, HAO Lu
2007, 15(1): 117-121.
Abstract(1410) PDF(1030)
Abstract:
The grass growth in natural grassland is affected seriously by environment factors.The developmental period of grass is very different in every year.A long-term observation data of grass and main climate data in natural grassland are analyzed.The phenophase models of four species are built in the grassland.
Tomato structural-functional model Ⅱ：Organ-based functional model and validation
DONG Qiao-Xue, WANG Yi-Ming, Jean Francois BARCZI, HOU Jia-Lin
2007, 15(1): 122-126.
Abstract(1151) PDF(625)
Abstract:
Matter production and allocation laws inside tomato plant and the organs' dynamic growth rules were discussed to individual plant and organ level.In the model,matter production is computed with the transpiration of the leaves at each cycle.Biomass is allocated to organs,such as inter-node, petiole,blade,and fruit according to their sink strength and expansion laws.The geometric size of organs,as a function of their volume,is derived step by step.The parameters involved in the model are estimated according to the experimental data.By the comparison and analysis among those parameters,certain rules are attained on how and what degree they affect the growth of different organs.Furthermore,the residual analysis was made to test the model outputs.The results verify that this model is acceptable and valid.
Studies on spatial variability of soil water with MATLAB
WANG Hui-Xiao, ZHANG Chao
2007, 15(1): 127-130.
Abstract(1245) PDF(1359)
Abstract:
This paper tries to analyze the spatial variability of soil water with MATLAB,which is a software with a great function in data operation and processing.By data interpolation and trend surface analysis of sampling plots,the trend of variability of soil water is attained.The result has a certain guidance to soil and water conservation and farmland irrigation.
Analysis on the fluctuation of inundated area of flood disaster at multi-time scales based on empirical mode decomposition method—A case study from Hunan Province
ZHANG Ming-Yang, WANG Ke-Lin, LIU Hui-Yu, LIN Zhen-Shan
2007, 15(1): 131-134.
Abstract(1269) PDF(1281)
Abstract:
Empirical mode decomposition (EMD)method was used to study the fluctuation of inundated area of flood disaster from 1949 to 2002 in Hunan Province.The results show that the inundated areas fluctuate with 3 time scales,quasi-3-year,quasi-8-year and quasi-22-year.The analysis on the contribution ratio of fluctuations at different time scales indicates that the contribution ratio of quasi-3-year cycle is the highest meaning that quasi-3-year oscillation is the most prominent.The oscillations at different time-scales show that the amplitude of the fluctuation of inundated area has increased in recent years,and the great flood disaster maybe come forth in some years.The trends of oscillation at different time-scales suggest that the inundated area of flood disaster in Hunan Province be still in the period of increasing.The cause of the increase of frequency and intensity of flood disaster is further analyzed and some countermeasures are advanced to some extent.
Spatial features of input-output of mountainous farmland system aided by GIS—A case study from Wugou Village,Henan Province
QIAO Jia-Jun, WANG Ai-Ping
2007, 15(1): 135-139.
Abstract(900) PDF(719)
Abstract:
Based on the investigation on the energy attributions and the input-output characters of 482 farmland systems in Wugou Village,the paper points out that the farmlands with higher energy input and output mainly lie around residential area and along the Wugou Road.The system of drought flat farmland is higher in input,output and ratios of output to input,which are related with the farmland system input and output levels.The ratios of output to input of unit area of different crops rank as follow:soybean＜wheat＜corn.
Research on the landscape pattern of slopes with different gradients and directions in the area of Three Gorges Area based on 3S—A case study from Wuxi County
XIAN Wei, SHAO Huai-Yong, ZHOU Wan-Cun
2007, 15(1): 140-144.
Abstract(1278) PDF(1177)
Abstract:
Supported by GIS, the actuality and changes of landscape patterns of slopes with different grades and directions in Wuxi County, which is located in Three Gorges Area, were analyzed by using landscape pattern indexes including the proportion of area to the landscape, fractal dimension of patches, landscape diversity index, patch density, and by using the indexes of land use dynamic. It is concluded that the landscape patterns of various landscape types are different in the slopes with the same gradient and direction. The same landscape pattern changes with the variations of slope gradient and direction. Slope gradient and slope direction have important impacts on the actuality and changes of landscape pattern in Wuxi County. The impacts of the steep slope are more intense than that of the slow slope, and shining slope is more intense than shading slope.
Evaluation index systems of soil quality in the Yellow River Delta
LI Xin-Ju, LIU Ning, ZHANG Wen-Wen, WANG Lin-Lin, MA Xiao-You
2007, 15(1): 145-148.
Abstract(1216) PDF(1119)
Abstract:
The soil quality was evaluated by using four schemes with Arcgis, in which the index weight was determined with correlation analysis method, the index membership degree with membership function. Results show that the soil quality evaluation based on GIS is fast and accurate. The difference between the results evaluated by the total contents of soil nutrients and by the soil available nutrients is not obvious and the two index schemes can be used alternatively. The results evaluated by soil organic matter and salt contents present similar outcomes to that by the comprehensive index system including soil total nutrients, available nutrients, organic matter, salt content, groundwater level and mineralization degree. Therefore, the organic matter and salt contents can be used to evaluate the soil quality in the case of limited evaluation data.
Dynamics of ecological footprint in China
ZHAO Xian-Gui, GAO Li-Feng, MA Cai-Hong, ZOU Xiao-Mei
2007, 15(1): 149-152.
Abstract(1638) PDF(1399)
Abstract:
The ecological footprint of China from 1978 to 2003 was studied, and the forecast models of ecological footprint and ecological capacity were obtained. The results of the analyses on dynamics of ecological footprints show that the ecological footprint per capita gradually increased from 0.8992hm2 in 1978 to 2.2522hm2 in 2003, and the ecological capacity increased from 0.7722hm2 to 0.8819hm2. The ecological deficit was 0.127hm2 in 1978, and rose to 1.3702hm2 by 2003. The forecast shows that the ecological footprint per capita will be 2.7767hm2 in 2010 and 3.1717hm2 in 2015, and that the ecological capacity per capita will be 1.0224hm2 in 2010 and 1.1319hm2 in 2015, and that the ecological deficit per capita will reach to 1.7543hm2 in 2010 and 2.0398hm2 in 2015. The research indicates that the present developing mode is not sustainable, the ecological environment is at risk, and the conflicts between ecological footprint and ecological capacity are becoming more and more obvious.
Application of ecological footprint in development and design of Chengbu County
DING Jing-Xiang, GUO Zheng-Yuan, YANG Ren-Bin, GE Da-Bing, WU Hong-Lin
2007, 15(1): 153-155.
Abstract(878) PDF(941)
Abstract:
Through calculating the ecological footprint of Chengbu County of Hunan Province, the paper analyzes the sustainable development state of the ecosystem from the utilization structure of resources, equilibrium of supply and demand and efficiency of resources utilization, etc. On the basis of calculating the ecological footprint of the county, the reason, trend of its ecological surplus production, the duration of the ecological surplus are analyzed. The rational suggestions on the regional development are put forward.
Evaluation on agricultural land ecological security of Henan Province
TIAN Ke-Ming, WANG Guo-Qiang
2007, 15(1): 156-158.
Abstract(1765) PDF(939)
Abstract:
On the base of existing research achievements and according to the integrity of the ecosystem and the practicality of evaluating results,this paper describes the division of evaluating units and evaluates the ecological security of Henan Province's agricultural land.Compared with the special characters of the ecological security evaluation of agricultural land,each of the existing evaluating methods used for the land evaluation has its shortcomings.This paper integrates the method of polyelement with the method of systematical polymerization,aided by the software of MAPGIS and SPSS to evaluate the ecological security of agriculture land of 18 evaluated units in Henan Province.The evaluating results reflect not only the difference among agriculture land of various levels,but also the obvious relationships among units at the same level on the condition of lack of evaluating units.
Demand prediction of agricultural products in northwest of China in 2010
YANG Shi-Qi, YANG Gai-He, FENG Yong-Zhong, YANG Zheng-Li, GAO Wang-Sheng
2007, 15(1): 159-161.
Abstract(1045) PDF(914)
Abstract:
The demand for agricultural products in Northwest China in 2010 is analyzed.The results show that the shortage of grain ration is 702 thousand t,the shortage of forage is 4.795 million t,the shortage of rapseed is 2.052 million t,the shortage of beetroot is 3.843 million t,the shortage of aquatic products is 1.573 million t;while the surplus of fruits,vegetables and cotton are 5.475 million t,4.606 million t and 1.165 million t.
Effects of ecological compensation on sustainable development of economy in forest area
LI Lin-Li, KUANG Ming-Sheng, JIANG Yong-Jun, ZHANG Yuan-Zhu, LIU Yu, SHEN Li-Cheng, LI Yuan-Qing
2007, 15(1): 162-165.
Abstract(1560) PDF(1305)
Abstract:
The forest areas with a poor population,a laggard productivity and a lower level of economic development is charged with both the economic development and the ecological protection.The paper discusses the necessity of the ecological compensation for the sustainable development of economy in forest areas.And the problems in developing the economy and protecting the environment in Shennongjia are analyzed and the countermeasures are advanced.
Some thoughts on developing ecological industry economy of rice in China
UANG Ying-Jin, KUANG Hui-Yun, GUO Jin-Yao, PAN Xiao-Hua, SHI Qing-Hua
2007, 15(1): 166-169.
Abstract(768) PDF(1155)
Abstract:
To meet the problems of fluctuant rice price ，superfluous rice production due to unreasonable planting structureand the new demands for non唱pollution ，security and high quality of rice production ，the paper puts forward the conceptionof “rice ecological industry” and the strategy principles implementing “rice ecological industry”economy ．Developing non唱polluted and green rice production and implementing a sustainable development strategy on the basis of ecological tech唱niques are suggested ．In order to increase the food yield ，farmer摧s income and enterprise摧s benefits and realize the coordina唱tion development of society and economy ，the ecological industry economy of rice should be implemented with the steeringof leading enterprises under the industrialization management ．
Discussion on the development of Chinese ecological stockbreeding
SUN Zhi-Hong, TAN Zhi-Liang, TANG Zhi-Ru, TANG Shao-Xun, JIANG Hai-Lin, ZHOU Chuan-She
2007, 15(1): 170-172.
Abstract(1026) PDF(1071)
Abstract:
The article discusses the conception of ecological stockbreeding and its major characters,analyzes the present status and problems of the Chinese ecological stockbreeding,points out the necessity basic developing patterns of the Chinese ecological stockbreeding.The developing patterns include grassland ecological stockbreeding,mountain area ecological stockbreeding,countryside ecological stockbreeding,suburb ecological stockbreeding and green ecological stockbreeding.Five basic designs(i.e.,horizontal design,uprightness design,time design,food chain design and general design),and six basic approaches and measures of developing the Chinese ecological stockbreeding are advanced.
The system analysis and countermeasures research on eco-agriculture development of Shandong Province
ZHENG Jun, SUN Xian-Zhi
2007, 15(1): 173-175.
Abstract(1099) PDF(1210)
Abstract:
Based on the positive effect of Shandong eco-agriculture,the paper analyzes the advantage and potential advantage of Shandong eco-agriculture development,points out the problems and contradiction.Combined with Shandong,s real situation,the paper puts forward the corresponding countermeasures.
Ideas for ecological industry development in Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia contiguous area—Mainly focusing on ecological agriculture
LI Zhi-Gang
2007, 15(1): 176-179.
Abstract(1116) PDF(1252)
Abstract:
After introducing the concepts of ecological industry and ecological agriculture,the paper brings forward 6 ideas for ecological industrial development especially for ecological agricultural development in Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia contiguous area.Firstly,the natural laws should be followed in collocating the ecological agriculture in accordance with ecological particularity in different topographic places.Secondly,based on the diversities of ecological environments,the paper divides the contiguous area into 4 regions which are the southern arid plateau agriculture and forestry region,the middle loess hill agriculture and animal husbandry region,the northern deserts edge animal husbandry and forestry region,and the northwestern irrigated region along the Yellow River,and proposes the ecological agriculture tactics for each region.Thirdly,the grass industry and animal husbandry should be developed,and the agricultural industrialized management must be adopted.Fourthly,the ecological technology should be applied on maintaining the agriculture's “ecological rationality” and the traditional agricultural advantage should be brought into play to reduce the chemical material use.Fifthly,the areas industrial production should be organized on the basis of the model of regional production complexes and the principle of 3R (Reduce,reuse and recycle)to form the scientific territorial industrial cyclic system and to realize clean production.Finally,the prompting and protecting mechanism for ecological industry development should be established.
Research on the modes of oasis sustainable development in the lower reaches of Tarim River
YI Liang-Peng, YIN Lin-Ke
2007, 15(1): 180-182.
Abstract(1213) PDF(1024)
Abstract:
The worsening problems of environment of the main stream area,especially the green corridor of Tarim River and the reasons are discussed in this paper.The sustainable developing modes to protect the local eco-environment and improve the economy are advanced.It is pointed out that the local resources,especially the water resources,are rationally and effectively exploited to comprehensively manage the oasis.It is suggested that the relationships between ecological improvement and economy development,between ecological improvement and agricultural structure regulation should be dealt with carefully,and that the scientific approaches of combining the modern technology with traditional style should be taken during the course of sustainable development.
Researches on the ecoagriculture technology system in Baodi County,Tianjin City,and Daye County,Hubei Province
YANG Dian-Lin, LI Yu-Jin, Wuyungerile, SHI Yi-Dan
2007, 15(1): 183-185.
Abstract(1299) PDF(1061)
Abstract:
On the base of the analysis of eco-agriculture and the characters of its demonstration regions in China,the eco-agriculture technology systems and the eco-agriculture demonstration regions in Baodi County,Tianjin City and Daye County,Hubei Province are advanced through integration of different disciplines and technologies.The direction and importance of researches on eco-agriculture in China are put forward.
Researches on the reproductive ecology of endangered plant populations
CHEN Yuan-Zheng, MA Xiang-Qing
2007, 15(1): 186-189.
Abstract(1303) PDF(1599)
Abstract:
The plant population reproductive ecology, one of important fields of plant ecology, now has become a key point in the field of rare and endangered plant protection biology. The paper summarizes the general advances in the researches of the plant population reproductive ecology in the world, especially of the endangered plant population. It includes the botanic and phonological characters of the endangered plants, reproductive systems, seeds and seedling ecology, reproduction value and reproduction allocation, statistics of plant population, life table, vegetative reproduction and so on. The problems in the current researches are discussed and the trends in the field of the endangered plant population reproductive ecology are put forward.
Phytoremediation for heavy metal contamination in soil, metal hyperaccumulator and their genetic engineering
WANG Song-Liang, ZHENG Jin-Gui
2007, 15(1): 190-194.
Abstract(1281) PDF(2740)
Abstract:
The field applications of phytoremediation on heavy metal contamination in soil rely on the discovery, screening and exploitation of metal hyperaccumulators, in which the genetic engineering has broad perspectives. The authors address the latest advances on phytoremediation for heavy metal contamination in soil, metal hyperaccumulators and their genetic engineering, and figure out the existing problems subsequently. To speed up the researches in China, several strategies have been suggested, including screening the metal hyperaccumulators with high biomass among the natural vegetation, screening the metal hyperaccumulators among crop varieties, transferring the metal-accumulating gene of wild hyperaccumulators to the potential crops by means of the genetic engineering, and finding an integrated and sustainable phytoremediation method.
Heavy metal transporters and their applications in phytoremediation
LU Jia-Mi, LIU Yan-Sheng, ZHOU Xiao-Yang
2007, 15(1): 195-200.
Abstract(1554) PDF(1717)
Abstract:
Phytoremediation has nowadays become one of the cost-effective and environmental friendly solutions to the heavy metal pollution problems of soil system. A range of gene families and proteins that are likely to be involved in heavy metal transport have been identified by using the genetic and molecular technologies. These include ZIP genes family, ABC transporters, organomercurial lyses gene merB, mercury reductase gene merA and metathionin MT. With an emphasis on the sub-cellular level, this paper summarizes progresses in the researches on heavy metal tansporters related to molecular biology and its application on phytoremediation.
Physiological toxicity of copper pollution to higher plant
LIN Yi-Zhang, XU Lei
2007, 15(1): 201-204.
Abstract(1805) PDF(2598)
Abstract:
With the copper pollution aggravating in the environment, the problems of copper physiological toxicity to higher plants become increasingly serious. The paper reviews the recent studies on copper physiological toxicity to higher plants at home and abroad, especially discusses the effects of the excess copper on photosynthesis, cell structure, cell division, enzymology system and the absorption of the other nutrition of higher plants. At the same time, the paper points out the existing problems and the prospects of the studies.
Impacts of plastic mulching on water saving and yield increasing of dry land spring soybean and its density effect
GUO Zhi-Li, SUN Chang-Qing, LIANG Nan
2007, 15(1): 205-206.
Abstract(1003) PDF(879)
Abstract:
Effects of different microorganisms on the colonization of Trichoderma spp.in the soil and studies on its biological characters
XU Rui-Fu, LU Ning-Hai, ZHANG Ding-Fa, WU Li-Min
2007, 15(1): 207-208.
Abstract(1149) PDF(1429)
Abstract:

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